Feeding management

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霞玖蹇
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g/kg dry matter 干物质含量百万吨干物质含量 Million tonnes dry matter 1000 公顷 1.

production 饲料的质量是高产奶量奶牛健康以及高质量牛奶的的决定因素 Forage quality is crucial for high milk yield, good cow health and high milk quality 饲料的生产成本是乳品生产中的最大成本 Forage production represents the highest costs in dairy

1 g/kg dry matter 干物质含量百万吨干物质含量 Million tonnes dry matter 1000 公顷 hectares 欧洲青贮质量标准 Silage quality Standard in Europe Team Leader, 团队领导, Specialist Forage, 饲料专家, Rudolf Thøgersen 饲料的生产与质量是乳业盈利的基础 Forage production and quality is the basis for a profitable dairy production 饲料的质量是高产奶量奶牛健康以及高质量牛奶的的决定因素 Forage quality is crucial for high milk yield, good cow health and high milk quality 饲料的生产成本是乳品生产中的最大成本 Forage production represents the highest costs in dairy production 2... 欧洲国家的干草和青贮产量 Hay and silage production in European countries Hay 干草 Grass silage 牧草青贮 Maize silage 玉米青贮丹麦大量增长的玉米青贮 Large increase in maize area in Denmark Maize 玉米青贮 Grass 牧草青贮 3... Wilkinson & Toivonen (2000) Year Cereal whole crops 整棵谷物作物玉米青贮已经成为奶牛最重要的粗饲料 Maize silage has become the most important forage for dairy cows 优势 Strenghts: 每公顷高产量 High yield per hectare 高能量 High energy concentration => 高干物质摄入 high dry matter intake => 高牛奶产量 high milk production 易于发酵 Easily fermentable => 高发酵品质 high fermentation quality 弱势 Weaknesses: 低纤维消化率 Low fiber (NDF) digestibility 5... 玉米青贮, 苜蓿青贮, 牧草青贮的营养成分 Nutrient composition of maize, lucerne and grass silage Ash 灰 Rest fraction 其他 Crude protein 粗蛋白 Crude fat 粗脂肪 Fermentation products 发酵产品 Starch 淀粉 NDF (cell walls, fibre) NDF( 细胞壁, 纤维 ) 1

NDF 降解 NDF degradation Kg ECM 玉米青贮淀粉在瘤胃和整个消化道的高消化率 High digestibility of maize silage starch in the rumen and in the total digestive tract 不同饲料在不同的消化器官中所对应的淀粉消化能力 Digestibility of starch in different

2 NDF 降解 NDF degradation Kg ECM 玉米青贮淀粉在瘤胃和整个消化道的高消化率 High digestibility of maize silage starch in the rumen and in the total digestive tract 不同饲料在不同的消化器官中所对应的淀粉消化能力 Digestibility of starch in different digestive compartments for various feed stuffs Maize silage 玉米青贮 7... 整体消化道 Total tract 瘤胃 Rumen 小肠 Small intestine g/kg entering 进入量后肠 Hind gut Maize 玉米 Wheat 小麦 Barley 大麦 Oat 燕麦 Moharrery et al., unpubl. 饲料 NDF 消化能力是奶产量的主要因素 Forage NDF digestibility is the main factor for milk production 观察与预期的能量校正奶 (ECM) 模型 ECM Observed expected ECM-yield y = 0,25x 15 R²= 0, 饲料 NDF 消化率 ( 绵羊维持需要 ) Forage NDF digestibility (sheep maintenance) Lehmann et al. (2010) NDF 下列要素的主要营养决定因子 NDF the main nutrient factor determing 有机物消化能力和能量供应 Organic matter digestibility and hence energy supply 干物质摄入 Dry matter intake NDF 决定饲料的能量值 Energy value of forages is determined by NDF 细胞内含物的消化能力 ( 可溶中性洗涤剂,NDS) 接近于 100% True digestibility of cell content (neutral detergent solubles, NDS) is close to 100 percent 物理结构 Physical structure 咀嚼与反刍 Chewing, rumination 瘤胃蠕动性 Rumen motility 瘤胃环境 Rumen environment 瘤胃垫瘤胃的层理结构 Rumen mat rumen stratification 有机物消化率 (OMD) 的变化是由于 NDF 含量和消化率的变化引起的 Thereby variation in organic matter digestibility (OMD) is due to variation in NDF concentration and digestibility 瘤胃中 NDF 的消化能力吸收和通过间的竞争 NDF digestibility in the rumen a competition between digestion and passage 摄入 Intake 降解率 Degradation rate, kd 瘤胃 Rumen Digestibility = kd/(kd + kp) 消化率 = Kd/(Kd+Kp) 通过瘤胃率 Passage rate, kp 瘤胃中的降解 Degradation profile in the rumen 降解率 Degradation rate (kd) 瘤胃中存留的时间 Hours incubated in the rumen 降解率 = 可降解 NDF*(1- e 降解率 * 时间 ) Degradation = pdndf(1 e -kdt ) 总未消化 NDF Total indigestible ND (indf) 潜在可降解 NDF Potential degradable NDF (pdndf) 2

