商业贿赂是指经营者向交易对方或者可能影响交易的第三方, 给付或者承诺给付经济利益, 诱使其为经营者谋取交易机会或者竞争优势给付或者承诺给付经济利益的, 是商业行贿 ; 收受或者同意收受经济利益的, 是商业受贿 ( 四 ) 可能利用国家工作人员的职权影响交易的其他单位或者个人 A business

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1 Comparison of Amendments to Commercial Bribery Provisions in 1993 Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL) to finalized amendments in November 2017 中华人民共和国反不正当中华人民共和国反不正当竞中华人民共和国反不正当竞中华人民共和国反不正当竞中华人民共和国反不正当竞竞争法 (1993) 争法 ( 修订草案送审稿 ) 争法 ( 修订草案 )(2017) 争法 ( 修订草案 )( 二次审争法 (2017) Anti-Unfair Competition Law ( 1993 AUCL ) Enacted 1993 (2016) ( Draft Amendments for Review ) Released February 25, 2016 ( 2017 Amendments ) Released February 26, 2017 议稿 )(2017) ( Second Draft for Review ) Released September 5, 2017 Anti-Unfair Competition Law ( 2017 AUCL ) Released November 4, 2017 Effective January 1, 2018 Definition of Commercial Bribery 经营者不得采用财物或者其他手段进行贿赂以销售或者购买商品在帐外暗中给予对方单位或者个人回扣的, 以行贿论处 ; 对方单位或者个人在帐外暗中收受回扣的, 以受贿论处经营者不得实施下列商业贿赂行为 : ( 一 ) 在公共服务中或者依靠公共服务谋取本单位部门或个人经济利益 ; ( 二 ) 经营者之间未在合同及会计凭证中如实记载而给付经济利益 ; ( 三 ) 给付或者承诺给付对交易有影响的第三方以经济利益, 损害其他经营者或消费者合法权益经营者不得采用财物或者其他手段贿赂交易相对方或者可能影响交易的第三方交易相对方或者可能影响交易的第三方不得收受贿赂经营者不得采用财物或者其他手段贿赂下列单位或者个人, 以谋取交易机会或者竞争优势 : ( 一 ) 交易相对方的工作人员 ; ( 二 ) 受交易相对方委托办理相关事务的单位或者个人 ; ( 三 ) 国家机关国有公司和企业事业单位人民团体, 或者国家工作人员 ; 经营者不得采用财物或者其他手段贿赂下列单位或者个人, 以谋取交易机会或者竞争优势 : ( 一 ) 交易相对方的工作人员 ; ( 二 ) 受交易相对方委托办理相关事务的单位或者个人 ; ( 三 ) 利用职权或者影响力影响交易的单位或者个人 1

2 商业贿赂是指经营者向交易对方或者可能影响交易的第三方, 给付或者承诺给付经济利益, 诱使其为经营者谋取交易机会或者竞争优势给付或者承诺给付经济利益的, 是商业行贿 ; 收受或者同意收受经济利益的, 是商业受贿 ( 四 ) 可能利用国家工作人员的职权影响交易的其他单位或者个人 A business operator shall not use money or property or other means for bribery in order to sell or purchase goods. It shall be guilty of giving a bribe if the business operator gives in secret an off-the-book rebate to an entity or individual in the counterparty. It shall be guilty of taking a bribe if an entity or individual in the counterparty accepts in secret an offthe-book rebate. A business operator shall not commit any of the following acts of commercial bribery: 1. Seek organizational, departmental, or personal economic benefits from public services or through public services; 2. Give or pay economic benefits between business operators without truthfully recording such benefits in the contracts and accounting documentation; or 3. Give or pay or promises to give or pay economic benefits to a third party that has influence on the transaction, in A business operator shall not use money or property or other means to bribe a counterparty in a transaction or a third party that can influence a transaction. A counterparty in a transaction or a third party that can influence the transaction shall not accept a bribe. A business operator shall not use money or property or other means to bribe any of the following entities or individuals, in order to seek opportunities for transaction or [gain] competitive advantage: 1. employees of the counterparty in a transaction; 2. entities or individuals entrusted by the counterparty in a transaction to handle relevant affairs; 3. state organs, stateowned enterprises or corporations, public institutions, people s organizations, or state functionaries; and A business operator shall not use money or property or other means to bribe any of the following entities or individuals, in order to seek opportunities for transaction or [gain] competitive advantage: 1. employees of the counterparty in a transaction; 2. entities or individuals entrusted by the counterparty in a transaction to handle relevant affairs; 3. entities or individuals that use authority or influence to influence a transaction. 2

