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11 Abstract H ISTO R ICAL REV IEW No. 2, 2008 ( Serial No. 105) Edited under the Ausp ices of the Institute of H istory, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Abstract Reg istered Accoun tan ts in M odern Ch ina D U Xun cheng Registered accountants who were engaged in the verification industry were social elites. But they were small in number and narrow in business scope, and had to maintain their living by doing part - time jobs. Though the government had tried to p rohibit this kind of part - time jobs, it failed to carry out the p rohibition strictly. This showed that due to the ill - developed public credit system, registered account2 ants had to depend on public rights so as to seek survival and development. The Forma tion and Influence of the M anagem en t System of Ch ina M erchan ts Steam sh ip Nav iga2 tion Com pany L UO Su wen China M erchants Steam ship Navigation Company in late Q ing dynasty was founded under the shelter and control of government, and was governm ent supervised and m erchant managed. However, due to the government s infringem ent and occupation of the Company, both the shareholders and peop le in charge could not comp letely fulfill their rights and obligations. A s a result, the Company becam e government su2 pervised and governm ent managed. Thoughts of Con trol over Econom y in Ch ina in the 1930 s and 1940 s ZHO NG X iang ca i Thoughts of control over economy p layed a decisive role in the development of Chinese society in the 20 th century. The essence of this thought is the overall intervention of government into social economy. Two deep - rooted cultural ideological reasons can be found: first, human beings are conceited about their know ledge in controlling the developm ent p rocess; second, they are conceited about their rationality in changing their own weakness. However, it is of p rofound significance for a nationality that is in the p rocess of modernization to cultivate a market system which features fair competition. An In itia l Study on the Law Educa tion in Chaoyang Un iversity - a lso the Forma tion of Be ijing Lawyers in the Republic of Ch ina Q IU Zh i hong Two universities featuring law education - B eijing Chaoyang University and Shanghai Dongwu Univer2 sity exerted influence on peop le s thoughts and contributed to the saying that Chaoyang is the p lace for cultivating judges and Dongwu the lawyers. Through studying the law education of Chaoyang, the author holds that Chaoyang University attaches more importance to cultivating and training the comp rehensive quality of the law talents and p lays a special role in p roducing lawyers in Beijing. Im per ia l Exam ina tion and Tran sforma tion of Soc ia l Trad ition in the Q ing D ya sty Tak ing H istor ica l L itera ture on Im per ia l Exam ina tion in the M id - la te of Q ian - long Per iod a s Cen ter CHANG J ian hua In the Q ing Dynasty the officials such as the p rovincial governor and the literary chancellor had the obligation to rectify the habitual p ractice of scholars and vitalize the style of w riting. The Emperor required them to report the condition of the regular recruitm ent and the p rovincial exam ination by palace memorial. The palace memorial in Q ian - long period p reserved such materials. In Q ing Dynaty rectifying the habitu2 189

engaged in the verification industry were social elites. But they were small in number and narrow in business scope, and had to maintain their living by doing part - time jobs.

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