影响过瘤胃率的因素 : Factors influencing passage rate out of the rumen 干物质摄入 Dry matter intake 日粮饲料中的 NDF NDF from forage in ration 奶牛体重 Body weight of cow 精 / 粗饲料比例 Forage/concentrate share in the ration

treatment with rumen fluid or enzymes 尼龙袋 : 饲料进行瘤胃培育后通过有气孔的尼龙袋进行降解 In sacco: Degradation after incubation in the rumen in nylon bags with small pores 14.

.. 系统创立机构 :A cooperation between: Norway 挪威 Sweden 瑞典 Iceland 冰岛 Denmark 丹麦基于 :Based on: 北欧研究数据 Nordic research data 德国净能量体系 Dutch net energy system 法国种植体系 French growth system 美国矿物质和维生素推荐值

info/ 国家水平管理系统集成的网络体系 : Web system integrated in the national management systems 17.

3 影响过瘤胃率的因素 : Factors influencing passage rate out of the rumen 干物质摄入 Dry matter intake 日粮饲料中的 NDF NDF from forage in ration 奶牛体重 Body weight of cow 精 / 粗饲料比例 Forage/concentrate share in the ration 评价消化率和降解率的方法 Methods to assess digestibility or degradability 体内 : 饲喂 - 粪便的比较 (OMD 参照法 ) In vivo: Feed faeces difference (Reference method for OMD) 体外 : 经瘤胃液或酶类处理后的溶解度 In vitro: Solubility after treatment with rumen fluid or enzymes 尼龙袋 : 饲料进行瘤胃培育后通过有气孔的尼龙袋进行降解 In sacco: Degradation after incubation in the rumen in nylon bags with small pores NorFor 北欧奶牛饲喂评估系统 Nordic Feed Evaluation System for cattle 奶牛日粮配方系统 A ration formulation system for cattle 系统创立机构 :A cooperation between: Norway 挪威 Sweden 瑞典 Iceland 冰岛 Denmark 丹麦基于 :Based on: 北欧研究数据 Nordic research data 德国净能量体系 Dutch net energy system 法国种植体系 French growth system 美国矿物质和维生素推荐值 US-recommendations for minerals and vitamins NorFor - 北欧奶牛饲喂评估系统科学系列刊物 The Nordic feed evaluation system EAAP Scientific Series Volume 130 ISSN: edited by: Harald Volden 国家水平管理系统集成的网络体系 : Web system integrated in the national management systems Laboratory System 检测实验室 Laboratory Internet FAS Feed Analysis System Data 饲料分析系统 National NorFor Server FST Feed Stuff Table Data Users Data Animals 饲料成分表用户数据国家级服务器奶牛 National Server FRC Feed Ration Calculator 配方计算 Norfor 服务器 NorFor server 奶牛日粮配方系统 A ration formulation system for cattle 饲料营养成分没有一个恒定值 Feed stuffs don t have a constant feed value 不含添加剂的系统如 CNCPS( 康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质系统 ) A non additive system like CNCPS (Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system) 饲喂成本最小的日粮最优化 Ration optimization of minimum feed costs 营养排泄和沼气排出的计算 Calculation of nutrient excretion and methane emission 饲料控制 Feeding control 能量效率 Energy efficiency 氮素效率 Nitrogen efficiency 利润 Daily profit 3