3 detriments to the lawful rights of other business operators or consumers. Commercial bribery means a business operator gives or pays or promises to give or pay economic benefits to the counterparty of a transaction or a third party that can influence the transaction, in order to induce the counterparty or third party to seek a transactional opportunity or a competitive advantage for the business operator. Giving or paying or promising to give or pay economic benefits is guilty of giving a commercial bribe; accepting or agreeing to accept economic benefits is guilty of taking a commercial bribe. 4. other entities or individuals that could use the authority of state functionaries to influence a transaction. Definition of Third Party (no comparable clauses) (no comparable clauses) 本条第一款所称可能影响交易的第三方, 是指可能利用职权对交易产生影响的单位和个人 For purposes of the first paragraph of this Article [see Definition of Commercial Bribery, See above; not further defined See above; not further defined 3

4 经营者销售或者购买商品, 可以以明示方式给对方折扣, 可以给中间人佣金 above], a third party that can influence a transaction means an entity or individual that can use its authority to exert influence on a transaction. Recordkeeping Requirements / Legitimate Discounts and Commissions ( 二 ) 经营者之间未在合同及会计凭证中如实记载而给付经济利益 ; 经营者在交易活动中, 可以以明示方式向交易相对方提供折扣, 或者向中间人支付佣金经营者在交易活动中, 可以以明示方式向交易相对方支付折扣, 或者向中间人支付佣金经营者在交易活动中, 可以以明示方式向交易相对方支付折扣, 或者向中间人支付佣金经营者给对方折扣给中间人佣金的, 必须如实入帐接受折扣佣金的经营者必须如实入帐经营者向交易相对方提供折扣向中间人支付佣金的, 应当如实入账接受折扣佣金的经营者也应当如实入账经营者向交易相对方支付折扣向中间人支付佣金的, 应当如实入账接受折扣佣金的经营者也应当如实入账经营者向交易相对方支付折扣向中间人支付佣金的, 应当如实入账接受折扣佣金的经营者也应当如实入账 A business operator may expressly give a discount to the counterparty or pay a commission to the middleman in selling or purchasing goods. Where a business operator gives a discount to the counterparty or pays a commission to the middleman, the discount or commission must be accurately recorded in the books. A business operator that accepts a 2. Give or pay economic benefits between business operators without truthfully recording such benefits in the contracts and accounting documentation; In a transaction, a business operator may expressly offer a discount to the counterparty, or pay a commission to the middleman. Where a business operator gives a discount to the counterparty or pay a commission to the middleman, the discount or commission must be accurately recorded in the books. A business operator that accepts a discount or a In a transaction, a business operator may expressly pay a discount to the counterparty, or pay a commission to the middleman. Where a business operator gives a discount to the counterparty or pay a commission to the middleman, the discount or commission must be accurately recorded in the books. A business operator that accepts a discount or a In a transaction, a business operator may expressly pay a discount to the counterparty, or pay a commission to the middleman. Where a business operator gives a discount to the counterparty or pay a commission to the middleman, the discount or commission must be accurately recorded in the books. A business operator that accepts a discount or a 4

5 discount or a commission must accurately record the discount or commission in the books. commission also must accurately record the discount or commission in the books. commission also must accurately record the discount or commission in the books. commission also must accurately record the discount or commission in the books. 5

