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1 A CTA GEO GRA PH ICA S IN ICA V o l. 55, N o. 4 July, 2000 : (2000) ,,,, (, ) : , G IS GPS, 50, :, , 10131, 19 : ( )( ) ( ) ;, hm 2, % ;, : : X321; ; ; ; F301124: A [1 ] [2 ], [35 ], [6 ], 20 80, D istrict, D ynam ics of H igh land A gricu ltu re in L hasa T ibet (),,,, [922 ],, 50 : ; : : (G ) (KZ9512A 12204; KZ95T 2 06 ) [ Foundation Item: T he N ational key Research D evelopm ent P lan, N o. G ; CA S s Key P ro ject fo r Basic Research on T ibetan P lateau, N o. KZ9512A 12204, KZ95T - 06; The Key P ro ject of Institute of Geographical Sciences and N atural Resources of CA S fo r Basic Research on Geographical Sciences] : (19622),,, 40 ()4 E2m ail: zyl@bj1co l1com 1cn ylz@bj1co l1com 1cn

2 , N N, E E; m ;, (), m, m, m, ( m ) ( m ),, 78 km,,,,,,,,,,, 1979, 7,, 8, - 212, 1515, mm ( mm ga ( ) ), 69, ( 80% ), h, 69%, M Jgm 2,, 282 m 3 gs,,, 79 60%, 13 10% ;, 0126,,,,, m, < 5,,, 20%30%,, m,, (S tip a bung eana), 20%50%, , , 3160 ;, 160, [ 9, 10 ], (,, , ) (, 1990, ) ( ) (, 1985) (, 1994) 1997, ( ) (, 1998)

3 4 : 397, , , AD 633,,,,,, (1), (AD ) (AD ) (A 1D ) ; () ( ) ;, 13 km ,,, [9, 10, 13, 2022 ] 1951,, 1 Ξ Tab11The h istory change of L hasa c ity, Ch ina AD AD 633, AD AD AD ,, ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) (AD ), 10, AD AD AD AD AD AD AD , 1246,,,, AD 1951, Ξ, (1994), (1995)

4 (1) , ( ) , ( 2) 1951,, (1970 ) ( ),, (2) , M ap Info 415, (GPS, 12XL ) 2 Tab12The data and its analyzed methods in differen t per iods, L hasa [ 15, 16, 18 ] 1903 [ 1416, 18, 2022 ] (1965), 1965 (1615, 1970), (1985) 1215, 1986 (1985) [26 ] (1986), 1989 (1 3, 1991), 1999 [27 ] 4, (12) (3): (1) 1951,, 3130 km 2,, 3116 km 2, (1181 km 2, 4),,,, 22 hm 2 (2) ,, hm , 1959,,, 1999 ()

5 4 : 399,,, 6182 km 2, hm 2 3 ( : hm 2 ) Tab13L hasa urban change from 1951 to g Ξ g Ξ Ξ Ξ ; Ξ Ξ 1 F ig11l and use in different periods in L hasa

6 (3) , hm ,, ; 5 km 2,, km 2, , hm , 1980, 612 m 2, 413 m 2, ,, 18, 1987 (1215 ) ,, km 2, , hm 2, ,, 106 hm 2 ;,, 1989,, hm hm hm 2 (4) ,, 3919 hm , 10, 399 hm hm , km 2, 1951, 10131, 19 ; hm 2 2( ) F ig12l and use change in L hasa ( )

7 4 : , 1951, [911, 22 ],, < 110 km 2 ;, [20, 22 ], km 2 ; 2 km 2 ; [89 ] 1951,, 1156 km 2 ; ( ) Perceval L andon (1905)L 1A u stine W addell (1929) (1994), : 1951, (4 3),,, 313 km hm 2, 3313% ; hm 2, 5115% (6) ; 45% ( : hm 2 ) Tab14The area of L hasa c ity in 1951 g % g % - g % 33013g g g g g g ( ) F ig13l hasa sketch m ap in 1951 (refer to literatures, aerial pho to and contour m ap ). ( ), ( ), ( ), 1999.

8 , L, ;,,,, ;, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 (12),,, () (1951 ) () (1965 ) () (1989 ) () ( 1999 ) 513,,, (1994, 1999 ), , hm 2 (4) hm 2, hm 2, hm 2, 23166%, hm 2 (5), %, hm 2, hm 2,, 1988, 1999, hm 2, % (6) 0115 hm 2 1g3 (3218% ), ( hm 2 ) 6411%,, , ( ), F ig14d ecrease in cultivated area fo r cap ital construction in L hasa from 1985 to 1998

9 4 : 403 5( ) 34 km 2, F ig15cultivated land change from 1964 to 1999, L hasa , 30, 018, ( 015)( 016),, , F ig16changes of cultivated land fo r per cap ita from 1964 to 1999, L hasa Ξ Tab15D evelopmen t layout from 1996 to 2010, L hasa gkm g Ξ. ( ) (), 1998: ( : hm 2 ) Tab16The garden s and wetland change from 1903 to 1999, L hasa g % g % () g g g g g g g g g g g g ,,, hm 2, 1999, hm 2, 3615% ,,,, 40, -, (1993), hm 2, (2 348 hm 2 ) hm 2, 37155%,

