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Transcription

1 75

2 C,,, C,,,, C,,, Turboc2. 0 :,, C, C C ( CIP ) : 75 /,,. :, ISBN O39 53 CIP ( 2004 ) / / 5 / / ( 010) ( ) ( ) / http: / / www. bitpress. com. cn / chiefedit@bitpress. com. cn / / / /16 / 11 / 240 / / / /,

3 , 21,,, 75,,,,,,,, /,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

4 ( ) ( 1) ( 4) ( 11) ( 17) / ( 22) ( 36) ( 43) ( ) ( 49) ( 51) ( 56) ( 65) ( 72) Electrochemical Study on Mechanism of Voltage - Controlled Friction Phenomena MENG Yong - gang ( 78) ( ) ( 84) ( 87) BRAGG ( 97) ( 107) ( 119) ( 129) ( 139) Determining Interfacial Thermal Residual Stress Using Electron Moir Method Y. M. Xing ( 149) ( 154) SPM MEMS ( ) ( 159) ( 160)

5 (, ),,,,,,, :,, v = = 2, v = , 3,,, ( ), 0. 4 mm, 1 mm, 0. 2 mm ,,,, / 6 / ( PP /PA6 /POE - g - MA), 3 6,,, 7 1

6 : ( a ) 0. 4; ( b) 0. 6 ; ( c) 0. 8; ( d)

7 ,, ,, :, :, : Ecole Centrale de Paris,, : Ecole Centrale de Paris,, : :,, , SCI 20 : : E - mail: slbai@ pku. edu. cn 3

8 (, ) Grating rosette and its application in residual str esses testing Jubing Chen Xianghua Jin Zhengyue Yu Shanghai Jiaotong University Engineering Mechanics Dept ,,,,, : x y 45, 1, 2 Abstr act It is well known that residual stresses affect the fatigue strength and life of material and its structure. With different manufacturing and processing of material and its structure, the value and direction of residual stresses were more random, and they were more complicated in anisotropic composite materials. By grating rosette and drilling - hole, three residual strains: x, y and 45 could be tested, further the residual stresses: principal stress 1, 2 and the principal stress direction could be calculated. K eywords residual stresses grating rosette moir interferometry drilling - hole 1,, [ 1 ] ; X [ 2] [ 2], ASTM [ 3 ],,,, 4

9 , m, m,, ; [ 4 ] [ 5],,,, ( x, y xy ),,,,, Moir X ( XRD) [ 6] [ 7] [ 8 ],, X, m,,,, X,, 2 J. Mathar 1932 [ 1 ],,,, 1 1 1, 2 ( 1 > 2 ), B r t = 2 = cos 2 ( 1) cos 2 ( 2) O a, B Kirsch 5

10 ro = 2 t o = a 2 r a2 r r = ro - r = a t = t o - t = a 2-2 r a4 r 4-4a 2 r 2 cos 2 ( 3) a 4 cos 2 ( 4) 2 r 4 r a 4 2 r 4-4 a2 r 2 cos 2 ( 5) 1-2 3a 4 cos 2 ( 6) 2 r 4 B r = 1 E r - t ( 7) ( 5 ), ( 6) ( 7) B r = r ( 1, 2, ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ), O A, B, C ra, rb rc, 1, 2 2 r = a 2E r 1 E - 2 a r 2 2 ( ) + + 3( 1 + ) a 2 r 4 ( 1-2 ) cos 2 ( 9 ) O r, 1 ( - ),, ( + ), ra = a 2 E r rb = a 2E r rc = a 2E r 2 ( ) + 1 E - 2 a r 2 ( ) + 1 E - 2 a r 2 ( ) + 1 E - 2 a r ra rb rc [ 9 ], x y xy = 1 E x ( 1 + ) a 2 r 3( 1 + ) a 2 r 3( 1 + ) a 2 r - yx E y 0 - yx 1 0 E x E y G xy x ( 1-2 ) cos 2 ( 10) ( 1-2 ) cos 2( - ) ( 11) ( 1-2 ) cos 2( + ) ( 12) y ( 13) xy 6

11 , 1, A r = r t r - t ( 14) E r E t ( 5 ), ( 6) ( 14) A r = 1 E r a 2 2 r a 4 2 r 4-4 a2 r 2 cos 2 - tr a 2 E t 2 r a 4 cos 2 ( 15) 2 r 4 2, = 45, B, C, A x, y, 1 ( - 45 ),, ( + 45 ) xb, sa yc sa = 1 E s - t s a r 2 2 E t xb = 1 - yx a E x r 2 2 E y yc = 1 - xy a E y r 2 2 E x 1 3a 4-4a 2 E s r 4 r 2 1 3a 4-4a 2 E x r 4 r 2 1 3a 4-4a 2 E y r 4 r 2 + t s 3a4 E t r 4 + yx 3a4 E y r 4 + xy 3a4 E x r 4 1, 2 xb, sa yc cos sin 2 ( 16) cos = f sa, xb, yc ( 17) 2 = g sa, xb, yc ( 18) = sa, xb, yc ( 19) 3 Laser ; B. S. ; B. E. 1, B. E. 2 ; M 1, M 2 ; C. L. 1, C. L. 2 ; H ; R 7

12 ; ( 1 ), ; ( 2 ) 90, 45 ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ) 3. 2 x = u x x = p N x x = 1 2f N x2 - N x1 x ( 20) x, x = 1, 2, 3, x, y 45 ; u x x, y 45 ; N x1, N x2 x ; p, f 4 4 L ; OC ; F S Y ; C 1, C 2 ; S ; R ; CCD ; P C Y, 1, Moir, Moir, CCD PC Moir, ( 20) xb, sa yc, ( 17), ( 18), ( 19) 1, [ 11],, f r,,, Moir 5 f r 6 8

13 5 Moir ( f r = mm) 6 f r 4. 2, / ; ; Moir 7, : 62%, 38% ; + ; = 30, 16 ; 200psi; 125 5,,,,, 9

14 7 Moir Moir,, ; : 1 psi = 1 lbf /in 2 = P a Moir, ( x, y 45 ), ( xy ) No :, J. Lu. Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses. Fairomont Press, Inc. Indian., ASTM E837-94a: Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole - Drilling Strain - Gage Method 4,,, , 25 ( 4) : 485 5,, , ( 3) 6. X , 25( 1) 7. X , 2 8. X , 9 ( 3) 9,.. :, D Post, B Han, P Ifju. High Sensitivity Moir. Springer - Verlag 1994 : , 36( 6) :

15 1 2 2 ( 1., ) ( 2.,, ) SILICA GEL GRATING AND HIGH TEMPERATURE MOIR INTERFEROMETRY Cheng Jun 1 Li He 2 Li Ren - zeng 2 ( 1. Key Laboratory of Solid Mechanic of the MEC, Tongji University, Shanghai , China) ( 2. Laboratory of Experiment Mechanic, Nanchang Institute of Aeronautical Technology, Jiangxi, Nanchang , China),, 350, Abstr act Silica gel having heat - resisting property is a good material for transmitting grating. The grating made of copying silica gel can be used in moir interferometry to test the material mechanics property below 350. The method of making silica gel grating and the application of this grating in medical material, aircraft material and integration circuits with solder joint are introduced. K ey words silica gel moir interferometry grating mechanics property test at high temperature,, 200, 350, [ 1 4] 1 : ( 1 ) :,,, ( 2 ) :,,,, ( A, B ),,,, 11

