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3 Roger Chartier, Genre between Literature and History 206 Prasenjit Duara, Why is History Antitheoretical? Part 3: 271 Robert Darnton, On Clifford Geertz Field Notes from the Classroom

4 * 1 Historicism History * DAADExchanges of Knowledge between China and the West: Historical and Philosophical Dimensions Prof. Michael Lackner Dr. Iwo Amelung Dr. Joachim Kurtz Dr. Michael Schimmelpfennig Prasenjit Duara, Rescuing History from the Nation (Chicago :University of Chicago Press, 1995) 3 1

5 universal history

6 Edward Jenks

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13 40 41 Karl Jaspers J. M. Thompson B. Croce universal history Kelly Boyd edited, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing (London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999), pp ; Harry Ritter edited, Dictionary of Concepts in History (New York and London: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp

14 44 Flavio Biondo aetas subsequens 45 G. Vico Condorcet Kant Herder Karl Löwith Immanuel Wallerstein

15 Matteo Ricci René Etiemble (Virgile Pinot)

16 Sina Ptolemey Jules Aleni

17 Jeseph Edkins Ernst Faber Willam Muirhead Walter H. Medhurst Robert Morrison William Milne Tour of the World(Sketch of World) K. F. A. Gutztataff General HistoryUniversal History E. C. Bridgman

18 59 John Fryer Devello Zololos Sheffield Outline of General History WeberWilson Swinton RawlinsonThalheimer

19 61 62 Timothy Richard R. G. Collingwood

20 Young John Allen

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34 117 history history J. Wells Williams, English and Chinese Vocabulary, in the Count Dialect ( Macao: Printed at the Office of the Chinese Repository,1844) criticisms on national general of the three kingdoms Rev. Justus Doolittle, A Vocabulary and Hand-Book of the Chinese Language, Romanized in the Mandarin Dialect. In Two Volumes Comprised in Three Parts. Foochow: Rozario, Marcal, and Company. London: Trubner& Co. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co p Students Apparatus classicsmemoirs general historyhistory national history annals complete records separate do. mixed history philosophical works military works medical do. herbal book of arts book of laws topographymoral writings HistoireI histoire histoire universelle 31

35 history An account of facts or events, especially in the life-development of men and nations, in the order in which they happened, with their causes and effects a universal or general history ancient history medieval history modern history A narration of facts Knowledge of facts 19 world world 119 histories Nation

36 Walter Benjamin

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38 James L. Hevia 130 Benjamin A. Elman

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40 ~37 BIBLID (2000)26p.1~ ~ ~1950

41 2 1895~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~13

42 3 national epic scientific history 1902~ ~ a 22b 23 21

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44 a

45 6 7 22b 8 collective memory 23 national history

46 7 1873~ ~ ~ Ying-shih Yü, Changing Conceptions of National History in Twentieth-Century China, in Erik Lönnroch et. al. eds., Conceptions of National History: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 78 (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 155~ ~

47 8 12 Jules Michelet, 1798~ ~ ~ Romanticism organism Hartley Coleridge,1796~1849 Friedrich Daniel E. Schleimacher, 1768~ Edgar Quine Fritz Stern ed. with Introduction, The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present (New York: Meridian Books, 1956), 109~119 p Fritz Stern ed. with Introduction, The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present, 109.

48 9 Johann Gottlie b Fichete, 1762~1814 individuality of nations Franklin L. Baumer ~

49 ~ ~ ~4

50 ~B.C. relevance

51 ~ ~32

52 ~ ~ ~23

53 a ~ ~ ~

54 15 34 Terrien de LaCouperie, 1844~ Terrien de LaCouperie, Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization from 2300 B.C. to 200 A.D. (Osnabruck, Ottozeller, 1966, Reprint of the edition of 1894) 36 Chapters on the elements derived from the old civilizations of West Asia in the formation of the ancient Chinese culture Terrien de LaCouperie, op. cit., 273~

55 b ~

56 ~38

57 ~ ~412

58 ~ ~ ~77

59 ~ ~51

60 ~

61 ~ ~

62 c ~

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64 ~ Karl Jaspers, 1883~ ~8K. C. Chang, Early Chinese Civilization: Anthropological Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard -Yenching Institute, 1976); Idem, Art Myth and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 44~ ~