10 m m,,,, 800 hm 2, :, ;, (References) : [1 ]L u Suyang. Insisting Sustainable D evelopm ent P rincip le, P romo ting Globe C ity build [N ]. Science T im es, ( In Ch inese) [. [N ]., ] [ 2 ]J iang Yuan and L iu Shuo. F lo ra Features under U rban L and U se [J ]. J ou rnal of N atu ral R esou rces, 1999, 14 (4): ( In Ch inese) [,. [J ]., 1999, 14 (4): ] [ 3 ]Sh i Peijun, Chen J in, Pan Yaozhong. L anduse ChangeM echanism in Shenzhen C ity[j ]. A cta Geog rap h ica S inica, 2000, 54 (2): ( In Ch inese) [,,. [J ]., 2000, 55 (2): ] [4 ]L i X ia, Yeh A go. Constrained Cellular A utom ata fo rm odeling Sustainable U rban Fo rm s[j ]. A cta Geog rap h ica S inica, 1999, 54 (4): ( In Ch inese) [,. CA [J ]., 1999, 54 (4): ] [ 5 ]Yang W uyang. O n U rban System s[j ]. Geog rap h ical R esearch, 1987, 6 (3): 128. ( In Ch inese) [. [J ]., 1987, 6 (3): 128. ] [6 ]Zhang X insheng, H e J ianbang. U rban Sustainable D evelopm ent and SpatialD ecision Suppo rt[j ]. A cta Geog rap h ica S inica, 1997, 52 (6): ( In Ch inese) [,. [J ]., 1997, 52 (6): ] [7 ]L iu Yanhua. L and System in M id- R each A rea of Yalum Zangbo R iver, T ibet[m ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [8 ]L iu Yanhua. D ynam ics of H igh land A griculture in L hasa D istrict, T ibet[m ]. IC IM OD, 1992 [ 9 ]T he Bureau of L and M anagem ent of the T ibet A uṫ R eg. L and U se of T ibet A uṫ R eg. [M ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [ 10 ]T he Bureau of A griculture of L hasa, T ibet A uṫ R eg.. T he L and R esources of L hasa [M ]. Beijing: Ch ina A griculture Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [ 11 ]Fu Chonglan, L uo Ga, L iu W eixin et al. L hasa H istry[m ]. Beijing: Ch ina Society Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [,,. [M ]. :, ] [12 ]Song Zhao lin. T he R enew al of L hasa in Q ing D ynasty an Exp laining ofthe L hasa D raw [A ]. In: P roceedings of T ibetan Race R esearch [C ]. L hasa: T ibet Peop le s Publish ing House, ( In Ch inese) [. : [A ]. : [C ]. :, ] [13 ]M a Rong. T he Population and Society of T ibet[m ]. Beijing: Tongxin P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [ 14 ] D uo J iecadan, J iang Cunluobu. T ibet Econom y Introduction [M ]. Beijing: Ch ina T ibetan Study Publish ing House, ( In Ch inese) [,. [M ]. :, ] [15 ]Chapm an F S. L hasa the Ho ly C ity[m ]. L ondon: [16 ]W addell L A. L hasa and itsm ysteries (4th Edition) [M ]. L ondon: [17 ]Go ldstain M C. A H isto ry of M odern T ibet: [M ]. Berkeley: U niversity of Califo rnia P ress, [18 ]L andon P. L HA SA (2nd Edition) [M ]. L ondon: [19 ]Karan P P. T he Changing Face of T ibet[m ]. L exington: T he U niversity P ress of Kentucky, [20 ]M c Donald. T he M irro r of L hasa[m ]. [., [M ].. ] [21 ]Zhu Shaoyi. Keep the Info rm ation in L hasa [M ]. Shanghai: Comm erce P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ].

