Microsoft Word - Soc & Eco justice at threat FIN.doc

Transcription

1 BILINGUAL BRIEFERS FOR THE AEPF 7 IN BEIJING, CHINA This is a compilation of one-page, bilingual briefers on a range of topics prepared for the Asia Europe Peoples Forum 7, held on October 13-15, 2008 in Beijing. The AEPF is civil society parallel process to the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), which has been held every 2 years since The theme of the Beijing AEPF was For Social and Ecological Justice. The briefers were produced by Altsean-Burma and several campaign groups in keeping with the theme of the conference and workshops copies of each briefer were distributed at plenaries and relevant workshops. 2 Burma: Social & Ecological Justice at Threat 3 缅甸 : 受威胁的社会 环境公义 4 Investment and Development in Burma 5 缅甸的投资与经济发展 6 Burma s Oil & Gas: Big Bucks for More Guns 7 缅甸的石油和天然气 : 更多的钱购买更多的军火 8 Chinese Hydropower Projects in Burma 9 中国在缅甸的水力发电计划 10 Don t Buy Blood Jade from Burma 11 请勿购买来自缅甸的 " 血 " 玉 12 Burma: Bigger Army, Bigger Security Problems 13 缅甸 : 军队坐大, 安全问题倍增 14 Democratization and People s Participation 15 民主化及民众的参与 16 Decent Work, Labor Rights, and Protection 17 正职 劳工的权利及保障 18 Burmese Migrant Workers 19 缅甸外劳 20 Food Security in Burma 21 缅甸的粮食安全问题 22 Protecting the Rights of People Living with HIV/Aids 23 保护生活在爱滋威胁下人民的权利 24 Trafficking of Kachin Women to China: The Need to Address the Root Causes (sorry, no Chinese translation) 25 Sources

2 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy BURMA: SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE AT THREAT Key neighboring countries, such as China and India have said they welcome democratic reforms in Burma but continue to provide the Burmese regime with economic and political support. This irresponsible approach helps the Burmese regime to prolong its severe economic and political mismanagement, which results in serious threats to social and ecological justice. In the past 10 years, foreign direct investment to Burma grew by 2,067% but GDP rose by 75%. The growth was characterized by: Dramatic expansion of the military in troop numbers and weapons. Rampant exploitation of natural resources that intensified threats to people and the environment. Use of military, political, and economic means to increase disenfranchisement of ethnic groups. Intensification of military attacks in Eastern Burma and human rights violations nationally. Expansion of military control over and interference in the formal economy at all levels. A sharp rise in official taxation and state-sanctioned extortion. A severe deterioration in governance and impoverishment of human services. Increased land confiscations, forced labor, and forced cultivation of crops for export. An illogical dual exchange rate: 6.23 kyat = US$1 (official rate), 1,350 kyat = US$1 (market rate). The current situation: Burma is ranked as the second most corrupt country in the world, after Somalia. 90% of the population is reportedly living on less than $1 per day. Increasing malnutrition. Before cyclone Nargis, the population in the Irrawaddy delta was already suffering from chronic (30%) and acute (9%) malnutrition. Severe food shortages in Arakan and Chin States recently forced people to flee to Bangladesh and India. Burma has an estimated 70,000 child soldiers, the highest number in the world. Burma has the second worst child mortality rate in Asia, after Afghanistan. Between 100,000 to 150,000 children under-five years of age die every year, mostly from preventable diseases. In Eastern Burma, 20% of children die before their fifth birthday. Burma is the world s third largest source of refugees after Afghanistan and Iraq. Between 1995 and 2005, the flow of refugees has increased up to 800% in Burma s neighboring countries. In August 2008, Burma had 2,000 political prisoners. This is a 73.9% increase from July 2007, when there were 1,150 political prisoners in Burma. Burma is the world s 2nd largest opium producer and Southeast Asia s top producer of amphetamines. Burma s neighbors, and the international community, must work with genuine commitment to support concrete solutions that involve all key stakeholders. Governments of Asia and the world must no longer allow their goodwill to be manipulated by the regime. Burma s descent into greater instability must no longer be tolerated, for the sake of its people and the people of this region. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