65 26 Herodotus, 484~429B.C. Greco-Persian War PolybiusC.200~118B.C. 69 value judgement factual judgement Thucydides, c.460~c.400b.c ~

66 ~ ~ B.C. 626~ ~

67 28 75 Heinrich von Sybel, 1817~1895 Historiche Zeitschrift 76 Revue historique Gabriel Monod, 1844~ English Historical Review ~ Fritz Stern ed., The Varieties of History From Voltaire to the Present, 171~172

68 29 78 N. D. Fustel de Coulanges1830~ Stern ed., op. cit., 172~ Stern ed., op. cit., 175~ ~170

69 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~29 Ying-shih Yü, tr. by Thomas H. C. Lee and Chun-chieh Huang, The Study of Chinese History: Retrospect and Prospect, Rendition, No. 15 (Spring, 1981), 7~26

70 31 fact value 1130~

71 ~ Jerry Dennerline Ying-shih Yü, Changing Conceptions of National History in Twentieth-Century China, Jerry Dennerline, Qian Mu and the World of Seven Mansions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989) ~8117~118

72 33 * ~26

73 Franklin L. Baumer

74 Chang, K. C., Early Chinese Civilization: Anthropological Perspective, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard-Yenching Institute, 1976., Art Myth and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, De LaCouperie, Terrien, Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization from 2300 B.C. to 200 A.D., Osnabruck, Ottozeller, 1966, Reprint of the edition of Dennerline, Jerry, Qian Mu and the World of Seven Mansions, New Haven: Yale University Press, Stern, Fritz, ed. with Introduction, The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present, New York: Meridian Books, Yü, Ying-shih, Changing Conceptions of National History in Twentieth-Century China, in Erik Lönnroch et. al. eds., Conceptions of National History: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 78, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994.

75 36 Yü, Ying-shih, tr. by Thomas H. C. Lee and Chun-chieh Huang, The Study of Chinese History: Retrospect and Prospect, Rendition, No. 15, Spring, 1981.

76 37 The National History in Ch ien Mu s Historical Thinking Chun-chieh Huang Department of History,National Taiwan University Abstract Twentieth-century China witnessed not only the constant invasions of Western powers and internecine warfares, but also the shaking of self-confidence among the Chinese people. Ch ien Mu 1895~1990 stands out as a pivotal historian to console the frustrated souls of the Chinese in twentieth century through his historical works. This paper attempts at a study of the theory and practice of the national history (kuo-shih, ) in Ch ien s historical scholarship. Ch ien Mu had been torn between the universal and the particular in historical thinking. He insisted through his writings that Chinese history had her own partic ularity which should not be regarded as Asian footnotes to the Western patterns or theories. Moreover, Ch ien Mu, in treating history as national epic as opposed to scientific history, urged the Chinese people to re-establish their own identity in Chinese history as collective memory. The present paper consists of five sections. After reviewing the content and its historical background pertaining to Ch ien Mu s notion of national history (section II), we in section III analyze the methodological issues in Ch ien s national history and compare the difference between Ch ien Mu and Hsü Fu-kuan ( 1902~1982). Section IV discusses the significance of Ch ien Mu in the context of twentieth-century Chinese historiography. Special attention is paid to the contrast between Ch ien Mu and Fu Ssu-nien ( 1896~1950). The final section V considers the significance of Ch ien Mu s historiography in twentieth-century Chinese and world historiography. Keywords: Ch ien Mu, Chinese historiography, National History, Scientific history

77 Ξ :, ;, ;,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 20 30,, ;,,, () Ξ 20,, 136,,, 2000,,,

78 , 20 20, ;?,, (analogy),,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, (text) ( narratives), (context), ;,,,?, (social memory) (identity),,,,,,, Maurice Halbwachs (collective memory),,,,,,, ;,,, Frederick Bartlett, (schema),,, Bartlett,, Lewis A. Coser,Introduction : Maurice Halbwachs,in On Collective Memory, ed. & trans. by Lewis A. Coser (Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1992) ; Maurice Halbwachs, Les cadres sociaux de la memoire ( Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1952). 137

79 2001 5, Bartlett 1980,,, (ethnicity),, ( ) (the common belief of origins),, ( ),,,, (politics), James Fentress Chris Wichham (social memory),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ;, ;,,,,,,, (primordial attachments),,,, ; Frederick Bartlett, Remembering : A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology (London : Cambridge University James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford : Blackwell Publishers, 1992), p. 138 Press, 1932), pp , 296..

