Carol Benedict 19, ( ), 19,,,,,, Benedict,,,,Paul Katz,,, Bene2 dict ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (1891),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ; 1894 ( ) 1894 Carol Benedict,

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1 : 1940, ;, 1940,,, :,,, 1894, 200,,,,,,, , , 84 93, 74 ; , 69 83, 48, , 56, 71,,, 150,,,, :, :,22 11 ; R. Pollitzer, Plague. World Health Orga2 nization, 1954, pp ; Carol Benedict, Bubonic Plague in Nineteen2Century China. Stanford University Press, 1996, (, 2001 ) ,, 1973, 2

2 Carol Benedict 19, ( ), 19,,,,,, Benedict,,,,Paul Katz,,, Bene2 dict ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (1891),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ; 1894 ( ) 1894 Carol Benedict, Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth2Century China. : Carol Benedict, Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth2Century China,( ) 9 3 (1998, 1952,,, ; :(, 1989 ) ; : ( ) teenth2century China. Stanford University Press, 1996, pp ) : 3, ( ) Modern China (April 1988) ; Bubonic Plague in Nine2 :,3, 1983, 61 :,4,, 1997,

: Carol Benedict, Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth2Century China,( ) 9 3 (1998, 1952,,, ; :(, 1989 ) ; : 18 19 (168 210 )

3 2002 1, :,,,,,, (1899),,(1900),, ; (1902), ; (1910),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1894) (1895),,,, g 1941,,,,, g,,,,,, g,,, : 3 :,,, 1963, g g g :, :, :, :, 734, 1950 ; :, :,,, :,, 1941, 1 :, 1

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7 , 1950,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1906,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1950 :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : : :, 13 :,, :,, 1956 () :,, 1957 :,, 1956,,, 1940,,,,,,,, :,, 1957 ; :,, 1957

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8 ,,,,,,,,, (), 1950,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 1950,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, g,,,, g,,,,,,, g,, 750 : : g :,, 1984, 6 :,, 1956 :,, 1956 :,, 1956 :,, 1956 :,, 1956 : g( ),, 1957 g 1946,,,, 16 (1984 )

9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), :,,,,,,,,,,, 1919,,,,,,,,, 1946,,,,,, 1894, g,,, 12,,, ;,,,, 1898,, 8, g,,, 1919,, ( ) Graham Twigg, The Black Death : a Biological Reappraisal. London : Batsford Academic and Educational, 1984, p. ( ) : g g :,23, 1986, ; : () :,, 1957 :,, 1956 :,8, 1988, 176 :,9, 1988, 62 :,1, 95 :, 5,16, 1984, 69

10 ,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 1,, (1879),, 300,,,, (1899),,,,, (1889), :,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, (1887),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,, : :, ,, 1995, 234 :,, :,13, 1988, 50, 123

11 19 70,,,,,,, 1913,,, 1 400, 1925 :,,,, 1938,,,,, 1937 (),, 1937, 1939,,, :,,,,,,!,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,!,,, (, ),,,?,?,,,,,, 1896 Philip B. Cousland : 1894, Carl F. Nathan, Plague Prevention and Politics in Manchuria : Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1967, 1927, (18, ( ), 1941, 5 :,25 12, , Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 10, 1893, p. 23, 230 pp , 1932 ) : ,,, 1998,

Nathan, Plague Prevention and Politics in Manchuria : 1910 1931.

12 , 1937,,, 1947,,,,, 6, (cases mortality, ) 5115 %,,,,,,, 1935,,, 3,,, 20,,,, 13,, 16,,,,,,, ,,,,,,, 1943, : 11,,,, ; 21,,, ; 31,, ; 41,,,, 1948,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,, 3,, , 47 48,, : : :,, 1958 () :,,

13 1950, ( %) ( %) : (1941) ; (, 1955 ) 926 ;,,, 1946, 2/ 3,,1940,, 1946,,, 1942,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1944 :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,, :,13, 1989, 121 :, 95

165 861 1912 : 1939 1941 (1941) ; 1941 1944 1942 1944 1939 1944 (, 1955 ) 926 ;,,, 1946, 2/ 3,,1940,,

14 , 1940,,,,,,, 1941,,, APC,,,,,,,,,,, 1948, 170, 7018,,,,,, ,, 90 %, 80 % 90 % 1950,,,, 1940,,,,,,,,,,,, 1975, ( : ),93,, 1996, , :,4, 1986, 138,, , , 1940, 5115 %, % 127

1940,,,,,,,,,,,, 1975, 200433 ( : ),93,, 1996, 501 502

15 CONTENTS Zhang Jian and Tang Shouqian also constituted a driving force in the political awakening of the Chinese peo2 ple. A review of the friendship between Zhang Jian and Tang Shouqian and its evolution is helpful in rethink2 ing the 1911 Revolution. Mechanism against the Plague in Modern China Taking Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian Provinces as Examples Li Yushang (114) Due to ineffective measures against the spread of the plague on the part of traditional Chinese medical practitioners and the state, large numbers of people suffered and died from this disease in Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian at the turn of the 20 th century. The people spontaneously went into action and took measures of sterilization and isolation, which were to become the most important means of epidemic prevention until the 1940s. After the 1940s Chinaπs traditional medical practitioners and people considerably improved their ap2 proaches to treatment and prevention ; the state began to give up the traditional preventative methods for mod2 ern ones. The Jesus Families and the Christian Utopian in China Tao Feiya (128) Centered around Mazhuang Village of Taiπan County in Shandong Province, the Jesus families, under the influence of the local Pentecostal Church, combined religious and secular life and abolished the system of pri2 vate assets and consanguine families within their community in accordance, so it was claimed, with the teach2 ings of Jesus in the Bible. They organized the Christian followers to work and live together in largecommu2 nist families under egalitarian principles, and embarked onto the road to a Christian utopia. The families sur2 vived and developed during the grim years but could not avoid the fate of final disintegration because of internal contradictions and irresistible social changes. However, their story fully demonstrates the charm and practical limitations of utopianism. The British Foreign Policy Towards Italy from July 1936 to November 1938 Qi Shirong (146) Britain gave up its sanctions against and tried hard to resume its former cordial relations with Italy after the latter annexed Ethiopia. After a good deal of bother Britain signed a declaration with Italy maintaining the status quo in the area west of the Mediterranean Sea. The purpose of the British was to preserve stability in the Mediterranean region and alienate Italy from Germany. However, endless concessions on the part of Britain on2 ly increased Italyπs arrogance, and the British policy of appeasement finally broke down. Britainπs Colonial Policy and the Emergence of Independence Movement in North America Li Jianming (163) The thirteen American colonies were British overseas territories set up and ruled by the English colonial2 ists. The independence movement of North America was, first of all, a political separatist uprising. Britainπs lenient policy towards these colonies allowed their steady and rapid development in North America ; this, in turn, laid the economic and social foundation for political independence. The so2calledhigh2handed policy 192

Mechanism against the Plague in Modern China Taking Yunnan, Guangdong and Fujian Provinces as Examples Li Yushang (114) Due to ineffective measures against the spread of the plague on the part of

主权之争和国家权力下渗

主权之争和国家权力下渗东北肺鼠疫蔓延期间的主权之争 (1910.11 1911.4) * ** 胡成 ( 南京大学历史系, 南京 210093) 摘要 : 1910-11 年冬春东北爆发了肺鼠疫在那个抗生素尚未发现的年代, 阻止疫情最便捷有效措施, 莫过于借助国家力量, 动用警察乃至军