6 Vicarious Liability (no comparable clauses) 员工利用商业贿赂为经营者争取交易机会或竞争优势的, 应当认定为经营者的行为有证据证明员工违背经营者利益收受贿赂的, 不视为经营者的行为经营者的员工利用贿赂为经营者谋取交易机会或者竞争优势的, 应当认定为经营者的行为 ; 但是, 经营者有证据证明属于员工个人行为的除外经营者的工作人员进行贿赂的, 应当认定为经营者的行为 ; 但是, 经营者有证据证明该工作人员的行为与为经营者谋取交易机会或者竞争优势无关的除外经营者的工作人员进行贿赂的, 应当认定为经营者的行为 ; 但是, 经营者有证据证明该工作人员的行为与为经营者谋取交易机会或者竞争优势无关的除外 Where an employee seeks a transactional opportunity or a competitive advantage for its business operator through commercial bribery, it shall be deemed to be the act of the business operator. Where there is evidence proving that an employee accepted a bribe against the interest of its business operator, it shall not be deemed to be the act of the business operator. Where an employee of a business operator seeks a transactional opportunity or a competitive advantage for the business operator through bribery, it shall be deemed to be the act of the business operator; however, it shall be excepted where the business operator has evidence to prove that it was the employee s personal conduct. An act of bribery by an employee of a business operator shall be deemed an act of the business operator, except when the business operator has evidence to prove that the employee s act is unrelated to seeking transactional opportunities or [gaining] a competitive advantage for the business operator. An act of bribery by an employee of a business operator shall be deemed an act of the business operator, except when the business operator has evidence to prove that the employee s act is unrelated to seeking transactional opportunities or [gaining] a competitive advantage for the business operator. 6

7 Penalties: Fines 第二十二条经营者采用财物或者其他手段进行贿赂以销售或者购买商品, 构成犯罪的, 依法追究刑事责任 ; 不构成犯罪的, 监督检查部门可以根据情节处以一万元以上二十万元以下的罚款, 有违法所得的, 予以没收第二十条经营者违反本法第七条规定的, 监督检查部门应当责令停止违法行为, 根据情节处以违法经营额百分之十以上百分之三十以下的罚款 ; 构成犯罪的, 依法追究刑事责任第二十二条经营者违反本法第七条规定贿赂他人或者收受贿赂的, 由监督检查部门责令停止违法行为, 处十万元以上三百万元以下的罚款情节严重的, 吊销营业执照第十九条经营者违反本法第七条规定贿赂他人, 尚不构成犯罪的, 由监督检查部门没收违法所得, 处十万元以上三百万元以下的罚款情节严重的, 吊销营业执照第十九条经营者违反本法第七条规定贿赂他人的, 由监督检查部门没收违法所得, 处十万元以上三百万元以下的罚款情节严重的, 吊销营业执照 Article 22 Where a business operator uses money or property or other means for bribery in order to sell or purchase goods, and where such conduct constitutes a crime, it shall be prosecuted for criminal liability according to law; where such conduct does not constitute a crime, the supervising and inspecting authority may impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not exceeding 200,000 yuan in accordance with the severity of the conduct, any illegal earnings shall be confiscated. Article 20 Where a business operator violates regulations in Article 7 of this Law, the supervising and inspecting authority shall order it to cease illegal activities, [and] impose a fine of not less than 10% but not exceeding 30% of its illegally obtained revenue; where such conduct constitutes a crime, it shall be prosecuted for criminal liability according to law. Article 22 Where a business operator gives a bribe to others or accepts a bribe in violation of Article 7 of this Law, the supervising and inspecting authority shall order it to cease illegal activities, [and] impose a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not exceeding 3 million yuan. Where the circumstance is serious, its business license shall be revoked. Article 19 Where a business operator bribes any other party in violation of Article 7 herein, and does not constitute a crime, the supervising and inspecting authority shall confiscate its illegal gains, [and] impose a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not exceeding 3 million yuan. Where the circumstance is serious, its business license shall be revoked. Article 19 Where a business operator bribes any other party in violation of Article 7 herein, the supervising and inspecting authority shall confiscate its illegal gains, [and] impose a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not exceeding 3 million yuan. Where the circumstance is serious, its business license shall be revoked. 7

8 Penalties for Willful Blindness / Facilitation (no comparable clauses) 第二十八条明知或者应知有违反本法规定的不正当竞争行为, 仍为其提供生产销售仓储运输网络服务技术支持广告推广支付结算等便利条件的, 根据情节处以十万元以上一百万元以下的罚款主动配合监督检查部门调查, 如实说明情况提供证据的, 可以从轻或者减轻处罚 Article 28 [Whoever] knew or should have known about an act of unfair competition in violation of the regulations in this Law, but nonetheless provided facilitating conditions in production, sales, warehousing, transportation, network services, technical support, advertising and promotions, and payment and settlement, shall be (no comparable clauses) (no comparable clauses) (no comparable clauses) 8