80 ,,,,, ;, (context),,,,,, ;,,,,,,, (),,,, 11 : 21 :, 31 :,, 41 :,,, :,,,, (), ;, (context) ;,, Robert J. Sharer & Wendy Ashmore, Archaeology : Discovering Our Past (Mountain View, CA. : Mayfield Publish2 ing Co., 1987), pp :,, ( ),

81 ,,,,,,,,,, ;, alies), (anom2,,, (contexturalize),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ,,,,, (narratives),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ), 1997

82 ,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ; :,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),, 50, 6 ( ),,, ( ) 11,,,, :, ;, : 21,,,,,??, 31,,, 141

83 ?, ;,,,, 41,,,,,,,, ;, () 12,,, (),, ;,, 23, ( ) ( ) (),,, 2,, 3 ;,,, ;, 4 ;,, ( ), (), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, (),,, (),,,, 19 Henry S. Maine ( Ancient Law),, Maine, Maine :, Henry S. Maine, Ancient Law : 142 (USA : Dorset Press, 1986Π1861). Its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas

84 (), () ( ),,,( ), ( ), ( )?, :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,, historical mentality historicity,, Bartlett (schema) ;,,,,,, ;, 80,, ;, 9 () 9 ( ) ; Frederick Bartlett, Remembering : A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. 143

85 ,, 50 ( ),, ;,,,,,,, 20 30, : () :,,,,,,,, 20 40, : (,,, ) Atzige ( ), Ma2 gedu ( ),, (Nohsu),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, : :,,, 1999, :,, ( ), 1932, 332 :, 2, 26, :,, , 1941, ,

86 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, : ;, (R. Stien),,,,,,,, ;, ( ) :,,,,, : :,,,,,,, ;, (),, ;,,,,,, :,,, 1992, 29 :,,,,, 145

87 ,,,,,,,,,,, (), ( ),,,,, (do ethnogra2 phy in archives),,,,, (),, ;,, ; :,,,,,, ;, ;,,, ( ),, ;,,, : 146,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,

88 ,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1929, ( ), (),, 70,,, ;,,,, 1952, ( : ) Anderson, Benedict, 1991, Imagined Communities. Rev. edition (London : Verso, 1991) ; Hobsbawm, Eric & Terence Ranger ed., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1983). Litzinger, Ralph A., 1995, Contending Conceptions of the Yao Past,in Cultural Encounters on Chinaπs Ethnic Frontiers. Ed. by Stevan Harrell (Seattle : University of Washington Press, 1995) ; Diamond, N., Defining the Miao,in Cultural Encounters on Chinaπs Ethnic Frontiers. : :, 28, 1997,

89 CONTENTS law of the Germanic people. After repeated setbacks they turned to the Christian godly law. With energetic elucidation by the religious reformers and the practice of struggle the godly law became the ideological pivot for the German peasants in their wars. The characteristics of godly law of the German peasant war marked its in2 heritance from the previous peasant struggles as well as its relationship with the religious reform. Theories and Methodologies Tribe and Autocracy Yi Jianping (120) The model of tribe established by some Western scholars stresses the aspect of the inevitable relationship between tribe and autocracy. However, the classic theory and the mainstream theory of contemporary cultural anthropology suggest that the chieftain enjoyed non2compulsory authority instead of compulsory authority sup2 ported by legal force or violence. In the course of decision making of a tribal society the chief certainly had great influence, but it was usually not the chief alone that took part in or influenced the decision2making, which was frequently collectivistic in nature. In the early history non2autocracy, including democratic insti2 tutions, was extensively seen in Asia, Africa and America, not just in Europe represented by Greece and Rome. Historical Facts, Historical Memory and Historical Mentality Wang Mingke (136) Historical literature and oral history are seen ashistorical memory. We in the historical study circles intend to explore the social context and the related historical mentality that produced this memory. By social context we refer to human relations in resource sharing and competition, and the concomitant identity and dis2 tinction in ethnicity, gender or social class. And by historical mentality we mean the selection of materials and narrative pattern by which the historical memory was formulated. Both social context and historical mentality and their continuity and changes are historical facts that are of concern to us. By dint of the evidences in the origin and formation of the Chinese nation this paper stresses a historical study combining historical facts, his2 torical memory and historical mentality. Retrospective on Chinese Historiography in the 20 th Century A Retrospective and Prospective on Studies on the Chinese History of Chamber of Commerce Feng Xiaocai (148) Studies on Chinese Urban Economy during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the 20 th Century Ren Fang (168) Academic Review A Survey of the Academic Colloquium on Thinking and Society Zhang Fentian Wang Lihua (183) 191

