4 輥輯訛 Gordon Tullock Ann Krueger 8 輥輰訛 Mancur Olson 9 輥輱訛 Robert Bates Margaret Levi

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1 * / [ ] Abstract Why are empirical researches of the Public Choice theory absent in China whereas theoretical introductions are prevalent? This paper through analyzing the absence of empirical research suggests that the answer underlies the methodological misunderstanding of microfoundation by most Chinese political science researchers who are confronted with a paradox in the related studies with application of the rational choice theory in a broader sense. On defining microfoundation and exploring the relevant debates on the economic man this paper goes further to outline two historical origins which produce the rejection of microfoundation by many Chinese researchers one is the path dependence of methodological holism and the other is the constraints of cognitive preference toward pure induction. Moreover I explore three underlying factors of the methodological misunderstanding - ideological interference political correctness and backwardness of the entire discipline. Finally the paper roughly prospects several potential research issues and proposes three tentative constructive suggestions

2 4 輥輯訛 Gordon Tullock Ann Krueger 8 輥輰訛 Mancur Olson 9 輥輱訛 Robert Bates Margaret Levi

3 2009/01 輥輶訛輥輲訛輥輳訛輥輷訛 hierarchy 輦輮訛輦輯訛輥輴訛輦輰訛輥輵訛 102

4 輦輱訛 counterfacutal 輦輴訛 reasoning self-interested rational microfoundation 輦輲訛輦輵訛 local circumstances 輦輳訛 Utilities Maximization aggregative processes 輦輶訛 Methodology individualism 103

5 2009/01 Alfred Marshall Vilfredo Pareto George Homans Peter Blau 輦輷訛輧輮訛輧輰訛輧輱訛輧輲訛輧輳訛輧輯訛輧輴訛輧輵訛輧輶訛輧輷訛 104

6 輨輳訛輨輴訛輨輮訛輨輶訛輨輯訛輨輰訛輨輷訛輨輱訛 hypothesis-testing Karl Popper s falsificationism 輨輲訛輨輵訛輩輮訛 105

7 2009/ 輩輳訛 bounded rationality positivism interpretivism 輩輲訛輩輯訛輩輰訛 assumption hypothesis 輩輱訛 self-interested rationality 106

8 conceptualization 輩輵訛 historical institutionalism 輩輶訛輩輷訛輩輴訛輪輮訛 107

9 2009/01 輪輳訛輪輴訛輪輵訛輪輯訛輪輶訛輪輰訛輪輱訛輪輲訛 108

10 輪輷訛輫輴訛 causal mechanism 輫輮訛輫輯訛輫輵訛輫輰訛輫輶訛輫輱訛輫輷訛輫輲訛輬輮訛輫輳訛 109

11 2009/01 輬輳訛輬輯訛輬輰訛輬輴訛輬輵訛輬輶訛輬輱訛輬輲訛 110

12 輬輷訛輭輮訛輭輳訛 * 2008 NKQ08031 輭輯訛輭輲訛 self-interested 輭輰訛 actor 1 輭輱訛 researcher 111

13 2009/01 scholar erence Arrow Black action game-theoretic von Neumann Nash K. Arrow Social Choice 2 and Individual Values Yale University Press 1951 D. Black The Theory of Committees and Elections Cam bridge University Press 1958 J. von Neumann and O Morgenstern Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour 2000 Princeton University Press 1944 J. Nash Noncooper- 8 ative Games Annals of mathematics Vol.54 pp Zhou Political Turnover and Economic Performance The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China Journal of Public Economics vol pp Gordon Tullock The Welfare Costs of Tariffs Monopolies and Theft Western Economic Journal No Gordon Tullock Public Goods Redistribution and Rent Seeking Edward Elgar Publica- 5 C tions 2005 Ann Krueger The Political Economy of the David Austen- Vol. 64. No Smith Economic Methods in Positive Political Theory in Barry Weingast and Donald Wittman eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy Oxford University Press 2006 pp Decline of Nations Economic Growth Stagflation and Social Rigidities Yale University Press aggre- 10 Robert Bates Markets and States in gate collective pref- Tropical Africa The Political Basis of Agricultural Poli Margaret Levi Recon- Li Hongbin and Li-an siderations of Rational Choice in Comparative and Historical Analysis Prepared for Mark Lichbach and Alan Zuckerman eds. Comparative Politics Rationality Culture and Structure 2 nd edition incoming Rent-seeking Society The American Economic Review 9 Mancur Olson The Logic of Collective Action public goods and the theory of groups Harvard University Press 1971 Mancur Olson The Rise and 112

