88 Abstract: Is Sex Work really Work? A somewhat rhetorical inquiry may be reformulated as: What is the distinct and essential nature of sex work that

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1 87 Is Sex Work really Work? -- Marx s Theory of Commodity and the Social Constructionism of Sex Work YinBin Ning Keywords: Sex Work, Marx, Carole Pateman, Commodity, Social Constructionism of Sexuality, Knowledge/Power, Prostitution in Marriage Received: January 2, 2002; in revised form: May 11, sex@ncu.edu.tw

Keywords: Sex Work, Marx, Carole Pateman, Commodity, Social Constructionism of

2 88 Abstract: Is Sex Work really Work? A somewhat rhetorical inquiry may be reformulated as: What is the distinct and essential nature of sex work that distinguishes it from other kinds of so-called real work? These questions are shown to be totally misguided in the present paper through first attempting, in an analytical philosophy approach, to establish some criteria to capture the distinct essence of sex work, and then demonstrating counterexamples that reveal the socially constructed nature of sex work. The thesis of social constructionism of sexuality or homosexuality is shown to be valid when extended to sex work. The identity and identifying characteristics of sex work are shown to be constructed within a constellation of knowledge/power. Such a line of argument is strengthened by Marx s theory of commodity, which is interpreted as a wider version of social constructionism of commodity/service work in the present paper.

These questions are shown to be totally misguided in the present paper through first attempting, in an analytical philosophy approach, to establish some criteria to capture the distinct essence of

3 89

4 90 counter-examples Pateman /3/9

5 Carole Pateman Pateman 2 Pateman Pateman problematize 4 Pateman 91 2 Pateman 3 Pateman 4

6 92 2. Pateman Pateman 3. Richards ,

7 prostitution 5

8 94 6 social constructionism of sexuality Cf. McIntosh, The Homosexual Role

9 SM 7. 7

10 96 8. Oh! Calcutta 8 Oh! Calcutta 8

11 pub pub 10 The Associated Press, 2000/2/

12 SM

13 ad hoc 11.

14 Oh! Calcutta

15 body work therapy Wilhem Reich cf. Robinson 161

16 surrogate partner or partner surrogate sex surrogate or sexual surrogate Masters, Johnson and Kolodny Masters and Johnson 1970 replacement partner

17 Kenneth Stubbs ,148,175,

18 104 50

19 14 Cf. Alexander /01/

20 Huston Huston620 Annabel Chong

21 /4/

22 Cf. Julie Inness, Privacy, Intimacy, and Isolation (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992)

23 intercourse verkehr the proximity and mingling of bodies

25 111 pub 20 contained pub 1. 20

27 reification

28 labor power Pateman vs. Marx property property Pateman political fiction 151 Pateman 21 prostituting Pateman Pateman Pateman Fraser McIntosh Feminist Debates on Prostitution 22 Pateman

30 Simmel ipso facto Georg Simmel ontological status Simmel Simmel sexual honor

32 cf. Satz

33 119 RU486 trivial trivial phobia 1.

34 pub (happy hooker) 120

35 NGO 25 Shrage Karlen 248 NGO

36 SM 27

37 123 counter-discourse 3.

39 125 total institutions Goffman 203, 14 ward system 29 mortified self Goffman 206 Goffman Goffman 46-47, 6 instrumental formal organization 175

40 126 panoptic surveillance civil death mortified self cf. Goffman, 16 21, Goffman 315 underlife Goffman Goffman secondary adjustments Goffman,

41 pub spice girls Girl Power

42 128 pub

43 Margo St. James COYOTE 35

44 Debra Satz Satz Satz Satz Satz Sats

45 131 (74-79) Satz 36 Satz given 8. Satz Satz " " (78) nature given

46 132 Satz (phobia) Satz (hardcore)

47 Satz Satz 38 vs

50 136

51 heterosexuality 1995 Irving Wallace The Celestial Bed 1995 Pleasure: The Truth about

52 Female Sexuality Alexander, Priscilla. Prostitution: A Difficult Issue for Feminists. Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry. Delacoste, Frederique and Priscilla Alexander, eds. San Francisco: Cleis Press, Fraser, Nancy. "Beyond the Master/Subject Model: Reflections on Carole Pateman's Sexual Contract". Social Text 37 (Winter 1993): A later version is in her Justice Interruptus. New York: Goffman, Erving. Asylums. New York: Anchor Books, Karlen, Arno. Sexuality and Homosexuality: A New View. New York: W.W.Norton & Co., Masters, William, Virginia Johnson and Robert Kolodny. Human Loving. Toronto: Little Brown, Masters and Johnson on Sex and Masters, William and Virginia Johnson. 1970, Human Sexual Inadequacy. New York: Bantam, McIntosh, Mary. Feminist Debates on Prostitution. Sexualizing the Social: Power and the Organization of Sexuality. Edited by Lisa Adkins and Vicki Merchant. London: MacMIllan, The Homosexual Role. The Making of the Modern Homosexual. Edited by Kenneth Plummer. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, Pateman, Carole. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, Richards, David. "Commercial Sex and the Rights of the Person: A Moral Argument for the Decriminalization of

53 139 Prostitution." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 127 (May 1979): Robinson, Paul. The Modernization of Sex. Ithaca, New York: Cornell, 1976, Satz, Debra. "Markets in Women's Sexual Labor." Ethics 106 (October 1995): Shrage, Laurie. Moral Dilemmas of Feminism. New York: Routledge, Simmel, Georg. The Philosophy of Money. Second enlarged Edition. Edited by David Frisby. Translated by Tom Bottomore and David Frisby. London: Routledge, Stubbs, Kenneth Ray, ed. Women of the Light: The New Sexual Healers. Larkspur, California: Secret Garden, Canada Trial Considers Internet Sex. The Associated Press,

306 1995 Shrage 1994 二研究方法 Coleman 1990 1997

306 1995 Shrage 1994 二研究方法 Coleman 1990 1997 305 台北市公娼空間之再現 : 木屐密道與七塊錢的故事一前言 1991 1992 1996 20-30 35-50 clustering 1995 O Connell Davidson 1996 306 1995 Shrage 1994 二研究方法 Coleman 1990 1997 307 7 20 2 10 6 5 3 5 三台北市合