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34 M odern Ch inese H istory Stud ies No. 6, 2000 In M emo ry of the F irst A nn iversary of the D eath of M arx ist H is2 to rian L iu D an ian (1) Space2T im e In teraction s betw een the A ncien t and M odern, Ch i2 nese and Fo reign: In tellectual Con troversies abou t R eo rga2 n izing the N ational H eritage L uo Z h itian (56) In the first th ree decades of the tw entieth century, Ch ina experienced a continuous academ ic and ideo logical struggle over the status of N ational H eritage : from p reserving national essence, to reo rganizing the national heritage, to finally refusing to adm it Ch inese N ational Culture Studies as a field of study. In the course of th is struggle, there w ere at least four m ajo r controversies w h ich invo lved extensive social participation. F rom the view 2 po int of ideo logy, th is article exam ines the ideo logical debate dom inated by students at Beijing U niversity at the tim e w hen the slogan of reo rganizing the national heritage first appeared, focusing on tho se parts of the debate w h ich related to yet exceeded the bounds of academ ic research. T he arti2 cle first review s the ideas of the tw o disagreeing group s, then exam ines them in the context of the though t and discourse of the tim e, w ith an emphasis on the sim ilarities and differences of the ideas of various intellectuals. F inally, it briefly analyzes the h isto rical enligh tenm ent of these controversies, from the angle of space2tim e interactions betw een the ancient and modern and the Ch inese and fo reign to w h ich peop le at that tim e paid clo se attention. T he Ph ilan th rop ic and R elief A ctivities of the R ed C ro ss Society du ring the Pek ing Governm en t Period of R epub lican Ch ina Z hou Q iug uang (107) D uring the Pek ing Governm ent period of R epublican Ch ina ( ), the R ed C ro ss Society of Ch ina s ph ilanth rop ic and relief activities m igh t be divided into tw o parts: first, w ar relief during the various w ars of 1
35 the period, including the Second R evo lution in 1913, the w ar in Zhangjiakou in 1913, the w ar in Shandong, A nhui and H enan in 1914, the A nti2yuan Cam paign in 1916 and o ther conflicts; second, relief fo r various k inds of nat2 ural disasters, including floods, drough ts, w indsto rm s, earthquakes, con2 flagrations, ep idem ic diseases, fam ines, etc. O rdinarily the R ed C ro ss also carried out m any k inds of public health services such as treatm ent fo r dis2 ease, ep idem ic p revention and m edicine donation. T he activities of the R ed C ro ss Society of Ch ina indicate that ph ilanth ropy is a k ind of mo tive fo rce fo r the developm ent of society and an essential m eans to adjust society. T he M ood of the L eadersh ip of the N o rthern N avy du ring the Sino2Japanese W ar in 1895: In terp reting the Fam ily Co rre2 spondence of Q uarterm aster General L uo Fenglu K ong X iangj i (140) A decade of unpub lished letters hom e from L uo Fenglu, the Q uarter2 m aster General of the N o rthern N avy, truthfully and p recisely reflect the state of m ind and the though ts of the leadersh ip of the N o rthern N avy during the Sino2Japanese W ar in Befo re the breakout of the w ar, officials such as L i Hongzhang and L uo Fenglu felt that defense against fo reign ag2 gression w as p rovocation, and held to a po licy of using no m ilitary fo rce at sea. T herefo re, at the outset of the w ar, w hen the Japanese A rm y at2 tacked in fo rce, the N o rthern N avy pursued a po licy of self2p reservation and avo iding the enem y. W hen the Japanese landed on the L iaodong Peninsula, the N avy m ade w ay to W eihai. F inally, w hen the Japanese landed on the Shandong Peninsula at Rongcheng, the N avy continued to cow ered at W ei2 hai, p referring to w ait fo r death rather than carry out Empero r Guangxu s aggressive strategy of attack ing Japanese vessels w herever they w ere m eṫ A s Q uarterm aster General, L uo Fenglu w as a key link betw een L i Hongzhang and the N o rthern N avy. How ever, desp ite the seriousness of the situation, L uo did no t occupy h im self w ith p reparations fo r battle, but rather m issed h is w ife and concubines and w ro te letters to them alm o st ev2 eryday. H e even used h is connections in the N avy to recall h is nephew from the w arsh ip Kangji and send h im back hom e befo re the breakout of the battle of Rongcheng. Such an attitude of fear, selfishness and carelessness taken by officials and servicem en of the N avy w as an impo rtant facto r leading the disastrous failure of the Q ing court in the w aṙ 2
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