9 imposed a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not exceeding 1,000,000 yuan in accordance with the circumstances. Voluntarily cooperating in the investigation conducted by the supervising and inspecting authority, telling related facts truthfully, providing evidence, may receive lenient or mitigated penalty. Penalties: Credit History and Publication (no comparable clauses) (no comparable clauses) 第二十九条经营者违反本法规定从事不正当竞争, 受到行政处罚的, 由监督检查部门记入信用记录, 并依照有关法律行政法规的规定予以公示 Article 29 Where a business operator engages in unfair competition in violation of the provisions in this Law, [and] is administratively penalized, the supervising and inspecting authority shall record [the violation] in its credit history, and publicize [the violation] in accordance with the regulations of relevant law 第二十六条经营者违反本法规定从事不正当竞争, 受到行政处罚的, 由监督检查部门记入信用记录, 并依照有关法律行政法规的规定予以公示 Article 26 Where a business operator engages in unfair competition in violation of the provisions in this Law, [and] is administratively penalized, the supervising and inspecting authority shall record [the violation] in its credit history, and publicize [the violation] in accordance with the regulations of relevant law 第二十六条经营者违反本法规定从事不正当竞争, 受到行政处罚的, 由监督检查部门记入信用记录, 并依照有关法律行政法规的规定予以公示 Article 26 Where a business operator engages in unfair competition in violation of the provisions in this Law, [and] is administratively penalized, the supervising and inspecting authority shall record [the violation] in its credit history, and publicize [the violation] in accordance with the regulations of relevant law 9

10 and administrative regulations. and administrative regulations. and administrative regulations. Penalties for Obstruction (no comparable clauses) 第三十条对监督检查部门依法实施的调查, 非因法定事由拒绝提供有关资料情况, 提供虚假资料情况, 隐匿销毁转移证据, 或者有其他拒绝阻碍调查行为的, 由监督检查部门责令改正, 处以二万元以上二十万元以下的罚款第三十一条妨害监督检查部门依照本法履行职责, 构成违反治安管理行为的, 由公安机关依照中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法的规定处罚第二十八条妨害监督检查部门依照本法履行职责, 拒绝阻碍调查的, 由监督检查部门责令改正, 对个人可以处五千元以下的罚款, 对单位可以处五万元以下的罚款, 并可以由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚第二十八条妨害监督检查部门依照本法履行职责, 拒绝阻碍调查的, 由监督检查部门责令改正, 对个人可以处五千元以下的罚款, 对单位可以处五万元以下的罚款, 并可以由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚 Article 30 [Whoever], in an investigation conducted by the supervising and inspecting authority according to law, refuses to provide relevant materials, [or] facts without reasons supported by law, provides untrue materials, [or] facts, conceals, destroys, [or] transfers evidence, or has other conduct that refuses, obstructs the investigation, shall be ordered by the supervising and inspecting authority to correct the misconduct, [and] be imposed a fine of not less Article 31 [Whoever] obstructs the supervising and inspecting authority from performing its duties under this Law, and where such conduct constitutes a violation of the administration of public security, shall be penalized by the public security authority in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Public Security Administration Punishments. Article 28 [Whoever] obstructs an supervising and inspecting authority from performing its duties under this Law, refusing or impeding the investigations, the supervising and inspecting authority shall order to correct, and may impose a fine of up to 5,000 yuan for individuals, or a fine of up to 50,000 yuan for entities. In addition, the public security organ may impose a public security punishment according to law. Article 28 [Whoever] obstructs an supervising and inspecting authority from performing its duties under this Law, refusing or impeding the investigations, the supervising and inspecting authority shall order to correct, and may impose a fine of up to 5,000 yuan for individuals, or a fine of up to 50,000 yuan for entities. In addition, the public security organ may impose a public security punishment according to law. 10