16 ,,,,, 1. 1 ( ), 1( a) sin = 2 f ( 1) ; ; f,, f /mm, 600 / mm, 300 / mm f,, 0. 01% 0. 05% 1( b),, ( ) 1 Figure 1 Optical system ( a ) ; ( b) ( a) grating making; ( b) Test of frequency nm, ( ) nm, nm, 60 mw, 2 min,, ( 10 min) ( ),,, 1( b), 90,,,,,, / mm 600 / mm, 600 / mm 300 / mm,,, ( ), 1 /f mm, ,, PC, 12

17 Figure 2 2 Moir interferometry of four beams, , : ( ) 2 3,,,,, PC 350,,,,, 1. 3, 3,,, 2, 4, Figure 3 3 Interface crack model 4 Figure 4 Moir pattern ( a ) U ; ( b) V ( a) U field; ( b) V field 13

18 2,,,,,, : f = / mm, m / ; f = 600 / mm, m/ ;,,,, 600 / mm, 950,, 950, 1 000,,,, 5,,,, 5,, Figure 5 Moir pattern,,,,,,, : 700, 1200 / mm; , 600 / mm; 1 000, 300 / mm, 1, Table 1 1 Gr ating a t different t em pr atur e / mm 600 /mm 600 / mm 300 / mm,, 2 14

19 2 T able 2 Young s modulus a nd poisson s rat io at differ ent tempr atur e H1 H2 Z2 Z6 / GPa / GPa / GPa / GPa , ( BGA),, 100, SnPb,, SnPb,,,,,, :, ( , 107 ), 200, : ( BGA) ( 6 ) ( 2400 / mm) min ( 7) ( 8) Figure 6 electronic package Figure 7 Moir pattern at ( 1 ), 350 ( 2 ) ( 3 ), 15

20 8 Figure 8 thermal strain 350, 1 B. S. - J. Kang, F. X. Wang and Q. K. Liu. High Temperature Moir Interferometry for Use to SEM Spring Conf., ( Nov 1990) 2 F. X. Wang, P. If ju. and B. S. - J. Kang. High - Temperature Moir Interferometry Using Zero - Thickness Grating SEM Spring Conf., ( June 1992) 3,,. LDZ , 1995( 1), Fang Ruhua, Wang Dongmei, Zhang Xiuyin. Study on Interfacial fracture behaviors of the porcelain - fused - to - metal restoration by moir interferometry method and finite element analysis, The 3 rd International conference on experimental mechanics. Beijing, China. ( 2001), D post. Moir interferometry damage analysis of composites. exp., Mech., Vol. 17, No. 7, ( 1983), Yuuki R, Cho S B. E fficient boundary element analysis of stress internsity factor for interface cracks in dissimilar materials. Eng, Frac. Mech., Vol. 34, ( 1989), ( 1969 ),,,,, 2000, : E - mail: junc616@ 263. net. 16

21 (, ) VIBRATION RESTRAINT IN LASER COMMUNICATION Cui Yun - jun Xiong Chun - yang Zhang Jue Fang Jing ( Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking University, China, ),,, PID 75% PID Abstr act In this article we discussed the vibration restraint in laser communication system. The feed back control method was used to reduce the vibrating disturbance to the laser signal and it was found the PID algorithm can decrease the amplitude of the disturbance by 75% in the low frequency condition. K ey word s Feed back Method PID Algorithm Lazer Communication Vibration control, 1 Gb / s,,, 200 m,,,,,,,,, 17

22 ,, 1,, 1. 1,,,,,, ATP,,,,,,, ATP,,, 1. 2,,,, 1 H 1 ( s), B H 2 ( s), E( ) H 3 ( s), H 0 ( s), f( t) x( t) H( s) = F ( s) X( s) = H 0 ( s) H 1 ( s) H 2 ( s) H 3 ( s), H( s), H( s) = - K D 1 ( s) D( s) D 1 ( s) D( s), D 1 ( 0) = D( 0) = 1, K

23 ,, ( ), ( ), RLC, Q( j ) G( j ), : 3 Q( j ) = [ G( j ) ] , 4,,,, QD CCD , 19

24 6 Y( s) G c ( s) G f ( s) G m ( s) G( s) = = R( s) 1 + H( s) G c ( s) G f ( s) G m ( s) K ed, /, V n = K ed x n V n n, x n n, V n = Kx n + K 1 x n - 1 V n = Kx n + K 1 ( x n - x n - 1 ) PD,, e( t),,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, T I, T I,, PID e( k) = e( k) - e( k - 1) u( k) = K p [ e( k) - e( k - 1 ) ] + K I e( k) + u( k) = u( k) - u( k - 1) k, k = 0, 1, 2, ; K D [ e( k) - 2e( k - 1) + e( k - 2) ] = K p e( k) + K I e( k) + K D [ e( k) - e( k - 1 ) ] u( k) k ; e( k) k ; e( k - 1) k - 1 ; K I ; K D 7, PID, PID,,,, 0. 5 Hz, 200,, 30, 75%, 8 20

25 Hz 1. [ ] Robert M. Gagliard & Sherman Karp.. : 2 ( ).. :, : 4 ( ).. : 5 PID.. : 6,.. :, :, ( ). [ ] Karl J. Astrom. : ( 1976 ),,,, E - mail: @ sina. com, :

26 / ( ) USING STRAKE VORTEX TO REDUCE THE DISTORTION OF A Y - SHAPED INLET Fang Daining Mao Guanzhong Feng Xue Wan Yongping Li Changqing Jiang Bing Liu Bin Bing Qida Liu Zhanwei ( Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China),,,,, ,,, 6# Terfenol D,, Ni 5 2 Mn 2 4 Ga 24,, Abstr act New experiment systems that can offer electromechanical and electromagnetic coupling loads are devised. Measurement skills and technologies under coupling loads are developed. The experimental difficulties and technical problems, such as insulation, discharge, compressive testing of 22

27 / brittle ferroelectrics and so on, are well resolved. The tests of electric fatigue on ferroelectric specimens with through pre - cracks are firstly conducted. The integrated curves of fatigue crack growth are obtained. Experimental phenomena, such as two types of flaw, fatigue crack closure, electric breakdown, and so on, are discovered and studied. Moir Interferometry Applied to the measurement of the transformation of crack tip in ferroelectric ceramics under coupling loads. The experimental research for ferroelectric composites is carried out and new experimental data are obtained. With an aim to accomplish both measurements of constitutive response of the magnetostrictive materials and the fracture experiments of general soft ferromagnetic materials, an magnetomechanical - coupling testing setup is established, which is controlled by an industrial PC. The software is programmed to monitor the testing process and deal with the acquired data. There are many kinds of ferromagnetic materials used to investigate magneto - mechanical coupling behavior, such as electrolytic nickel, Ni6, Manganese - Zinc ferrite ceramics, Terfenol - D, NiMnGa. The characteristic curves of ferromagnetic materials are measured, including the hysteresis loops, the magnetostriction curve and stress - strain curve. To analyze the effects of magnetic field on toughness, three - point bending tests and Vicker s indentation tests are performed. K ey word s electro - mechanical coupling magnetomechanical coupling electromagnetical coupling Moir ferroelectric composites,,,,,,, [ 1], Furukawa [ 2], Yamada [ 3], Chan [ 4 ], [ 5],, Cao ( 1994) [ 6 ], Zhu ( 1999) [ 7 ], Cao ( 1994),, [ 8], COD, 23