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115 9 (, ), (,2005 ),, (Sgren Kierkeg2 aard) :,,,, ( reality),,,, (linguistic t urn),,/, 20 :,,,,,,,(J. F. L yotard) (deat h of centers),,,,,,,, (fiction),, ( P. Nora ), history, herstory? (history),, (herstory), (J. L. Gorman),,,,,(master narrative),,???,, (difference),,,(j. Scott),,,,,?,, ( G. M. Trevelyan),,

116 10 (L. Febvre), ( M. Block) :,,,,, =,,,,,,,,, 70,, ; ;,,,,,,, , (, ),,,,, gen dai, modern ; ( modernization) (modernity),,,, (Lydia H. Liu, T ranslingual Practice : L iterature, N ational Culture, and T ranslated Modernit y China, (Berke2 ley : University of California Press, 1996, pp ),(:, : 2000,17 ),, () () ;, ;,Ulrich Beck First Modernity () Seco nd Modernity () Beck,, ; ( t he Other) (Ulrich Beck,The Cosmopolitan Perspective : The Soci2 ology of the Second Age of Modernity, B ritish J ournal of sociology 51 :12000, pp ),,,

117 ,,,,,,,,,, 1950,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Havold Kohn) : (Drawing Conclusions : Il2 74 lustration and the Pre - history of Mass Culture), :,, 1993 ;, ( ), 1998 ;,,, 2000

118 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (iconography) 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Wu Hung) : : ( The Wu Liang Shrine : ( ) 8 4 (1997 ) :,,, 1998, 2 (, 1999 ),,, 1995, 1825,,, (, 1988 ) 2 3,, The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art, Stanford University Press, 1989), 75

119 2002 4,,,,,,,, 20 (Paul Pelliot),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, g g g gg g = gg g gg g,, (, 1994 ) 1, 7,, , 747 Huang Shih2shan, Summoning the Gods from Heaven, Earth and Water : Paintings of thethree Officials of Heaven,,, ( ), ,, 1983, ,, 1988, 3278 :,,, 76, 28, 2, Earth and Water in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and their Association with Daoist Ritual Performance in the 12 th Century, ( ), 2000,,, 6 4 (, 1995) ;,,,, (, 1982 ) 7 8

120 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,?,,,?,,,,,?,,, :,, 1997, 460, 7 (,, 1993 ) ,, 1988, , 6, , 209,25, (147 ),,,,,,, (John Lagerwey), 3 (,, 1993 ),, 1964 ;, , 1, 7,

121 2002 4?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 45 2 (, 1974 ) :,, (Joseph R. Levenson ) ( Confucian China and Its Modern Fate), 78, 26, 155 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?( 8,, 8 A B), (,, 2000, 87 )

122 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1665 Johan Nieuhof,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,, :, 16,, 1999, Walter D. Mignolo The Darker Side of the Renaissance : Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization (Michigan University Press, 1995) 5, ( ), (, 1990 ) 285,, (, 1987 ) : 102, (, 1984 ) 512 (Athanasii Kircheri, Athanasius Kircher) : ( China Monumentis), Amsteloda2 mi, 1667 ; Charles Van Tuyl China Illustrata with Sacred and Secular Monuments, Various Spectacles of Na2 ture and Art and Other Memorabilia, Indiana, 1987, p. 103 Friedrich Perzynski, Von Chinas Gottern, Reisen in China, Tafel. 17, Kurt Wollf Verlag, Munchen and Leipzig,