11 than 20,000 yuan but not exceeding 200,000 yuan. 11

12 Investigative Powers and Measures 第十七条监督检查部门在监督检查不正当竞争行为时, 有权行使下列职权 ; ( 一 ) 按照规定程序询问被检查的经营者利害关系人证明人, 并要求提供证明材料或者与不正当竞争行为有关的其他资料 ; ( 二 ) 查询复制与不正当竞争行为有关的协议帐册单据文件记录业务函电和其他资料 ; ( 三 ) 检查与本法第五条规定的不正当竞争行为有关的财物, 必要时可以责令被检查的经营者说明该商品的来源和数量, 暂停销售, 听候检查, 不得转移隐匿销毁该财物第十五条监督检查部门在调查不正当竞争行为时, 有权行使下列职权 : ( 一 ) 进入与被调查行为有关的营业场所或者其他场所进行检查 ; ( 二 ) 询问被调查的经营者利害关系人或者其他有关单位个人, 并要求提供证明材料数据和技术支持或者与不正当竞争行为有关的其他资料 ; ( 三 ) 查询复制与被调查行为有关的协议帐册单据文件记录业务函电电子数据视听资料和其他资料 ; ( 四 ) 责令被调查的经营者暂停涉嫌违法的行为, 说明与被调查行为有关财物的来源和数量, 不得转移隐匿销毁该财物 ; ( 五 ) 对涉嫌不正当竞争行为的财物实施查封扣押 ; 第十六条监督检查部门在调查不正当竞争行为时, 有权行使下列职权 : ( 一 ) 进入涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营场所进行检查 ; ( 二 ) 询问被调查的经营者利害关系人及其他有关单位个人, 并要求提供证明材料或者与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的其他资料 ; ( 三 ) 查询复制与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的协议账簿单据文件记录业务函电和其他资料 ; ( 四 ) 责令被调查的经营者停止涉嫌不正当竞争行为, 说明有关财物的来源和数量 ; ( 五 ) 查封扣押与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的财物 ; ( 六 ) 查询涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营者的银行账户及与存款有关的会计凭证账簿对账单等第十三条监督检查部门调查涉嫌不正当竞争行为, 可以采取下列措施 : ( 一 ) 进入涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营场所进行检查 ; ( 二 ) 询问被调查的经营者利害关系人及其他有关单位个人, 要求其说明有关情况或者提供与被调查行为有关的其他资料 ; ( 三 ) 查询复制与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的协议账簿单据文件记录业务函电和其他资料 ; ( 四 ) 查封扣押与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的财物 ; ( 五 ) 查询涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营者的银行账户采取前款规定的措施, 应当向监督检查部门主要负责人书面报告, 并经批准采取前款第四项第五项规定的措施, 应当向设区的市级以上人民政府监督检查部门主第十三条监督检查部门调查涉嫌不正当竞争行为, 可以采取下列措施 : ( 一 ) 进入涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营场所进行检查 ; ( 二 ) 询问被调查的经营者利害关系人及其他有关单位个人, 要求其说明有关情况或者提供与被调查行为有关的其他资料 ; ( 三 ) 查询复制与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的协议账簿单据文件记录业务函电和其他资料 ; ( 四 ) 查封扣押与涉嫌不正当竞争行为有关的财物 ; ( 五 ) 查询涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营者的银行账户采取前款规定的措施, 应当向监督检查部门主要负责人书面报告, 并经批准采取前款第四项第五项规定的措施, 应当向设区的市级以上人民政府监督检查部门主 12