28 [ 9 ], [ 10, 11],, [ 10, 11 ] 6 # [ 12 ] Terfenol - D [ 1 3] Ni 5 2 Mn 2 4 Ga 24 [ 14 ],,,,,,,, 1,,, 1. 1,, 0 50 kv, 0 30 kv, 0 60 kv 0 10 MHz,,,, : ( 1), ; ( 2 ), ; ( 3) ( ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5 ) ; ( 6),, 1. 2,,,,, Weiss,, 100 mm 1. 2 T, 3 min 2% ; 0. 4 T, 10 min 1%,,, 9. 8 kn, kn,, 24

29 /, D /A A / D,, A /D A / D,, Terfenol D NiMnGa , PZT 5, F 24 ( PVDF + ) PVDF 0 3, 0 3 ; ; PZT 5,, 1 3,, 1 3, , 3 / 3. 1,, :,, ;,, CCD,, 1,, 2, da /dn = ( E / E c ) :, E < 0. 83E c,,, 3,,, E > 0. 83E c,, , 25

30 1 Figure 1 Fatigue crack growth curve 2 Figure 2 The rate of fatigue crack growth vs. electric field 3 Figure 3 Fatigue crack under low electric field 4 Figure 4 Fatigue crack under high electric field, CCD, 26

31 /,, 3. 2,, 0. 1 m,,, 12 mm, 0. 5 ( nm ),,, N 5 Figure 5 Transformation under coupling loads ( a) E = MV /m( 0. 1E c ) ; ( b) E = MV /m( 1. 0E c ) 5,,,,, 5, 6,, 600 m 100 m, MV /m , N 50. 8%,,,, 4 6# Terfenol D NiMnGa 27

32 6 Figure 6 The strain on the prolongation of crack,, Ni6 ( 6 ) ( % ) Ni6 ( 7 ) ( 8 ) Figure 7 7 Ni6 The magnetic hysteresis of Ni6 under compressive stress Ni 6 ( 9 ) ( 10 ) 28

33 / Figure 8 8 Ni 6 The magnetic hysteresis of Ni 6 under tensive stress 9 Ni 6 Figure 9 The megnetostriction of Ni 6 under compressive stress 10 Ni 6 Figure 10 The megnetostriction of Ni 6 under tensive stress 29

34 mm, Figure 11 The megnetostriction of Manganese - Zinc ferrite ceramics under various stress TbDyFe ( Terfenol - D), [ 110] : ( a ) [ 110] ; ( b) [ 110], ( a), Terfenol - D,, Terfenol - D ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( b), Terfenol - D, 14 30

35 / Figure The magnetic hysteresis of Terfenol - D under compressive stress 13 Figure 13 The megnetostriction of Terfenol - D under compressive stress by load ( a) 14 Figure 14 The megnetostriction of Terfenol - D under compressive stress by load ( b) Czochralski Ni 5 2 Mn 1 6 Fe 8 Ga 24, [ 001], : ( a) [ 001] ; ( b) [ 001], ( a) ( b), : ; [ 001 ] ; [ 001 ] 31

36 ( a) ( b) NiMnGa, ( a) Figure 15 The megnetostriction of NiMnGa under compressive stress by load ( a) 16 ( b) Figure 16 The megnetostriction of NiMnGa under compressive stress by load ( b) 5,,, :,,,, 32

37 / , MPa m MPa m 17, Figure The experiments results of three - point bending tests under magnetic field : P = 50 N H = 8 GPa, D = 107 m 1 1 Ta ble 1 T he Vicker s indentation tests results K IC C K IC C , K IC, MPa m; C ( C, C ), m, ;, ;, 6 ( 1 ),,, 33

38 ,, ( 2 ), ( 3 ), COD ( 4 ) ( 5 ),, ( 6 ), 1, Furukawa T, Fujino K and Fukasa E. Electromechanical properties in the composites of epoxy resin and PZT ceramics. Japan J. Appl. Phys. 1976, 15( 11) : Yamada T, Ueda T and Kitayama T. Piezoelectricity of a high content lead zirconate titanate / polymer composite. J. Appl. Phys. 1982, 53( 4) : Chan HLW and Unsworth J. simple model for piezoelectric ceramic /polymer 1 3 composites used in ultrasonic transducer applications. IEEE Trans. On Ultrasonics Ferroelectric and Frequency Contral. 1989, 36 : Jiang B, Fang DN, Huang KZ. Constitutive models of ferroelectric composites with a viscoelastic and dielectric relaxation matrix ( ) - Experiment, calculation and analysis SCI CHINA SER A 43 ( 6) : JUN Cao HC, Evans AG. Electric - field - induced fatigue crack growth in piezoelectrics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1994, 77( 7) : Zhu T, Fang. F, Yang W. Fatigue crack growth in ferroelectrics ceramics below the coercive field. J. Mater. Sci. Letters. 1999, 18: Liu B, Fang DN, Hwang KC. Electric - field - induced fatigue crack growth in ferroelectric ceramics. MATER LETT 54 ( 5-6) : JUN Cullity B. D. Introduction to magnetic materials. Massachusetts: Addison - Wesley, Makar J. M., Tanner B. K. The effect of stress approaching and exceeding the yield point on the magnetic properties of high strength pearlitic steels. NDT&E International 1998, 31 : Makar J. M., Tanner B. K. The effect of plastic deformation and residual stress on the permeability and magnet ostriction of steels. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2000, 222 : Wan YP, Fang DN, Soh AK, et al. Experimental and the oretical study of the nonlinear response of a giant magnet ostrictive rod. ACTA MECH SINICA 19 ( 4) : AUG

39 / 13 Feng X, Fang DN, Hwang KC. Ferroelastic properties of oriented TbxDy1 - xfe2 polycrystals. APPL PHYS LETT 83 ( 19) : NOV Feng X, Fang DN, Hwang KC, et al. Mechanical and magnetostrictive properties of Fe - doped Ni( 52 ) Mn( 24) Ga( 24) single crystals. CHINESE PHYS LETT 19 ( 10) : OCT 2002 ( 1958 ),,, 1982,,, ,,,,,,, : ; : ; : ( 010 ) ( ) ; : ( 010) ( ) ; E - mail: fangdn@ mail. tsinghua. edu. cn 35

40 (, ) A new technique on guided waves NDT based on time & space transform He Cunfu Jiao Jingpin Wu Bin ( Beijing University of Technology, Beijing , China),,,,,, NDT Abstr act Based on the knowledge of the guided waves propagation in time - sapce, a space model is established to compensate the dispersion in long rang guided wave testing. From it, the characteristics of structure, such as length or defect, can be obtained directly, and the resolution can be improved. Additionally, experiments were undertaken using the technique, it demonstrates the validity of the technique to improvement the extension and the effect of guided waves NDT. K eywords Guided wave Dispersion Signal processing NDT 1,,,,, [ 1, 2],,, [ 3 6 ],, ( ), [ 2, 3 ], 36

