Borobudur Study Trip Oct 2017-YZT

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绢旷鲁
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1 BOROBUDUR 婆罗浮屠 OCTOBER 2017

2 Borobudur Study Trip Members 婆罗浮屠学习之旅成员 Photo Credits: YZT Borobudur Study Trip Group

3 Brief History 历史简介 Situated in Megelang, Central Java. 位于印度尼西亚中爪哇 Borobudur Temple = Borobudur Candi 印尼语中庙宇又被称为禅邸 Estimated to be completed in 825 CE during the Sailendra Dynasty 预计在夏连特拉王朝统治者兴建建于公元 825 年完成 Took estimated 75 years to completed its construction. 估计用了 75 年完工 ( 估计 75 年后才能完成施工 )

4 Brief History 历史简介 The Sailendra Dynasty gave the World the Largest Stupa in the world Borobudur. 夏连特拉王朝给了世界最大的佛塔 Ruled Central Java 760 to 830 (over a century) 统治中爪哇一个多世纪 Defeated the Hindu Sanjya Dynasty 他们打败了之前统治中爪哇, 信奉印度教的三亚皇朝 Panangkaran became the 1st Sailendra rule of the Mataram Kingdom 夏连特拉王朝的第一个国王是 Panangkaran Agents of Buddhism Made Buddhism the state religion. 从此佛教变成夏连特拉王朝的国教 Commissioned the building of Buddhist temples 这个皇朝也在统治期间建了很多佛寺 In 778, ordered the construction of the Candi Kalasan (Tara Temple) (a Candi dedicated to the female Bodhisattva Tara) 绿度母庙就是其中之一 Resume the construction of Borobudur 她也恢复了婆罗浮屠的建筑项目. 由此可推论婆罗浮屠可能在更早之前已开始建设

5 Brief History 历史简介 Return of Hindu Sanjaya 三亚皇朝回返 To ensure the survival of the Sailendra dynasty, religion and temples like Borobudur. 为了保护她的皇朝, 佛教及佛寺 The leader of the Sanjaya, Rakai Pikatan, married the daughter of the Sailendra Maharaja Samaratunnga Pramodhawardhani 夏连特拉王朝当时的国王把他的女儿嫁给三亚皇朝的领袖 ( 政治连婚 ) According to history, in the 14 th century, the Hindu Dynasty starts to decline. With this Buddhism becomes less popular and Borobudur was forgotten. The people of Java converted to Muslims. 根据历史记载, 在十四世纪, 随着印度皇朝的衰弱, 佛教也逐渐退隐婆罗浮屠这座雄伟的建筑物也慢慢地被人遗忘也因这些缘故, 爪哇的人民也逐渐转向信奉回教 In 1814, Sir Stamford Raffles became the British Mayor of Java. He discovered Borobudur and started the restoration works there. 但在 1814 年, 当莱佛士成为爪哇的市长时, 他发现了婆罗浮屠. 也因此婆罗浮屠的修复重启

6 The Sailendar Dynasty 夏连特拉皇朝以下浮雕描述夏连特拉皇朝的宫廷生活

7 Overview - BOROBUDUR 婆罗浮屠 Greatest Buddhist monument in the world. UNESCO Monument World s largest Buddhist Temple 3 zones 9 stacked platforms 6 squares, 3 circular 世界上最伟大的佛教佛遗迹被例为世界文化遗产之一世界上最大的佛教寺庙 3 个区域 9 个堆叠平台六层是正方形, 上面三层是圆 Topped by a central dome 2672 relief panels, 504 Buddhas Mandala 顶层的中心是一座圆形佛塔 2672 浮雕, 504 佛像曼陀罗

8 Architectural Structure 建筑结构 3 zones - 3 个区域 Zone 1 : Kamadhatu 欲界 Zone 2 : Rapudhatu 色界 Zone 3 : Arupadhatu 无色界无色界色界欲界

9 Zone 1 : Kamadhatu 欲界 This level consists of 160 hidden reliefs depicting the scenes of Mahakarmawibhangga Sutra, the law of cause and effect. 在此界是由物質主導, 以追求欲樂為主. The reliefs depicts the human behaviour of desire and ignorance the 2 nd Noble Truth The Truth to the Cause of the Dukkha ( 集谛 ) Relief O 109 on a hidden panel with two scene in one frame read from right to left: - the right scene depicting two deer and monkey watching four fishermen catching fish with the net, while other two fishmonger carry the caught fish with a pole probably to the market 左边 = 果右边 = 因 - on the left describe six men being cooked alive by an asura demon in hell. This scene describes cause-and-effect law, that people who kill creatures for living, such as hunters and fishermen in the afterlife will be put in hell and must endure torture by being cooked or boiled alive. Photo Credits: Wikipedia

10 Zone 1 : Kamadhatu 欲界 Relief O 119 on a hidden panel, the scene describing adulterous and promiscuous behavior would lead to dirty gossip and scandal, yet it is also describes the harm of spreading lies, rumors and false gossip. Photo Credits: Wikipedia