13 ( 六 ) 查询涉嫌不正当竞争行为的经营者的银行账户及与存款有关的会计凭证账簿对账单等 ;( 七 ) 对有证据证明转移或者隐匿违法资金的, 可以申请司法机关予以冻结要负责人书面报告, 并经批准要负责人书面报告, 并经批准 Article 17 The supervising and inspecting authorities shall, when monitoring and investigating acts of unfair competition, have the rights to exercise the following functions and powers: 1. questioning the operators under investigation, interested parties and witnesses in accordance with the prescribed procedures and requiring them to provide evidential materials or other information related to acts of unfair competition; 2. accessing to and copying agreements, account books, Article 15 The supervising and inspecting authorities shall, when investigating acts of unfair competition, have the rights to exercise the following functions and powers: 1. entering the business premises or other places in connection with the unfair competition acts for inspection; 2. questioning the business operators, stakeholders, or any other related entities or individuals under investigation, and requesting them to provide evidence, data and technical support, or any other documents in connection with unfair competition acts; Article 16 The supervising and inspecting authorities shall, when investigating acts of unfair competition, have the right to exercise the following functions and powers: 1. entering the business premises in connection with alleged unfair competition acts for inspection; 2. questioning the business operator under investigation, any interested party, or any other related entity or individual, and requiring them to provide evidential or any other materials related to alleged unfair competition acts; Article 13 The supervising and inspecting authorities may take the following measures to investigate alleged acts of unfair competition: 1. entering the business premises to inspect in connection with alleged acts of unfair competition; 2. questioning the business operator under investigation, any interested party, or any other related entity or individual, and requiring them to explain relevant situations or provide other materials in relation to the investigated acts; 3. accessing and copying the agreements, account books, vouchers, Article 13 The supervising and inspecting authorities may take the following measures to investigate alleged acts of unfair competition: 1. entering the business premises to inspect in connection with alleged acts of unfair competition; 2. questioning the business operator under investigation, any interested party, or any other related entity or individual, and requiring them to explain relevant situations or provide other materials in relation to the investigated acts; 3. accessing and copying the agreements, 13

14 vouchers, documents, records, business correspondence and other materials related to acts of unfair competition; and 3. inspecting property related to acts of unfair competition as stipulated in Article 5 of the Law, and, where necessary, ordering other operators under investigation to explain the source and quantity of the goods, to temporarily suspend selling the same and wait for inspection, and not to transfer, conceal or destroy them. 3. accessing to and copying the agreements, account books, invoices, documents, records, business correspondence, electronic data, video and audio and other materials in connection with unfair competition acts under investigation; 4. ordering business operators under investigation to cease their alleged violations, provide an explanation on the source and quantity of property in connection with the unfair competition acts under investigation, which shall not be transferred, concealed or destroyed; 5. sealing up and/or seizing the property in connection with allegedly unfair competition acts; 6. inquiring into the bank account of a business operator allegedly committing unfair competition acts, and 3. accessing and copying the agreements, account books, vouchers, documents, records, business correspondence and other materials related to alleged acts of unfair competition; 4. ordering the business operators under investigation to cease their alleged acts of unfair competition, and provide an explanation on the source and quantity of the property involved; 5. sealing up and/or seizing the property involved in alleged acts of unfair competition; and 6. inquiring into the bank account of a business operator allegedly committing acts of unfair competition, and accounting documents, account books, and bank statements in connection with their savings. documents, records, business correspondence and other materials related to alleged acts of unfair competition; 4. sealing up and/or seizing the property involved in alleged acts of unfair competition; and 5. inquiring into the bank account of a business operator allegedly committing acts of unfair competition. Before undertaking any measure specified in the preceding paragraph, a written report shall be submitted to the principal of the supervising and inspecting authority for approval. Where the measure specified in item 4 or item 5 of the preceding paragraph is to be undertaken, a written report shall be submitted to the principal of the supervising and inspecting authority under the people s government at or above the level of a city with districtlevel divisions for approval. account books, vouchers, documents, records, business correspondence and other materials related to alleged acts of unfair competition; 4. sealing up and/or seizing the property involved in alleged acts of unfair competition; and 5. inquiring into the bank account of a business operator allegedly committing acts of unfair competition. Before undertaking any measure specified in the preceding paragraph, a written report shall be submitted to the principal of the supervising and inspecting authority for approval. Where the measure specified in item 4 or item 5 of the preceding paragraph is to be undertaken, a written report shall be submitted to the principal of the supervising and inspecting authority under the people s government at or 14

15 accounting documents, account books and bank statements in connection with their savings; and above the level of a city with district-level divisions for approval. 7. filing for a judiciary order to freeze the illicit funds proved to be transferred or concealed. 15

公平交易法損害賠償制度之功能與詮釋

公平交易法損害賠償制度之功能與詮釋 2 2001 12 1 1 2 < > 29 1 1999 3 2 < > 44 354 1991 4 5 1986 6 3 517-522 1993 < > 2000 < > 6 1 1998 4 2001 12 7 86-90 1994 < > 58 1997 4 8 < N > 60 4 105-1061985 9 6 27-34 6 100-101< > 44 19-211991 6 2001