41 , mm A1, 1 ( a),,,, 1 ( b), 1 ( c),,,, MHz, 10, mm A1 ( a) ; ( b) 500 mm ; ( c) 1500 mm [ 7 ],,,, [ 8, 9 ],,,,, 2,, ( ), f( t),,, ( x, t) u( x, t) 37

42 x ; t ; c p t, u( x, t) = f( t - x/ c p ) ( 1) F( U( x, f( t) u( x, t) ) = ) = F ( ) f( t) ; U( x, ) u( x, t) ( 1 ) ( 3) ( 4 ) f( t) e - i t dt ( 2) - u( x, t) e - i t dt ( 3) - U( x, ) = F( ) e ( - ix ) / c p ( 4) u( x, t) = 1 F( 2 ) - ix ) / c p - e( e i t d ( 5),, k( ) k( ) = / c p, ( x, t) u( x, t) = 1 - i( k( ) x - F( ) e t) 2 d ( 6) - g( t), 2 ( a) x, g( t),,, ( 6),,, 2 ( b),, t = 0,,, t = 0, x = - x, F ( ) = G( ) ( 6), t = 0 h( x ) = u( - x, 0 ) = 1 G( 2 ) ) x - eik( d ( 7) ( 7 ),,,, 2( c) 2 [ 8, 9] ( a), ; ( b) t = 0, ; ( c) 38

43 3, 3. 1 L( 0, 1), 3 ( a),,,,,, D = 20 mm, l = mm, 990 mm ; 2. 5MC 20 ; 50 khz, 10 3( b), 100 khz, L( 0, 1) F ( 1, 1 ),, L( 0, 1) 3 20 mm L( 0, 1) ( a) ; ( b) 4( a), 50 khz L( 0, 1),,,, F( 1, 1), F ( 1, 1) L( 0, 1),, ( 7 ), L( 0, 1), 4( b), : ( 1 ) L( 0, 1), 4( b) L( 0, 1 ) ( 2 ), 4( b), mm, mm, mm, 0. 9% mm, 960 mm, 990 mm, 3. 0%,, 39

44 4 20 mm ( a) 50 khz, ; ( b) t = 0, ( 3 ), 4 ( a), ; 4( b),, ( 2 ), ( 4 ), ( L( 0, 1) ),,,,,, mm F ( 1, 1 ), 3. 2 A1,,,,, 5 6( a ) mm, 1. 37MHz, 30 A1 6 ( b), MHz A1, mm,,, 7 ( a ) ( 7 ), A1, 7 ( b ),,, 40

45 mm ( a ) ; ( b) mm A1 ( a) MHz, ; ( b) t = 0, 4,,,,, 1 D. E. Chimenti. Guided waves in plates and their use in materials characterization, Appl. Mech. Rev, 1997, 50( 5 ) : A. K. Mal, P. C. Xu, Y. Barcohen. Leaky Lamb waves for the ultrasonic nondestructive 41

46 evaluation of adhesive bonds. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. - Trans. ASME, 1990, 112 ( 3) : M. Castaings, B. Hoston. Lamb and SH waves generated and detected by air - coupled ultrasonic transducers in composite material plates. NDT & E Internat, 2001, 24( 4) : ,, ( 1 ) : Wu Bin, Wang Zhi, He Cunfu. The generation and reception of guided waves in pipes, International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements ( ISPMM 2002), Peter Cawley, David Alleyne. The use of Lamb waves for the long range inspection of large structures, Ultrasonics, 1996, 34 ( 4) : D. N. Alleyne, T. P. Pialucha, P. Cawley. A signal regeneration technique for long - range propagation of dispersive Lamb waves, Ultrasonics, 1993, 31( 3) : P. D. Wilcox, M. J. S. Lowe, P. Cawley. A signal processing technique to remove the effect of dispersion from guided wave signals. Review of progress in QNDE. 2001( 20) : P. D. Wilcox. A rapid signal processing technique to remove the effect of dispersion from guided wave signals. IEEE TRANSACTION ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS AND FRE- QUENCY CONTROL. 2003, 50( 4) : ( : ) ( : ) ( 1973 ),,, : 42

47 (, ) THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES NEEDS NE W METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS He Xiao - yuan Kang Xin Dong Hai - feng ( Department of Engineering Mechanics, Southeast University, Nanjing , China),,,, Abstr act The history process of mechanics and other sciences and techniques developing together is simply reviewed in this paper, the history process of the sciences and techniques developing shows the important position of experimental mechanics in the developing process of mechanics development and engineering techniques progress. It is stated that experimental mechanics plays the important role in architecture, mechanical engineering, material, information, bio - engineering and otherwise areas, specially, the development of nano micro technique and new materials techniques will need some new methods for their mechanical properties measurements. K ey word s experimental mechanics new materials new structures 21,,,, ;,, 43

48 , 1 20,,,, ( Leonardo da Vinci, ) :, 20,,, : ( Augustin Cauchy, ) ( George Gabriel Stokes, ) ( James Clerk Maxwell, ) [ 1 ] , 20,,,,,,,,, : 20 30,,,,,,, [ 2, 3 ] ,,,,,,,, 44

49 ,,,,,,,, [ 4] 2,, ;,, Figure 1 1 The relationships of experimental mechanics and advanced sciences and technologies,, ( : ),,, ;,,,, nm / [ 5 ],,,, ECTC K. Verma, ( Micro - Electro - Mechanical System, MEMS) ( ) ( MEMS), 45

50 MEMS,, MEMS MEMS,,, MEMS ( ), MEMS,, MEMS, MEMS, 1 mm,, ( ), N, Ball Grid Array ( BGA) 240,,,,, MEMS, CCD, ;, ;,,, MEMS,, MEMS ;, ;,,, MEMS 2. 2,,,, [ 6],,, 46

51 ,, [ 7] 3,,,,,,,, 2 2 Figure 2 The challenges and opportunities of experimental mechanics faced 4 ( 1 ), ( 2 ),, 1 Timoshenko S. P.... :, Hendry A W. Elements of Experimental stress analysis. Pergamon Press Ltd., ,.. :, Kobayashi A S. Handbook on experimental mechanics. Prentice - Hall, Inc, He X Y, Zou D, Liu S et al., Phase - Shifting Analysis in Moir Interferometry and Its Application in Electronic Packaging, Optical Engineering, 1998, 37( 5 ) : A. G. Evans, J. W. Hutchinson, M. F. Ashby. Multifuncionality of cellular metal systems. Progress in Materials Science. 1999, 43:

52 7 Jin - K yung Lee, Joon - Hyun Lee. Nondestructive evaluation on damage of carbon fiber sheet reinforced concrete. Composite Structures 2002, 58 : ( 1956 ),,,,, MEMS mmhxy@ seu. edu. cn, Tel:

53 ( ) ( ) (,,, ),,, DNA,,,,, PCR, mrna,, DNA,,, DNA,,,, DNA,, ,,, , ( ETH ), ( IUPAC), ( JNN), 2002 ( ISBBN 2002) 49

54 30,, 8 : ; : ; : ; : ( O) ; E - mail: kmwang@ mail. hunu. edu. cn 50

55 (, ) STUDY ON WEAK INTERACTIONS AND RECOGNITION BETWEEN BIOMOLECULES Ju Huang - xian Chen Hong - yuan ( Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing , China),,, DNA,, Abstr act A series of works to study the weak interactions and the recognition processes between biomolecules were presented. By means of electrochemical and optical methods, the immunoassays, protein and DNA analyses, bionic electrocatalyses, the self - assembly of functional nanomembranes and biosensing were studied. A series of convenient and specific analytical methods for biomolecules with good selectivity and high sensitivity were established, which provide novel ways for clinic diagnoses. K ey word s weak interactions biomolecules molecular recognition immunoassay Biosensing,, ( ),,,, ( ), 51

56 ( Self - replication) ( Self - organization),,, [ 1 ],,,,,,,,,, DNA, DNA DNA,,,,,,, DNA,, DNA, : ( 1 ) -, [ 2 ] ( 2 ), TiO 2, HRP [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Hb [ 6], ( 3 ) ZrO 2 C [ 7 ] HRP [ 8] [ 9 ] [ 10] [ 11 ], -, NO 2 [ 12 ] ( 4 ) DNA [ ] DNA [ 16 ] FcPF 6 [ 1 7] [ Os( bpy) 2 Cl 2 ] + [ 18] [ 19 ] T [ 2 0], DNA, DNA ( 5) DNA, DNA, DNA PCR, ( 15 zmol) DNA [ 17, 18 ] ( 6 ), [ 21 ] 52

57 , [ 22 ] ( 7 ),, HRP, [ 23] ( 8 ) ( CA) 125 [ 24] [ 25 ], CA125 [ 26] CA199 ( ) 3,, 15 min,, ( , ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( BK99030) ( BS ) ( ) 1. [ D]. :, Sichun Zhang, Huangxian Ju. - Cyclodextrin sensitized chemiluminescence of hemoglobin - hydrogen peroxide - carbonate and its analytical application. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2003, 475 ( 1-2) : Jiuhong Yu, Huangxian Ju. Preparation of porous titania sol - gel matrix for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase by vapor deposition method. Anal. Chem., 2002, 74: Jiuhong Yu, Songqin Liu, Huangxian Ju, Glucose sensor for flow injection analysis of serum glucose based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in titania sol - gel membrane. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, in press. 5 Jiuhong Yu, Songqin Liu, Huangxian Ju. Mediator - free phenol sensor based on titania sol - gel encapsulation matrix for immobilization of tyrosinase by a vapor deposition method. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, in press. 6 Jiuhong Yu, Huangxian Ju. Amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide based on hemoglobin immobilized in titania sol - gel film. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2003, 486: Huangxian Ju, Songqin Liu, Bixia Ge, Fred Lisdat, Frieder W. Scheller. Electrochemistry of cytochrome cimmobilized on colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrodes and its electrocatalytic activity. Electroanalysis, 2002, 14( 2) : Liu Songqin, Huangxian Ju. Renewable reagentless hydrogen peroxide sensor based on direct e- lectron transfer of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on colloidal gold modified electrode. Anal. Biochem., 2002, 307 ( 1) : Songqin Liu, Zhihui Dai, Hongyuan Chen, Huangxian Ju. Immobilization of hemoglobin on zironium dioxide nanoparticles for preparation of hydrogen peroxide biosensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, in press 53

58 10 Songqin Liu, Jiuhong Yu, Huangxian Ju. Reagentless glucose biosensor based on direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase immobilized on colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, in press 11 Songqin Liu, Huangxian Ju. E lectrocatalysis via direct electrochemistry of myoglobin immobilized on colloidal gold nanoparticles. Electroanalysis, accepted 12 Songqin Liu, Jiuhong Yu, Huangxian Ju. Renewable phenol biosensor based on tyrosinase - colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2003, 540: Wang Huisheng, Huangxian Ju, Hongyuan Chen. Votammetric behavior and detection of DNA at Electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode. Electroanalysis, 2001, 13( 13) : Huisheng Wang, Huangxian Ju, Hongyuan Chen. Simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine in DNA using an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, 461: Huisheng Wang, Huangxian Ju, Hongyuan Chen. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of sing - stranded DNA at electrochemically modified glassy carbon electrode. Electroanalysis, 2002, 14( 23) : Jiayin Gu, Xiaojun Lu, Huangxian Ju. DNA sensor for recognition of native yeast DNA sequence with methylene blue as an electrochemical hybridization indicator. 2002, 14( 13) : Electroanalysis. 17 Yongkong. Ye, Jianhua Zhao, Feng Yan, Yonglin. Zhu, Huangxian. Ju, Electrochemical behavior and detection of hepatitis B virus DNA PCR production at gold electrode. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, in press 18 Huangxian Ju, Yongkang Ye, Jianhua Zhao, Yonglin Zhu. Hybridization biosensor using di ( 2, 2 - bipyridine) osmium ( ) as electrochemical indicator for detection of PCR product of hepatitis B virus DNA. Analytical Biochemistry, 2003, 313( 2 ) : Baofeng Ye, Huangxian Ju. Determination of yeast DNA with norfloxacin drug as a fluorescence probe and study on their interaction. Anal. Lett., 2003, 36 ( 7) : Baofeng Ye, Yonglin Zhu, Huangxian Ju. Interaction between safranine T and yeast DNA and quantitative determination of DNA. Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2002, 23: Huangxian Ju, Donal Leech. Electrochemical study of metallothionein modified gold electrode and its action on Hg( ) cation. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2000, 484: Huangxian Ju, Zong Dai, Donal Leech. Electrochemical determination of electroinactive guests of - cyclodextrin at a self - assembled monolayer interface. Science in China B, 2002, 45 ( 1) : Yi Xiao, Huangxian Ju, Hongyuan Chen. Direct electrochemistry of HRP immobilized an Au colloid - cysteamine monolayer modified gold electrode. Anal. Biochem., 2000, 278: Dan Du, Feng Yan, Shengli Liu, Huangxian Ju. Electrochemical immunosensor for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 based on immunological reaction and its immobilization in titania sol - gel matrix. J. Immuno. Methods, in press 54

59 25 Huangxian Ju, Guifeng Yan, Feng Chen, Hongyuan Chen. Enzyme - linked immunoassay of fetoprotein in serum by differential pulse voltammetry. Electroanalysis, 1999, 11 ( 2 ) : Zong Dai, Jin Chen, Feng Yan, Huangxian Ju *, Reagentless amperometric immunoassay based on direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase for rapid determination of carcinoma antigen - 125, Anal. Chem. in press ( 1964 ),,,, , Montreal, , Potsdam, 8 M nster, 2002, Sensors, Analytical Letters,,,,, hxju@ nju. edu. cn, : ( 1937 ),,,,, hychen@ nju. edu. cn, :

60 (, ) INVESTIGATION OF FULL - FIEL D OPTICAL MEASUREMENT AND ITS PROGRESS IN TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL MODULATION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Li Xi - de ( Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China),,,, ; ;, Abstr act Full - field optical technologies play an important role in measurement science. Their main advantages are nondestructive testing, contactless measurement and high precession. Today, full - field optical technologies have been widely employed to the displacement, deformation, vibration, profile and roughness measurements, and defects nondestructive testing of the structures. However, in the situations of applying digital devices, dimensions of measured specimens in the micro scale and environment with multi - factor coupling in measurements, the new problems and challenges emerge to the traditional full - field optical methods. In this paper, the authors have investigated the problems, including limitation of the temporal and the spatial resolutions in E SPI, digital holographic interferometry and photo - carrier 56