14 cies University of California Press 1981 Robert Bates Beyond the Miracle of the Market The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya Cambridge University Press 1989 Robert. Bates ed. Toward a Political E- conomy of Development A Rational Choice Perspective University of California Press 1988 Margaret Levi Of rule and revenue University of California Press 輥輯訛 Robert Bates ed. Toward a Political Economy of Development A Rational Choice Perspective University of California Press 1988 Henry Milner Social Democ- racy and Rational Choice The Scandinavian Experience 輥輰訛輦輮訛輦輯訛輦輰訛輥輱訛輦輱訛輥輲訛輥輳訛 72 輥輴訛輥輵訛 James Cole- man and Thomas Fararo eds. Rational Choice Theory Advocacy and Critique Sage Publications Richard Munch Rational Choice Theory A Critical Assessment of Its Explanatory Power James Bohman The Limits of Rational Choice Explanation. 輥輶訛 Dennis Mueller Has public choice contributed anything to the study of politics Public Choice II Cambridge University Press 2003 chapter28 pp 輥輷訛 Mancur Olson The Rise and Decline of Nations Economic Growth Stagflation and Social Rigidities Robert H. Bates Markets and states in tropical Africa the political basis of agricultural policies. and Beyond Routledge 輦輲訛輦輳訛 4 輦輴訛 113

15 2009/ 輧輰訛 11 輦輵訛 Levi Rational choice ensures that the research has microfoundations that is it pays attention to the constraints on and the strategic interactions among the actors whose aggregated choices produce the outcome of interest. Margaret Levi Reconsiderations of Rational Choice in Comparative and Historical Analysis. 輦輶訛 Daniel Little Microfoundations Method and Causation New Brunswick Transaction Publishers 1998 pp This doctrine [the microfoundations thesis] maintains that macro-explanations of social phenomena must be supported by an account of the mechanisms at the individual level through which the postulated social processes work. More specifically the thesis holds that an assertion of an explanatory relationship at the social level causal functional structural must be supplemented by two things knowledge about what it is about the local circumstances of the typical individual that leads him to act in such a way as to bring about this relationship and knowledge of the aggregative processes that lead from individual actions of that sort to an explanatory social relationship of this sort. 輦輷訛輧輮訛 C 4 輧輯訛 Milton Friedman The Methodology of Positive Economics in The Philosophy of Economics An Anthology Daniel M. Hausman Chapter 9 Cambridge University Press 輧輱訛輧輲訛 7 輧輳訛輧輴訛 Collective Choice and Social Welfare Amartya Sen 輧輵訛

16 輧輶訛輩輮訛輧輷訛輩輰訛 Martin Hollis and Steve Smith Explaining and under- 輨輮訛 standing international relations Oxford Clarendon Press 2005 輨輯訛輩輱訛輨輰訛 Schultz 1964 輨輱訛輨輲訛輨輳訛輩輲訛輨輴訛 Charles C. Ragin The comparative method moving be yond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Berkeley and 輨輵訛輨輶訛 1 of American Politics Comparative Political Studies Vol.40 pp 輨輷訛輩輯訛 p 輩輳訛 London University of California Press Quantitative Hegemony Paul Pierson The Costs of Marginalization Qualitative Methods in the Study 輩輴訛 115

17 2009/01 E. Roy Weintraub How Economics Be- came a Mathematical Science Duke University Press 輩輵訛 11 輪輯訛 When Chinese Students Meet Western Social Concep - tions Three Roots of Misunderstanding 輩輶訛 htm 輪輰訛輩輷訛 22 John Lott Public Schooling Indoctrination and Totalitarianism 1999 Journal of Political Economy Vol. 107 No. 6. 輪輱訛 http // New Political Economy 輪輮訛輪輲訛 20 輪輳訛輪輴訛 S M 116