11 Zone 1 : Kamadhatu 欲界 There are also scenes of daily life, complete with description of samsara (the endless cycle of birth and death). 也有日常生活场景, 完整的描述轮回 ( 无休止的生死循环 ) Avidya (indifference) blind woman 12 Nidanas ( 十二因缘 ) Avidya( 无明 ) - 盲女 Samskara (basic impulse) Pottery being made by artisans Vijnana (Consciousness) Monkeys picking fruit Namarupa (personality) Boat in a journey Sadayatana (6 senses) House with many windows Sparsa (relationship) A kiss Vedana (feeling) A man with arrow in his eye Trsna (desire) A drinking scene Upadana (clinging) Picking fruit from a tree Bhava (becoming) Pregnant woman Jati (Birth) Scene of birth Jaramaranam (old age and death) Corpse for cremation Samskara( 行 ) - 由工匠制作的陶器 Vijnana( 识 ) - 猴子采摘水果 Namarupa( 明色 ) - 乘船旅行 Sadayatana(6 入 ) - 有很多窗户的房子 Sparsa( 触 ) - 一个吻 Vedana( 受 ) - 一个眼睛里有箭头的人 Trsna( 爱 ) - 一个饮酒场景 Upadana( 取 ) - 从树上采摘水果 Bhava( 有 ) - 孕妇杰蒂 Jati( 生 ) - 出生的场景 Jaramaranam( 老死 ) - 尸体火化

12 Zone 2 : Rapudhatu 色界 The 4 square levels of Rapudhatu contains galleries of carved stone reliefs, as well as a chain of niches containing status of Buddha. In total there is a total of 328 Buddhas on these balustrade levels which also have a great deal of purely ornate reliefs. 328 佛像 6 个形象 Photo Credits: YZT Borobudur Study Trip Group and Borobudur Museum

13 Zone 2 : Rapudhatu 色界 There are over 1300 reliefs 浮雕, : - Gandhawyuha ( 华严经 - 善财童子五十三参 ) - Lalitawistara ( 普曜经 ) - Jataka (the stories of Buddha s Previous Life 记录佛陀还未成佛的前生故事 ) - Awadana (Other Legendary Persons) 其他传奇人物 Master Lian Zhi explaining the reliefs Photo Credits: YZT Borobudur Study Trip Group

14 Zone 2 : Rapudhatu 色界 Sudhanakumara ( 善财童子 ) seeking the Truth. He had no less than 53 teachers. Photo Credits: YZT Borobudur Study Trip Group and Borobudur Museum

15 Zone 3 : Arupadhatu 无色界 Photo Credits: YZT Borobudur Study Trip Group

16 Zone 3 : Arupadhatu 无色界 3 circular terraces leading to a central stupa. The terraces contain circles of perforate stupas, an inverted bell shape, containing sculptures of Buddha, who faced outward from the temple. There are 72 of them in total. 塔顶的佛像被安放在多孔的舍利塔内第一层最底层有32座舍利塔第二层24座第三层16座总共72座 Photo Credits: YZT Borobudur Study Trip Group

17 聖尊蓮生法王盧勝彥婆羅浮屠的原貌應為密集金剛曼陀羅, 塔頂原為阿閦佛 2018 年 2 月 24 日密集金剛法會開示中, 聖尊蓮生法王盧勝彥提起印尼二大考古學家請示法王有關世界文化遺產印尼婆羅浮屠塔頂的意義及如何修復聖尊闡釋 : 婆羅浮圖這麼大的佛塔矗立在大地之上, 中間有大曼荼羅, 一定有四方, 再遠一點有八曼荼羅, 因為佛教講 : 中間是須彌山, 再分成四大部洲八小洲, 有 7 海水要表徵宇宙三個圈 ( 依次漸大 ) 代表道要表徵世界即 : 一個太陽與月亮曼荼羅浮雕, 有釋迦牟尼佛行菩薩道的雕像, 是如來本生的故事像善財童子在經典也有最後找到的是彌勒菩薩, 祂代表無限兜率天的彌勒淨土是沒有盡頭的善財童子也曾經參拜欲界天色界天的師父參到彌勒菩薩代表無限的永生佛塔上的日月代表白天晚上, 屬於陰陽, 一陰一陽代表道.

18 What s Next? 下一步是什么? 我们的研究只是冰山一角还有许多疑问需要发掘..

19 Thank you for your attention!

Emperor Qianlong s integration of Tibetan Buddhism into the way he rule the country achieved an impressive result. Thus this dissertation also attempt

Emperor Qianlong s integration of Tibetan Buddhism into the way he rule the country achieved an impressive result. Thus this dissertation also attempt Journal of China Institute of Technology Vol.38-2008.6 Study of Emperor Qianlong as Manjusri Bodhisattva Lo Chung Chang Assistant Professor of General Education Center China Institute of Technology Abstract