61 techniques, the measurement properties for full - field optical methods in micro/ nano scale and micro/ nano experimental techniques using high resolution scanning system ( AFM, SEM, STM, etc. ), and phase unwrapping in spatial and temporal and quantitive nondestructive testing ( QNDT) using full - filed optical methods. Finally, the progress in full - filed optical methods demodulated by spatial and temporal techniques has also been introduced. K ey word s full - field optical measurement ESPI digital holographic interferometry phase shifting micro/ nano measurement, 20 60,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 20,, ( CCD), CCD, CCD, 1. 1 ( DHI) [ 1], Schnars [ 2], CCD,, CCD, m ax,, f c, ma x ma x = 2 arcsin( 0. 5 f c, ma x ) = 2 arcsin( / ) ( 1) = 1 /2, CCD, 10 m,, ma x ( ESPI) ESPI 20 70,, Macovski, Butters, Leendertz [ 3 5] DHI, ESPI CCD, ESPI 57

62 ESPI, :, CCD ESPI,, f s, ma x, f o, ma x CCD, ESPI f s, ma x f s, m ax = min( f o, ma x, f c, ma x ) ( 2) > f c, ma x, ESPI = min[ 2-1 sin( 0. 5 o, ma x ), f c, ma x ] min[ 2-1 sin( 0. 5arctan( 0. 5F - 1 ) ), f c, m ax ] ( 3) CCD, F 11, 2-1 sin( 0. 5arctan( 0. 5F - 1 ) ) > f c, ma x, CCD ESPI, CCD DHI, CCD, DHI, ESPI,, f s, ma x = f o, ma x = ( F ) - 1, CCD, ESPI 1. 3 ( PCT) PCT,,, [ 6, 7],,, f sg, ma x ; f oc f sg, ma x < f oc < f s, ma x = min( f o, ma x, f c, ma x ) ( 4), PCT, CCD OCT ESPI, PCT, CCD, PCT 2,, : ( ) ;,, HI ESPI,, 58

63 , f s, ma x = min[ ( ) - 1 N. A., f c, ma x ] ( 5) 3, ( 0. 3 m ),,,, X,,, SEM AFM TEM, STM,,, ; ( ),, 3 ( unwr apping) ( wrapping),,,,,, ( temporal phase unwrapping and spatial phase unwrapping) [ 8 ],,,,,, (, ) Shannon ( ),,, ( Branch - Cut Algorithm and Alternative Path - Following Algorithm), 4, ( QNDT),,, 59

64 ( ),,,, QNDT [ 9, 10 ], : ( 1),, ; ( 2),,, ; ( 3), 5,,,, 5. 1 ( ESI) ( Wavelength - scanning interferometry), [ ],, ( ), ( solid state laser) ( dye laser) ( external cavity diode laser),,, : nm / ma 0. 1 nm /K ( Michelson ) ( Fizeau) ( Twymann - Green) 5. 2 ( TSPI) ( Temporal speckle pattern interfeormtey),, [ ],,, ( Fourier transform method) ( intensity fluctuation scanning method), Takeda 20 80,,, TSPI,, 60

65 , 5. 3 ( SDLIM) ( Spatial Domain Light Intensity Modulation),, ( ),, :, ( ), I = I o 1 + [ d, d ; x, y, x, y ] cos[ k( d, d ) + ] ( 6) I o ; ; k ; ; d, d, x, y, x, y, ( ), I Rose, Wang Duan ( SLM), (, I ) ; [ 21 23],, SDLIM,, 5. 4 ( CPS) ( Confocal Plane Scanning) : ( Scanning white - light interferometry, SWLI) [ ] ( Laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging, LSCMI) [ 5 7 ] SWLI,,,, SWLI, ( ), SWLI, ( ), SWLI,, SWLI, Michelson, Mirau Linnik, SWLI 1, Michelson,, Mirau, 61

66 Linnik,, LSCMI,, ( ), ( ) R L = / NA ( 7 ) R a ( 3 10) R L 1 SWLI Figure 1 Different types of micro SWLI, 6 ( 1 ),,, ( 2 ),,,,, ( 3),,,,, ( 4 ), , Yaroslavskii L P and Merzlyakov N S. Methods of Digital Holography[ M]. New York: Consultants Bureau, Schnars U and J ptner W. Direct recording of holograms by a CCD - target and numerical reconstruction[ J]. Appl Opt, 1994, 33( 2 ) : Macovski A, Ramsey S D, Schaefer L F. Time - lapse interferometry and contouring using television systems[ J]. ApplOpt, 1971, 10( 12) : Butters J N, Leendertz J A. Speckle pattern and holographic techniques in engineering metrology [ J]. Opt Laser Technol, 1971, 3( 1 ) : Lokberg O J. Advances and applications of electronic speckle pattern interferometry ( ESPI) [ J]. SPIE, 1980, 215: Takeda M, Ina H, and Kobayashi S. Fourier - transform method of fringe - pattern analysis for 62

67 computer - based topography and interferometry[ J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1982, 72( 1) : Saldner H O, Molin N E and Stetson K A. Fourier - transform evaluation of phase data in spatially phase - biased TVholograms[ J]. Appl Opt, 1996, 35( 2 ) : Rastogi P K. Digital Speckle Pattern interferometry and related techniques [ M]. New York: John Wiley Press, Xide Li, Xingfu Liu and Kai Wang. Quantitative detection of the defects in thin - walled pressure vessels with holography and shearing speckle interferometry[ J]. J. of Nondestructive Evaluation, 2002, 21( 3) : ,,.., 2003, 18 ( 3) : Suematsu M, Takeda M. Wavelength - shift interferometry for distance measurements using the Fourier transform technique for fringe analysis[ J]. Appl Opt, 1991, 30( 28) : Takeda M, Yamamoto H: Fourier - transform speckle profilometry: three - dimensional shape measurements of diffuse objects with large height steps and / or spatially isolated surfaces[ J]. Appl Opt, 1994, 33( 34) : Tiziani H J. Progress in temporal speckle modulation[ J]. Optik, 2001, 112( 9) : Joenathan C, Franze B, Haible P, Tiziani H J. Speckle interferometry with temporal phase e- valuation for measuring large - object deformation[ J]. Appl Opt, 1998, 37( 13) : Joenathan C, Franze B, Haible P, Tiziani H J. Novel temporal Fourier transform speckle pattern shearing interferometer[ J]. Opt Eng, 1998, 37( 6) : Li X, Yang Y, Tao G, Li R. Deformation measurement with temporal speckle pattern interferometry[ J]. Opt Eng, 2001, 40( 2) : Li X, Tao G, Yang Y. Continual deformation measurementwith scanning phase method and time sequence phase method in temporal speckle pattern interferometry[ J]. Optics and Laser technology, 2001, 33( 1 ) : Li X, Tao G. Low - frequency harmonic vibration analysis with temporal speckle pattern interferometry[ J]. Optics and Laser Technology, 2002, 34 ( 3) : Vikhagen E. Nondestructive testing by use of TV holography and deformation phase gradient calculation[ J]. Appl Opt, 1990, 29 ( 1) : Li X, Soh Ak, Deng B, Guo X. High - precision large deflection measurements of thin films u- sing time sequence speckle pattern interferometry[ J]. Meas Sci Technol, 2002, 13 ( 8) : Rosen J. Longitudinal spatial coherence applied for surface profilometry[ J]. Appl Opt, 2000, 39 ( 23) : Wang W, Kozaki H, Rosen J, Takeda M. Synthesis of longitudinal coherence functions by spatial modulation of anextended light source: a new interpretation and experimental verifications [ J]. Appl. Opt., 2002, 41( 10) : Duan Z, Gokhler M, Rosen J. Synthetic spatial coherencefunction for optical tomography and 63

