tab. 1 Value of chief environmental factors 10 φ ( ) ( ε ) ( ) ( %) ( )

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1 GEO GRAPHICAL RESEARCH Vol. 21, No. 6 Nov., 2002 : (2002) ,,, ( ) : 12,, : > >, > > % ( ) % ( ) % ( ),, % ( ) % ( ) % ( ), 10,,,, : ; ; ; : P935 ; S : A,,,, [19 ] [1012 ],, [13,14 ] ,, E, N,,, m, 1015, , 680mm,,, 1 : ; : : ( ) ; ( ) : ( ),,,, 60 () E - mail : net

2 tab. 1 Value of chief environmental factors 10 φ ( ) ( ε ) ( ) ( %) ( ) : 112 ; 10 φ 5 9 ; , ( Fraxi nus m andshurica) ( Phel2 lodondron am uriensis) ( J uglans m andshurica) ( Tilia am urensis) ( A cer mono) ( Pi nus koraiensis) ( Ul m us laci niata) ( Popu2 l us ussuriensis) ( Bet ula platyphylla) ( A bies nephrolepis) ( L ari x gmeli nii) ( Picea koraiensis) 12 6 (, ) 30 (, ) 260 (, ), 15 φ 20 φ, 10g (, ) 9,,, 12 54, , 216, 108, , 60, 24,,, ; 10 1, , ( 50 φ 50 φ ) Tullgren ( 10 φ 10 φ ), ; , ,, : D = ( W 0 - W 1 ) / W 0 : D ; W 0 ; W 1 12 (1) 1, 12 > >, % ( ) % ( ) % ( ) ;,

6 : 691 86. 7 % ( ) 84. 6 % ( ) 78. 7 % ( ), 2 3 4,, 31. 01 %, 24. 68 % ; 29. 48 %, 25. 60 % ; 27. 92 %, 22. 81 %, 1 12 Fig.

2 Comparison of decomposition rates of broad - leaved and coniferous defoliation in large mesh bags 3 Fig.

3 6 : % ( ) % ( ) % ( ), 2 3 4,, %, % ; %, % ; %, %, 1 12 Fig. 1 Decomposition rates of12 species of defoliation 2 Fig. 2 Comparison of decomposition rates of broad - leaved and coniferous defoliation in large mesh bags 3 Fig. 3 Comparison of decomposition rates of broad - leaved and coniferous defoliation in small mesh bags 4 Fig. 4 Comparison of decomposition rates of broad - leaved and coniferous defoliation in experiment mesh bags, 12, > > > >, 5, [15 ],

4 692 21, 2. 2,,, Olson [15 ], : X/ X 0 = e - kt : X 0 ; X t ; k, ; t 50 % t 0. 5,, t 0. 5 = / k ;, t %, t = / k %95 % Tab. 2 Semi - decomposition rates and the time decomposed 95 % of three treatment process of 12 species of defoliation T 0. 5 t T 0. 5 t ,, 95 %,, ; 95 %,, ; 95 %,, , (Arachnida) ( Insecta) ( Oligochaeta) ( Nematoda) (Diplopoda) (Chilopoda) ( Pauropoda) ( Gastropoda) (Symphyla) , , ; ( )

5 6 : Tab. 3 Chief soil animals in large mesh bags 1 Oribatida Gamasida Actinedida Tomoceridae Hypogastruridae Isotomidae Onychiuridae Entomobryidae Sminthuridae Enchytraeidae Diptera Araneida Chironomidae Coleoptera J uliformia Lithobiidae Gastropoda Lumbricidae : + + +, 10 % ; + +, 110 % ; +, 1 %, (46 ) (51 ) ;, , , ; ;, (45 ) > (41 ) > (38 ) ;, %, 6,,,,

6 Tab. 4 Dominant and common groups in large mesh bags 1 Oribatida Gamasida Actinedida Tomoceridae Hypogastruridae Isotomidae Onychiuridae Rntomobryidae Sminthuridae Neanuridae Enchytraeidae Diptera formicidae Coccinellidae Araneida Chironomidae Coleoptera Psocidae Lithobiidae Tab. 5 Chief soil animals in small mesh bags 1 Oribatida Gamasida Actinedida Tomoceridae Hypogastruridae Isotomidae Onychiuridae Entomobryidae Sminthuridae Enchytraeidae Diptera Chironomidae Coleoptera J uliformia Psocidae Lithobiidae Gastropoda 1 1 +

7 6 : Tab. 6 Dominant and common groups in small mesh bags 1 Oribatida Gamasida Actinedida Tomoceridae Hypogastruridae Isotomidae Onychiuridae Entomobryidae Sminthuridae Neanuridae Pseudachortidae Enchytraeidae Diptera Coccinellidae Chironomidae Coleoptera Psocidae , 73, 52 ; Tab. 7 Chief soil animals in the litter of Pinus koraiensis and broad - leaved mixed forest 1 Isotomidae Oribatida Enchytraeidae Lithobiidae Gamasida Tomoceridae Actinedida Hypogastrodae J uliformia Onychiuridae Diptera Coleoptera + 13 Staphylinidae + 14 Entomobryidae + 15 Gastropoda + 16 Carabidae + 17 Lumbricidae + 18 Chironomidae + 19 Formicidae + 8 Tab. 8 Chief soil animals in the litter of Picea and Abies forset 1 Isotomidae Oribatida Enchytraeidae Onychiuridae Hypogastrodae Actinedida Gamasida Lithobiidae Entomobryidae Geophilidae J uliformia + 12 Staphylinidae + 13 Carabidae + 14 Lumbricidae + 15 Cecidomyiidae + 16 Pseudachorutidae + 17 Sminthuridae + 18 Tomiceridae + 19 Muscidae +

8 696 21,, 9 57, , 5 Fig. 5 Decomposition of soil animals on defoliation > >, > > (5),,, ( ), ; <, ( ), ( ) 12,,,,,,,, ,, 12,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, (6), [16 ] ( ),,

6 : 697 6 12 Fig. 6 Decomposition of soil animals and soil microorganism on 12 species of defoliation,,,,, 2. 5 12 (6),, > >,,, Satchyl, J. E. (1977), [17] Satchyl, J. E., 7 8 1998, (1998 10 ) ; 7 Fig.