4 NDF 降解 NDF degradation, % Norfor 模型综述 Overview of the NorFor model 输入 Input 饲料特点 ( 营养和颗粒大小 ) Feed characteristics (nutrients and particle size) 动物特点 ( 品种体重泌乳日等 ) Animal characteristics (BW, breed, DIM etc) NorFor 也将饲料饲料摄入量和动物间的相互作用纳入考虑范围 NorFor takes into account the interactions between feedstuffs, feed intake and animal 淀粉 + 糖 Starch + sugar NDF 消化 NDF digestion 能量 Energy 结构值 ( 咀嚼指数 ) Structure value (Chewing index) 消化模型 Digestion model 瘤胃, 小肠和大肠 Rumen, small and large intestine 输出 Output 日粮定量饲喂的 AAT,PBV 和能量值 AAT, PBV and energy value of the feed ration 预期的 ECM 和蛋白产量 Expected ECM- and protein yield 营养总供给等 Total supply of nutrients etc. 饲料摄入量 Feed intake 粗饲料比例 Forage share DMI 通过消化系统率 Passage rate 微生物蛋白 Microbial protein AAT 淀粉和糖含量提高,NDF 降解率下降 Increasing amount of starch + sugar decreases rumen degradation of NDF 淀粉 + 糖 Starch + sugar, g/kg DM NorFor 的饲料成分分类 Feed fractions in NorFor 可溶的 (Soluble) 潜在可降解的 (Potential degradable) 不消化的 (indigestible) 潜在可降解的 Potential degradable 不消化的 Indigestible 灰分 Ash 粗蛋白 Crude protein 粗脂肪 Crude fat 中洗纤维 NDF 淀粉 Starch 发酵产物 Fermentation products 其他 Rest fraction 氨基酸 Amino acids 脂肪酸 Fatty acids 甘油 Glycerol 成分 Fraction 潜在可降解粗蛋白 Potential degradable crude protein 可溶解粗蛋白 Soluble crude protein 潜在可降解粗纤维 NDF Potential degradable NDF 淀粉 Starch 饲料成分的降解率 Degradation rates of feed fractions 其他 Rest fraction 降解速率 Degradation rate kdcp ( 变量 variable) 150% 每小时 per hour ( 恒量 constant) kdndf ( 变量 variable) kdst ( 变量 variable) 青贮饲料每小时 10-75% ( 变量 ) Silage 10 75% per hour (variable) 其他饲料每小时 150%( 恒量 ) Other feeds 150%per hour (constant) NorFor 建议的粗饲料分析方法 Recommended NorFor feed analysis methods for forages 参数 Parameter 单位 Unit 参考方法 Reference method 干物质 Dry matter (DM) g/kg 灰 Ash g/kg DM EC No. 152/2009 粗蛋白 Crude protein (CP) 可溶粗蛋白 Soluble CP (scp) 氨基氮 Ammonia nitrogen g/kg DM g/kg CP g/kg N 糖 Sugar g/kg DM EC No. 152/ º C 烘干至恒定重量, 修正挥发物损失 Oven drying at 60ºC to constant weight with correction for loss of volatiles EC No. 152/2009 or Dumas 硼酸磷酸盐缓冲剂 Borate-phosphate buffer (NorFor) 氧化镁方法或自动分析器 MgO-method or Autoanalyzer NDF g/kg DM ISO 16472:2006 IDT 淀粉 Starch g/kg DM 酶法 Enzyme method (Bach Knudsen, 1997 & Bach Knudsen et al., 1987) 4

NorFor 粗饲料分析方法 ( 接上页 ) Recommended NorFor feed analysis methods for forages continued 参数 Parameter 单位 Unit 参考方法 Reference method 乳酸 Lactic acid g/kg DM 高效液相色谱法 HPLC or 气相色谱法 GC 乙酸 Acetic acid g/kg DM

(OMD) 总未消化 NDF Total indigestible NDF (indf) % of OM 活体内 In vivo 或体外 In vitro (Tilley & Terry, 1963) 酶法 Enzyme method (Søegaard et al.