68 profilometry: simultaneous realization of longitudinal coherence scan and phase shift [ C]. SPIE, 2002, 4777 : Connolly T. Scanning interferometer characterizes surfaces[ J]. Laser Focus World, 1995, 31 ( 8) : Deck L and Groot P. High - speed non - contact profiler based on scanning white light interferometry[ J]. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manufact., 1995, 35( 2) : Wang D N, Ning Y N, Palmer A W, Grattan K T V, Weir K. An alternative to white light interferometric sensing[ J]. J. of Lightwave Tecnology, 1995, 13( 5 ) : Meggitt B T, Hall C J, Weir K. An all fibre white light interferometric strain measurement system[ J]. Sensors and Actuators, 2000, 79( 1) : Hill M, Mahony C O, Berney H, Hughes P J, Hynes E, Lane W A. Verification of 2 - D MEMS model using optical profiling techniques[ J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2001, 36 ( 2) : Windecker R, Fleischer M, Korner K, Tiziani H J. Testing micro devices with fringe projection and white - light interferometry[ J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2001, 36( 2 ) : Wilson T. Confocal Microscopy[ M]. London: Academic Press, Bremensdorfer R, Weis O. Microscopic in situ observationof diamond growth by dark - field scanning laser microscopy and object scanning[ J]. J. of Crystal Growth, 1998, 18 ( 7) : Fredrich J T. 3D imaging of porous media using laser scanning confocal microscopy with application to microscaletransport processes[ J]. Phys. Chem. Earth ( A), 1999, 24 ( 7 ) : ( 1963 ),,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; :, , : , : 3-403, lixide@ tsinghua. edu. cn 64

69 (, ) Research on Dynamitic Property of MRF Damper and Its Application Lu Jian - gang Zheng Jian Zhang Jin - qiu Xiong Chao ( Ordnance engineering college, ShiJiaZhuang , China),,,, Abstr act In the paper, the construction and principle of shearing - valve mode Magnetorheological fluids ( MRF) damper are introduced. Also in this paper, the applicition of MRF in engineering as well as its present research state and foreground have been reviewed. Based upon the experimental results about the dynamic characteristic ( MRF) damper, such as damping force, displacement, velocity and current and also its relation all have been analyzed in detail. All this laid a foundation for its implication in vehicle suspension system half - active control. K ey word s magnetorheological fluids ( MRF) damper dynamic characteristic experimental study ( Magnetorhelological Fluids, MRF), [ 1, 2, 12 ],,, Bingham,, 65

70 ,, [ 3, 4, 7, 13],,,,,, [ 11, 13],,, ( ) ( ) , Lord, 1 A, 5 W, N Sharkman ( ),,,, ( ) 1 A, N m, 1. 3,,,, 2 Lord,,, 2 Lord 66

71 7 N m, rpm, 700 W I = 1 A( 12 V), 10 W,,, ( ) 1. 4,,, 2, MTS 810, 3 : D = 56 mm; d = 28 mm; h = 2 mm; l = m, Hz, 0. 5 Hz, 1 Hz; 20 mm, 30 mm, , 0. 5 Hz, 20 mm,,,,,, , 5 ( a), 5 ( b), 5( c) Hz, 0. 5 Hz, 1 Hz, 20 mm 0, 0. 5 A, 1 A, 1. 5 A, 2 A, 2. 5 A, 3 A 5,,,, 67

72 5 ( a) Hz; ( b) 0. 5 Hz; ( c) 1 Hz,, ( Hz) 68

73 3,,,,,,,,, , 0. 5 Hz, 2. 5 mm, 5 mm, 7. 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm; 2. 5 A 6,,,,,, , 1 Hz, 0 A, 1 A, 2 A, 3 A 7,, , 2. 5 A Hz, 0. 5 Hz, 1 Hz 8,, 4,,, : ( 1 ),, ( 2 ), 69

74 7 8,, ( 3 ),,, 1 Ashour O and Rogers C A. J Intelligent Material Systems and Structure [ J], 1996, 7 : J. David Carlson Cary, Michael J Chrzan, Raleigh both of NC, Frank O James Girard Pa. Magnetorheological fluid devices [ P]. United States Patent: , Katsuaki Sunakoda, Hiroshi Sodeyama, Norio Iwata, Hideo Fujitani. Dynamic Characteristics of Magneto - rheological Fluid Damper, Smart structure and Material 2000, 2000, 3989:

75 4 Carlson J D, Weiss K D. Growing Attraction to Magnetic Fluids, Machine Des. 1994, 8: Dug-Young Lee, Norman M. Wereley. Analysis of electro - and magnetro - rhelogical flow mode dampers using Herschel - Bulkley Model, SPIE Conference on Smart structures and materials 2000: Damping and isolation, 3989: ,.., 1998, 18( 3 ) : ,.., 2002, 15( 1) : ,.., 2000, 20 ( 1 ) : 5 8 9,.., 2002, 16: ,.., 2001, 23( 1) : ,.., 2001 ( 20) : ( 1964 ),,,,, 71

76 (,, ) INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCES OF ULTRAHIGH STRAIN IN THE RELAXOR - BASED SINGLE CRYSTALS Luo Hao - su Feng Zu - yong Xu Hai - qing He Tian - hou Lin Die Yin Zhi - wen ( The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai , China),,,,, PMNT, PMNT PMNT, Abstr act Compared with the conventional piezoelectric materials, relaxor - based single crystals exhibit the performances of ultrahigh strain and low hysteresis, which is promising for wide applications in high - strain actuators. The reason of ultrahigh strain is that there is a structural phase transition induced by electric field in relaxor - based single crystals. The performances of their strain is dominated by the path of polarization rotation, which is affected by the direction of electric field and the composition of solid - solution of relaxor - based single crystals. The stable orthorhombic and monoclinic phase exist near the MPBs, and that will affect field - induced strain. The ultrahigh field - induced strains could be utilized well only if the regularities of piezoelectric performances in relaxor - based single crystals is to better understand. K eywords Relaxor - based single crystal Field - induced strain Structural phase transition High - strain actuator 72