123 ( 1190), ( 1274), 80 ( ( ),, 1990 )

124 ,,,,,,, 21 ( Friedrich Perzy ski Von Chinas G ottern, Reisen in China, Kurt Wolff VerlagΠM unchen and Leipzig, 1920),,,, 13 15,,,, 1478 Augsburg ( Buch der Natur) ,,,,,,, 31,,,,,, Joan Nieuhof, Tartarischem Cham, Keizer van China, 1665, (,, 1988, ) 81

125 2002 4,,,, 15,,,,,,,, ( ),,, (Nicolas Standaert),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, ( ),,?,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Nicolas Standaert, A Chinese Translation of Ambroise Pare s Anatomy, (, Lauren Arnold, 82,,,, ) ( Sino2Western Cultural Relations Journal),, 1999 Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures The Franciscom Mission to China and Its Influence : (Desiderata Press, San Francisco, 1999), (R. A. Stein),,, 2,, 1997, 87, (2001 1, )

126 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, 41 ( ),,?,,,,,,,,,,,??,?,?,,,,,, :, 6, , 6,

127 ABSTRACTS (7) Kno wledge and Doubt Theory of Knowledge in the British and American Philosophy Wang Qingjie 62 This paper makes comments on and analyses of the discussions on the nature of knowledge in contempo2 rary British and American philosophical circles. Starting from modern challenges to Platos classic definition of knowledge the paper focuses on British philosopher Alvin I. Goldmanscausal theory of knowledgeand American philosopher Robert Nozickssubjunctive conditional theory of knowledgeand their limitations. In the authors view, the critical response of contemporary theory of knowledge to the challenge from scepti2 cism shows that with regard to the nature of knowledge neither the theory of global scepticism nor the theory of knowledge holds water. In a sense, doubt constitutes a necessary mechanism to restrain thearroganceand excessivenessof knowledge and stimulate its growth. (8) Pictures in the Field of Vision in the Studies of Intellectual History Ge Zhaoguang 74 In studies on intellectual history pictorial literature has never received adequate attention. Based on anal2 yses of a hanging scroll of gods used in religious ceremonies, pictures of each others imagination of the Ori2 ental and the Occidental in early cultural exchanges, the map of the world block2printed in ancient China, a set of illustrations in an early Chinese translation book, and magic figures from Taoist classics, the paper con2 cludes that pictorial data are of great value. They embody profound choices, designs and ideas, and imply his2 torical backgrounds, values and conceptions. Serving not only as supplementary data to written materials, pic2 torial data are also important bodies of literature that deserves more attention in the study of intellectual histo2 ry. We need, however, to develop new methods of study different from those in the study of written literature. (9) Constructive Principles of Judicial Hierarchy A Comparative Survey in Perspective of Civil Procedure Fu Yulin 84 The three categories of judicial structure found in todays world, appeal, revision and cassation, devel2 oped in different ways before finally conforming broadly to athree2level hierarchy. Some similar principles conceived in the structure of judicial hierarchy affected this course, e. g., control of scale of the courts of last resort, the functional division among three judicial tiers, reciprocal checks of judicial authorities among three levels, the demarcation of factual issues from legal issues as well as jurisdictional and discretionary is2 sues. These technical principles were decisive for judicial hierarchy to achieve ideals of doctrinal coherence, correctness, justification, finality and authority. In contrast to general judicial structures and principles, Chinas current judicial hierarchy structure is characterized by a pillarπcolumn structure, without functional division among different levels, and with similar operational style. This kind of hierarchy was formed and developed against Chinas special historical, politi2 cal, economical and cultural background. And it is now facing a series of technical dilemmas, especially in regard to Chinese traditionalsuper2inquisitorial procedure,which leads to abuse of judicial authority on one hand, and abuse of legal capacity to sue on the other. In the meantime, modern society has been advancing dramatically, altering the primary basis by which justice is itself justified. In the new circumstances the origi2 nal defects of the Chinese current judicial hierarchy are amplified, contributing to a sharp increase in petition retrial cases. To conclude, the author proposes a judicial hierarchy system of three tiers of court, and considers certain anticipated practical obstacles. 205

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