18 輪輵訛 and Practices Cambridge University Press 2007 pp. Ha-Joon Chang Kicking away the ladder development strategy in historical perspective Chapter 2 pp London Anthem Press and Bolts for the Social Sciences Cambridge University Do Press 2007 pp.7-67 what American did do not do what American say 輪輶訛 S 輫輰訛 M 輪輷訛 Gary King Robert O. Keohan and 輫輮訛 causal inference Designing social inquiry scientific in- Jon Elster mechanism ference in qualitative research Princeton Princeton Uni- law versity Press 1994 Chapter 2 and 3 pp 輫輲訛 Elster frequently oc- curring and easily recognizable causal patterns that are triggered under generally unknown conditions or with indeterminate consequences. Jon Elster Explaining Social Behavior More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences Cambridge University Press 2007 p.36. 輫輯訛 Opening the black box No. FC Jon Elster Explaining Social Behavior More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences pp 輫輴訛 Daniel Little Causal Explanation in the Social Sciences Microfoundations Method and Causation New Brunswick Transaction Publishers Chapter. 10 pp John Gerring Internal Validity Process Tracing Case Study Research Principle Charles Tilly Mechanisms In Political Processes Annual Review of Political Science Vol. 4 pp Jon Elster Explaining Social Behavior More Nuts 輫輱訛 Sidney Verba Descriptive inference Causality and 輫輳訛 Lee Sigelman cn 輫輵訛

19 2009/ ~2004 Zhan Jing Vivian The Political Economy of China s CSSCI 輫輶訛輫輷訛輬輮訛輬輯訛 Tang Ching-Ping and Shui- Yan Tang Democratizing Bureaucracy The Political E- conomy of Environmental Impact Assessment and Air Pol- lution Fees in Taiwan Comparative Politics Vol.33 exchange October 2000 pp Tang Shui-Yan and Ching- coercion Ping Tang Democratization and the Environment En- trepreneurial Politics and Interest Representation in Tai- wan The China Quarterly No pp 輬輰訛輬輱訛 Corinna-Barbaru Francis Quasi-public quasi-private trends in emerging market economies the case of China Comparative Politics Vol.33 No.3 pp Jia Hao and Lin Zhimin eds. Changing Central -local Relations in China Reform and State Fiscal Reforms A Game -Theoretic Analysis of Central - Local Interaction 2008 輬輲訛 11 輬輳訛輬輴訛 Margaret Levi The economic turn in comparative politics Comparative Political Studies 33 6/ Margaret Levi A model a method and a map rational choice in comparative and historical analysis in Capacity Westview Press Comparative politics rationality culture and structure edited by Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman Cambridge Cambridge University Press Barry Clark Political e conomy a comparative approach New York Westport 2001 and London Praeger

20 Robert. Bates Toward a Political Economy of 輬輵訛 Development in Robert Bates ed. Toward a Political Economy of Development A Rational Choice Perspective University of California Press 1988 p.244. 輬輶訛輭輱訛 bio- logical fallacy Michael T. Hannan Rationality and Robustness in Multilevel Systems in James Coleman and Thomas Fararo eds. Rational Choice Theory Advocacy and Critique Sage Publications 輬輷訛 Paul Pierson The Costs of Marginalization Qualitative Meth- 輭輮訛 ods in the Study of American Politics Comparative Po litical Studies Vol.40 No pp 輭輳訛輭輯訛輭輰訛輭輲訛

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輥輯訛輥輰訛輥輱訛輥輲訛輥輳訛 111 China after Empire: 1911 Rememered 2011 11 110 1951 1 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 輥輯訛輥輰訛輥輱訛輥輲訛輥輳訛 111 2 輥輴訛輥輵訛輥輶訛輥輷訛 112 輦輮訛輦輯訛輦輰訛輦輱訛輦輲訛輦輳訛輦輴訛輦輵訛 3 輦輶訛輦輷訛輧輮訛輧輰訛輧輯訛輧輱訛 113 輧輲訛 4 輧輳訛輧輴訛輧輵訛 114