77 Pb( Mg 1 /3 Nb 2 / 3 ) O 3 - PbTiO 3 ( PMNT) Pb( Zn 1 / 3 Nb 2 / 3 ) O 3 - PbTiO 3 ( PZNT) PbZrO 3 - PbTiO 3 ( PZT) PMNT PZNT, PZT 10, 1. 8% 50 [ 1 ],, 1997, Bridgman PMNT [ 2 ],, [ 3, 4, 5] PMNT,, PMNT PZT,,,,, PMNT PMNT, 1 PMNT, PMNT, PZT 70 kv /cm, [ 001] PMNT S % ( 1), PMNT 1 PMNT [ 001] PMN - 33% PT, 21 kv / cm, PMNT 30 kv / cm,, 22 kv / cm 30 kv /cm, PMNT, 1 PMNT ( S max 1. 8% ) ( a) [ 001] ; ( b) [ 110], PMNT, PMNT, 73

78 ,, 8 [ 111], 4 [ 111], 2000 Fu Cohen ( FC ) [ 6 ] PMNT, [ 001], [ 111 ] [ 001],, [ 111] [ 001] FC BaTiO 3, PMNT [ 011], [ 111] [ 011],, [ 7 ], PMNT, PT, PMNT 2 PT x 30 %, 29. 5%, 31%, 34%, 35% 37 % [ 011] PMN - xpt,,,,, 2 PMN - 30% PT PMN - 35% PT, ( 2 kv / cm 4 kv / cm), d 33, PMNT,, XRD,,, [ 011] PMN - 30% PT PMN - 35% PT, PMN - 30% PT PMN - 35% PT 2 [ 011] PMNT d 33 [ 7 ], PMNT, PT, [ 001] M C [ 0kl] ( P m ), O [ 011] ; [ 111 ] R 74

79 ( PT < 30% ) PMNT, [ 111 ], [ 001], M A, ; R - M C, R - M A - M C - T,, T M C ; M C ( 30% < PT < 35% ) PMNT, M C - T,, M C 3 PMNT,, PMNT, d pc /N, R - M A - M C ;, M C ;, M A [ 001] PMNT, [ 001] PMNT 2 PMNT 3 PMNT R - M A - M C - T PMNT 35% PT, PMNT,, 4, PMNT XRD, PMN - PT, PMNT PT, PMNT, ( R) 1( O 1 ) ( M) 2( O 2 ) ( T), 5 O 1 O 2, PMNT,, PMN PT, PT 30% 35% PT 30% 35 %, PMNT, d 33 > 2000 pc/ N, d 1 5 > 5000 pc/ N, k 33 > 92%, PT 30% 35%,, 3, [ 001], 75

80 4 PMNT ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d) S = de + ME 2 ( 1) 10 kv / cm PMNT ( S < 4%, 6 ), ( 1 ) d pc /N, M m 2 /V 2 PZT - SF,, mm 3 PMNT, 10 kv /cm, 48 m, PMNT 5 ( 1 - x) PMN - xpt 6 [ 001] PMN - 30% PT C, R, T, M, O 4,, 76

81 XRD, PMNT, PMN - PT,,, PMNT, PMNT PT, PMNT,,, 1 Service R E. Shape - changing crystals get shiftier. Science, 1997( 275) : ,,.., 1997 ( 12) : Luo H S, Shen G S, Wang P C et al. Growth and characterization of relaxor ferroelectric PMNT single crystals, Ferroelectrics, 1999( 231) : 97 4 Luo H. S., Xu G. S., Xu H Q et al. Compositional homogeneity and electrical properties of lead magnesium niobate titanate single crystals grown by a modified Bridgman technique, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2000( 39 ) : ,,. PMNT., 2002 ( 31 ) : Fu and R. E Cohen, Polarization rotation mechanism for ultrahigh electromechanical response in single - crystal piezoelectrics, Nature, 2000, 403: , 2002,, ,,, 100 :,, 215, , ( O), , hsluo@ public3. sta. net. cn 77

82 Electrochemical Study on Mechanism of Voltage - Controlled Fr iction Phenomena Meng Yong - gang Hu Bo Chang Qiu - ying ( State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China) Abstr act Friction control tests were combined with electrochemical measurements by means of a multifunctional electrochemistry workstation. It has been found that the change of friction coefficient is dependent on the surface potential of the metallic specimen. The change of friction also coincides with the change of the ph value of the solution. Detailed electrochemical reactions during friction test were discussed in relation to the dynamics of the formation and removal of boundary films. K ey word s friction coefficient electrochemistry surface potential boundary film,, ph Previous experimental studies [ 1 ] have shown that application of an off - contact electric potential can result in a remarkable change in friction coefficient of some ceramic / metal couples lubricated with aqueous solutions. It has been demonstrated that prescribed variations of friction coefficient of such specific tribosystems can be achieved in a sequential or feedback control scheme [ 2]. However, there has been no satisfactory explanation for the voltage - controlled friction phenomena. The present work was initiated with the aim to gain a better understanding of the role of potential on the tribological behaviors of ceramic / metal couples in aqueous solutions. For this purpose, triboelectrochemical tests which have been done to study different tribological systems [ 3, 4 ] were carried out using a reciprocating ball - on - flat tribometer. The electrode potential of the metal specimen was varied using a potentiostat. The electrochemistry methods encompassing cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were employed. 1 Exper imental Deta il The apparatus used in this study was a reciprocating tribometer combined with an electrochemical cell as shown in Fig. 1. The friction couple consisted of a ceramic ball and a copper plate. Electrochemical - tribological tests were carried out in aerated aqueous solutions. The applied load was 9. 8 N, while the relative velocity of the ceramic ball and metal plate was 0. 3 mm/ s. Two kinds of 78

83 Electrochemical Study on Mechanism of Voltage - Controlled Friction Phenomena electrode system were utilized, one was the 3 - electrode system and the other was the 2 - electrode system. In the 3 - electrode system the electrochemical potential of the metal plate ( work electrode) was controlled with respect to a saturated calomel electrode ( reference electrode). A platinum wire worked as the counter electrode. In the 2 - electrode system the electric field was applied directly between the metal plate serving as the cathode and the platinum electrode. Fig. 1 Schematic view of the experimental apparatus used the friction control tests 2 Results a nd Discussion Fig. 2 shows the friction coefficient variation with time at different copper electrode potentials. The copper potential was at OCP during the first 10min and the last 10min, the applied potential during the second 10min. It was discovered that over different potential ranges the frictional behavior was different. At metal potentials higher than V vs. SCE, the influence of electrode potential on friction was not significant. Over the potential range of V vs. SCE V vs. SCE, the friction change was reversible, i. e., the friction coefficient increased to a high value with the potential shifting from the OCP to the cathodic range and then dropped to the lower value as the electrode potential recovered to the OCP. At cathodic potential of V vs. SCE the friction coefficient increased to a high value with the potential change, but no longer recovered with shifting of the potential to the OCP. The most interesting phenomenon is the controllable behavior of the friction coefficient over the range of V vs. SCE V vs. SCE. The possible reasons involve 1) the absorption and disorption of laurylsulfonate ion on the copper surface under the electrostatic force and 2) the reversible electrochemical reactions occurred on the copper surface. At the rest potential the friction coefficient of the couple of copper plate and silicon dioxide ball in de - ionized water is about 0. 1 and that in sodium laurysulfonate solution is about By comparison the absorption of the long chain anion can only decrease friction by 30%. So the change of the friction coefficient with the metal surface potential could not be attributed to the absorption and disorption of the laurylsulfonate ions completely. 79