5 NorFor 粗饲料分析方法 ( 接上页 ) Recommended NorFor feed analysis methods for forages continued 参数 Parameter 单位 Unit 参考方法 Reference method 乳酸 Lactic acid g/kg DM 高效液相色谱法 HPLC or 气相色谱法 GC 乙酸 Acetic acid g/kg DM HPLC or GC 丙酸 Propionic acid g/kg DM HPLC or GC NorFor 粗饲料消化分析方法 Recommended NorFor feed digestion analysis methods for forages Parameter Unit Reference method 有机质消化率 Organic matter digestibility (OMD) 总未消化 NDF Total indigestible NDF (indf) % of OM 活体内 In vivo 或体外 In vitro (Tilley & Terry, 1963) 酶法 Enzyme method (Søegaard et al., 2001) g/kg NDF 尼龙袋法 288 小时 (Norfor 标准方法 ) In sacco 288 hours (NorFor standard) 丁酸 Butyric acid g/kg DM HPLC or GC 乙醇 Ethanol g/kg DM HPLC or GC NDF 降解速率 Degradation rate of NDF %/hour 有机质消化率, 灰分, 中性洗涤纤维和未消化 NDF 逆向计算 Backwards calculation from OMD, ash, NDF and indf 不同国家玉米青贮玉米的消化率的评估方法 Methods for assessment of digestibility in maize silage in different countries 活体外有机质溶解度可以根据 NIRS 进行预测 In vitro organic matter solubility can be predicted by NIRS 荷兰 Netherlands 活体外 - 瘤胃液 In vitro - rumen fluid 英国 UK 活体内 - 绵羊 In vivo - sheep 德国 Germany 活体外 - 纤维素酶 In vitro cellulase enzyme 法国 France 活体外 - 蛋白酶 - 纤维素酶 In vitro pepsincellulase enzyme 瑞典, 挪威, 丹麦 Sweden, Norway, Denmark 活体外 - 瘤胃液活体外 - 酶类 In vitro - rumen fluid In vitro - enzymes marts 2013 实践中应用 NIRS 分析饲料价值和发酵品质 In practice feed value and fermentation quality is analysed by NIRS 干物质 Dry matter 灰 Ash 青贮取样 Sampling of silage 有机质消化率 Organic matter digestibility 粗蛋白 Crude protein 可溶粗蛋白 Soluble crude protein 氨氮 Ammonia nitrogen 中性洗涤纤维 NDF 未消化 NDF (Indigestible NDF) 淀粉 / 糖 Starch / sugar 乳酸 Lactic acid 醋酸 Acetic acid ph 后续取样是检验干物质成分的重要方面 Follow-up sampling is important to check dry matter content 中心部分取样会对干物质估计过高 Sampling by core can overestimate dry matter 干物质含量变化率大 Dry matter can have a high variation 5

英国 1990 年后的玉米杂交青贮 NDF 消化力要低于 1970 年至 1980 年的数据 NDF digestibility of silage maize hybrids from the 1990s were lower than of hybrids from 1970s and 1980s in UK 旧基因型 Older genotypes 新基因型 Newer genotypes

6 英国 1990 年后的玉米杂交青贮 NDF 消化力要低于 1970 年至 1980 年的数据 NDF digestibility of silage maize hybrids from the 1990s were lower than of hybrids from 1970s and 1980s in UK 旧基因型 Older genotypes 新基因型 Newer genotypes 干物质 Dry matter g/kg 中性洗涤纤维 NDF g/kg DM 淀粉 Starch g/kg DM 有机质消化率 Organic matter digestibility % of DM NDF 消化率 NDF digestibility % of NDF 总结 : 植物育种的目的应包含基因壁在瘤胃中的消化力研究 Conclusion: Plant breeding objectives should include cell wall digestibility Givens & Deaville (2001) the rumen 丹麦基于经济评价进行的玉米杂交实验 Maize hybrid testing in Denmark is based on economic evaluation 全株玉米青贮最重要的质量参数 : The most important quality parameters of whole crop maize: 每公顷干物质产量 Yield per hectare 能量值 ( 泌乳净能 )= 高粗饲料摄入量 Energy value (Net Energy Lactation) = high forage intake NDF 消化率 Digestibility of NDF 1 单位 NDF 消化力 => + 0,25 kg ECM 校正奶 1 unit of NDF digestibility => + 0,25 kg ECM 玉米杂交品种实验的经济评价实例 Example of economic evaluation of maize silage hybrids 杂交品种 Hybrids 所有品种平均 Standard mixture 泌乳净能 NEL20 MJ/kg DM NDF 消化率 NDF digestibility 每公顷相对产出 Yield per hec., relative 每公斤干物质 / 每头 / 每天 Kg DM/ cow/day 6,35 59, ,0 Aastar 6,58 62, ,7 Abbot 6,35 57, ,0 杂交品种 Hybrids 品种平均 Standard mixture 种植成本 Growing costs 精料成本 Concentrate costs 牛奶价值 Value of milk production 总利润 Total profit 丹麦克朗 / 每头 / 每年 Difference, DKK per cow per year Aastar Abbot 总结 Conclusion 日粮评估系统如 NorFor 从经典添加饲料评估体系中借鉴而来 Ration evaluation systems like NorFor are taking over from classic additive feed evaluation systems 需要经济有效的方法如 NIRS 来分析玉米青贮的主要参数 : Cheap and efficient methods like NIRS are required to analyse the main parameters of maize silage: 干物质, 灰, 粗蛋白, 淀粉,NDF, 总未消化 NDF, 有机质消化率 Dry matter, ash, crude protein, starch, NDF, total indigestible NDF, organic matter digestibility 杂交玉米青贮的评估应包括 NDF 消化率的分析 Evaluation of silage maize hybrids should include digestibility of NDF 谢谢! Thank you for your attention

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