11 4 : 405 :, ] [22 ]H uang Fensheng. T ibet Introduction[M ]. Beijing: Ch ina Cartograph ic Publish ing House, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [23 ]T he Comp rehensive Scientific Expedition to Q inghai- X izang P lateau, A cadem ia Sinica. T he Series of the scientific Expedition to the Q inghai- X izang P lateau: V egetation of X izang (T ibet) [M ]. Beijing: Science P ress, [M ]. :, ] ( In Ch inese) [ [24 ]T he Comp rehensive Scientific Expedition to Q inghai- X izang P lateau, A cadem ia Sinica. T he Series of the scientific Expedition to the Q inghai- X izang P lateau: F lo ra of X izang (T ibet) (V o l. 5) [M ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. () [M ]. :, ] [25 ]Institute of Geography of Ch inese A cadem y of Scienceṡ A tlas of Q inghai- X izang P lateau [M ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [ 26 ]T he M app ing Bureau of the T ibet A uṫ R eg. L hasa C ity M ap [M ]. X ian: X ian Cartograph ic Publish ing House, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] [ 27 ]T he M app ing Bureau of the T ibet A uṫ R eg. Institute of L and of X izang M unicipality. L hasa C ity M ap [M ]. Chengdu: Chengdu Cartograph ic Publish ing House, 1999., ] ( In Ch inese) [,. [M ]. : [28 ]Edit Comm ittee ofw etland V egetation in Ch ina. W etland V egetation in Ch ina[m ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [M ]. :, ] Urban Land Use Change in L hasa ZHAN G Y i2li, L I X iu2b in, FU X iao2feng, X IE Gao2di, ZH EN G D u (Institu te of Geog rap h ical S ciences and N atu ral R esou rces, CA S, B eij ing , Ch ina) Abstract: T he u rban developm en t of L ha sa w ere stud ied m a in ly by ana lyzing the litera tu res, in terp ret ing the aeria l p ho tog rap h ( 1970, 1985, 1986 and 1991 ), u sing con tou r m ap s (1965 and 1987), and overlaying them w ith G IS, investigating the spatial variation w ith GPS, conducting eco logical and vegetation su rveyṡ A cco rding to a comp lete field su rvey and visitation from the A ugu st to the O ctober of 1999, the land u se change in L hasa in the past 50 years w ere listed as fo llow s: 1. F rom 1951 to 1999, the L ha sa u rban a rea exp anded by t im es and con struction area by app rox im ately 19 tim es. T he spatial variation include: (a) In 1951, the city region of L hasa w as the region compassed by the L hasa C ircu lar Road, w ith an area of 313 km 2, including the Po tala Palace and truel hasa, excep t fo r N o rbu L ing. T he shopp ing cen ters, palaces and temp les had an area of hm 2. T he hou sing area w as on ly 22 hm 2, and garden s and grasslands to taled hm 2, and the fallow lands m ak ing up mo re than 45% of the to tal u rban area. (b) T he city had expanded by average hm 2 per year from 1952 to A fter 1959, the con struction of roads in the cen ter of the city and the u rban expan sion m ade th is ancien t city new. T he u rban area reached 6182 km 2. (c) F rom 1966 to 1989, the area of the u rban region expanded by hm 2. F rom 1966 to 1970, the new u rban area w as concen trated in the w estern and eastern of L hasa w ith a new area of 5105 hm 2 and hm 2 added to the o riginal area, 3159 tim es of

12 that in 1951 and w ith an average rate of hm 2. T he hydroelectric station, asphalt roads and som e pub lic facilities w ere bu ilt up in succession. F rom 1971 to 1986, L hasa go t a fast developm en t, especially after 1980, an area of m 2 fo r hou sing w as con structed around the Bakuo Street in w h ich m 2 w ere increased. In the no rthern and w estern of L hasa, new con struction s w ere em erged. T he u rban area reached km 2, 8114 tim es of that in 1951, w ith an average rate of hm 2 per year. F rom 1987 to 1989, the u rban con struction occup ied hm 2 of farm lands, hm 2 of h igh2quality grasslands and hm 2 no t2u sed land w ith vegetation, w ith an average rate of 10 6 hm 2. (d) F rom 1990 to 1999, the con struction s of L hasa w ere concen trated in the cen ter area and vicin ity subu rb w ith an area of 399 hm 2 and an average rate of 3919 hm 2. F rom 1951 to the end of 1999, the con struction of L hasa occup ied almo st km 2, w ith an average rate of hm 2 per year. 2. R estricted by the geograph ical situation, the L hasa C ity u rban area w as developed to the w estern along the Q inghai- T ibetan Road at the beginn ing, then expanded tow ard bo th sides of it, and then tow ard the no rth later. 3. T he cu ltivated lands per cap ita in Chengguan D istrict of L hasa decrease sharp ly w ith hm 2 in the early 1999, accoun ting fo r 7717% of that in Fo r a long period, there has no cen tralized m anagem en t of land u se fo r T ibetan residen ts, p lan ts and m in ing area. In , on ly u rban fundam en tal con struction occup ied hm 2 of cu ltivated landṡ T he area of cu ltivated lands in Chengguan D istrict has decreased by hm 2 in 27 years, m ak ing up 23166% of the to tal lands and w ith an average rate of hm 2 per year, from hm 2 at the end of 1971 to hm 2 at the beginn ing of T he cu ltivated lands u se change per cap ita in Chengguan D ist rict of L ha sa show s tha t it ha s decrea sed yea r after yea r, from the m ax im um of hm 2 in 1972, decreasing rap idly in 1988, to hm 2 at the beginn ing of 1999, accoun ting fo r 7717% of that in 1964 and 6114% of that in the w ho le coun try ( hm 2 ). Key words: L hasa; u rban land u se change; w etland; environm en tal p rob lem s

km km km 2, , , F ig11t he regional relation of Shenyang C ity 211:, , 1197%,, %, 5

km km km 2, , , F ig11t he regional relation of Shenyang C ity 211:, , 1197%,, %, 5 52 4 1997 7 A CTA GEO GRA PH ICA S IN ICA V o l. 52, N o. 4 July, 1997 3 (, 100871) 80,,,,, 80 90, (subu rban ization),, [14 ] [5 ] [6 ], 1 [7 ], (cen tral city),,, 4 ;, 9, 109 ( ) 57 5 101,, 3 31, [8