9 6 : Fig. 6 Decomposition of soil animals and soil microorganism on 12 species of defoliation,,,,, (6),, > >,,, Satchyl, J. E. (1977), [17] Satchyl, J. E., , ( ) ; 7 Fig. 7 Content of microorganism in the litter of Pinus koraiensis and broad - leaved mixed forest 8 Fig. 8 Content of microorganism in the litter Picea and A bies forest

10 698 21,,, (1) 12 > >, % ( ) % ( ) % ( ), >, (2) 12,, ;,, ; (3),,,,,,,,,,, (4) 12,, (5),,, 0,, [6,11,17,18 ] : [ 1 ],..,1984,4 (2) :19. [ 2 ],..,1989,44 (2) : [ 3 ],..,1994,13 (2) :7481. [ 4 ],..,1993,4 (2) : [ 5 ],,..,1999,10 (4) : [ 6 ],,. III,.,1990, (6) :4754. [ 7 ].. :, [ 8 ] Tian G., et al. Role of soil microarthropods in leaf decomposition and N release under various land - use practices in the humid tropics. Pedobiologia,1998,42 :3342. [ 9 ] Postle A C, et al. Soil and little inertebrates and litter decomposition in Jarrach forest affected by Jarrah dieback fungus. Pedobiologia, 1986, 29 :4769. [10 ] Yin Xiuqin. Study on soil animals and the litters of forest in Jilin province. In : Song Yongchang. Applied Vegetation Ecol., 1994, [ 11 ],..,1990,10 (2) : [ 12 ] Whalen J K, et al. Movement of N from decomposing earthworm tissue to soil, microbial and plant N pools. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31 : [ 13 ],..,2000, 37 (1) :117

11 6 : [ 14 ],,,..,2002,22 (1) :5461. [ 15 ].. :, [ 16 ].. :, [ 17 ]..,1980, (3) :3848. [ 18 ],.. :, Decomposition of f orest def oliation and role of soil animals in Xiao Hinggan Mountains YIN Xiu - qin, ZHON G Wei - yan, WAN G Hai - xia, CHEN Peng (College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun , China) Abstract :Study on the decomposition of 12 kinds of forest defoliation and the role of soil ani2 mals in Pinus koraiensis broad - leaved mixed forest and spruce - fir of Xiao Hinggan Moun2 tains. The method of eliminating the role of soil animals of different groups from different mesh decomposition bags was adopted. The result s show t hat t he decomposition efficiency of t he defo2 liation is large mesh > small mesh > check, that is to say the role of large - type and middle - small - type soil animals and microorganism > t he role of middle - small - type soil animals and microorganism > t he role of microorganism only. The average decomposition efficiency of t hree years is %(large mesh), %(small mesh) and %(check mesh). By the end of the third year, the degree of decomposition of three kinds of mesh bags is % (large mesh), %( small mesh) and % (check mesh). The decomposition of latifoliate defoliation is entirely higher than conifer defoliation in three kinds of mesh bags. In latifoliate defoliation, the decomposition degree of Phellodondron amuriensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Ulmus laciniata, J uglans mandshurica and Acer mono is the highest. But in conifer defoliation, the decomposi2 tion degree of Pinus koraiensis is the highest. From the decomposition of 12 kinds of defoliations in 3 years, the decomposition of defoliation is effected not only by large - size soil animals but also by middle - small - size soil animals, but the degree of function is different. In the prophase of decomposition, t he role of soil animals was gradually increasing and t he biggest value ap2 peared in October of t he second year. Subsequently, t he sole of soil animals was decreasing, and the role of large - type soil animals > the role of middle - small - type soil animals. The role of soil animals is different when the kind of defoliation and the time of decomposition are differ2 ent. Key word :forest defoliation ; decomposition ; soil Animals ; Xiao Hinggan Mountains

1.1.1 材料本实验研究的植物为球果假水晶兰, 分布于山地林下, 腐殖质较多, 阴湿避光的红松树下常成簇生长, 花期为每年的 6-8 月份, 植株为多年生, 高 6 15 厘米, 花白色, 开

1.1.1 材料本实验研究的植物为球果假水晶兰, 分布于山地林下, 腐殖质较多, 阴湿避光的红松树下常成簇生长, 花期为每年的 6-8 月份, 植株为多年生, 高 6 15 厘米, 花白色, 开球果假水晶兰的传粉昆虫及其采花行为张昕彤 * 刘岭霞孙莹莹崔海莹周安逸邵宁宁刘迪叶威东北师范大学生命科学学院摘要本小组对球果假水晶兰 (Monotropastrum tschangbaischanicum Chang et Chou) 的访花昆虫种类访花频率