3 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy 缅甸 : 受威的社会胁 环境公义 缅甸的主要周边国家, 如 : 中国和印度都曾说过, 欢迎 缅甸进行民主改革, 但是, 他们却继续在经济及政治支持缅甸军政府 如此不负责任的做法, 助长了缅甸军政府继续维持他们的政治 经济管理不当, 进而导致社会及环境公义遭受严重的威胁 过去 10年, 缅甸的外来直接投资增加了 2,067% 可是国内生产总值只增加了 75% 这种成长可以划分成 : 大幅度扩张军队及添购武器 乱采滥伐天然自源, 为人民及环境带来巨大的灾害 采用军事 政治及经济手段, 迫使少数民族放弃公民权 对东缅甸展开的军事攻击和侵犯人权事件日趋激烈 加强军事手段控制及干预经济各领域 官方课税及国家批准的勒索激增 施政极度腐败 民不聊生 平民土地被没收 强迫劳动 强迫耕种出口农粮 不合逻辑的两重兑换率 : 6.23 缅元 = $1 美元 ( 官方 ), 1,350 缅元 = $1 美元 ( 市价 ). 目前的情况 : 缅甸是世界上贪污问题最严重的国家, 仅次于索马里 90% 的人口每天平均收入不到 1 美元 营养不良问题严重. 在纳吉斯飓风侵袭之前, 伊拉瓦底江流域的人口已经饱受慢性 ( 30% ) 及急性 ( 9% ) 营养不良症状的影响 最近, 阿拉甘州及钦州面对严重饥荒, 迫使人民逃亡到孟加拉和印度 缅甸估计拥有 7 万名儿童士兵, 具世界第一 缅甸是亚洲婴儿死亡率第二高的国家, 排在阿富汗之后 每年约有 万名年龄低于 5 岁的儿童死于可预防性疾病 在东缅甸,20% 的儿童在 5 岁前死去 缅甸难民人数排名世界第三, 仅次于阿富汗和伊拉克 在 1995 年及 2005 年之间, 涌入缅甸周边国家的难民增加了 800% 年月 8, 缅甸有 2000名政治扣留犯, 比 2007年 7月原有的 1150名政治犯人数增加了 73.9% 缅甸是世界第二大鸦片生产国, 东南亚最大的安非他命生产国 缅甸的邻国及国际社会, 必须真诚地合作, 以支持那些涉及所有利益人士的具体方案 亚洲政府和世界不能再让军政府玩弄他们的善意 为了缅甸及本区域的人民, 我们绝对不能再容忍缅甸陷入不稳定局面 P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

4 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy Background INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN BURMA Unconditional investment in Burma reduces any incentive for the regime to implement urgently-needed reforms. It emboldens the regime to further perpetrate economic mismanagement, systematic human rights abuses, crackdowns, and offensives that will affect regional stability. Investors in Burma are at high risk of exposure to money-laundering linked to human rights abuses, as well as trafficking of people, drugs and weapons. Burma is rich in natural resources, with the world s 10 th largest reserves of natural gas. The Shwe gas project offshore fields, in which China has heavily invested, are expected to hold one of the largest gas yields in Southeast Asia. They could become the military regime s largest single source of foreign income, potentially earning US$ 24 billion over 20 years. Burma has vast hydropower potential. Numerous agreements have been signed between Chinese and Thai companies and the SPDC for the construction of hydropower dams on the Salween River. Policies and practices International assessments have ranked Burma as the third most economically repressed country in the world, and the second most corrupt. UNESCAP has warned that Burma is so far behind its neighbors that it threatens to destabilize regional development. Since ASEAN and the EU opened talks on a free trade agreement in May 2007, no progress has been made due to Burma s failure to make any progress in democratic reforms. The lack of monetary and fiscal stability has created conditions of rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple exchange rates, distorted interest rates, and fraudulent reporting. The junta continues to aggressively pursue sources of foreign capital in China, India, and Russia. Foreign investors have to enter joint venture contracts with state-owned firms. Investment in natural resources and infrastructure in Burma has been accompanied by forced labor, forced relocation of indigenous populations, and environmental devastation. Key industries are controlled by military-run enterprises and plagued by incompetence and corruption. Burma s oil, gas and hydro resources are being exported while a majority of the people has no electricity. Growing anger against unjust projects, deepening poverty and abuses against the people has led to demonstrations and could lead to open conflicts between affected people, the regime and foreign corporations. Instability has already caused the suspension of work on Thailand s Hatgyi Dam project in Eastern Burma. Because of the insecure investment environment in Burma, foreign investment is focused on extractive industries. Instead of reinvesting profits from these ventures into infrastructure and social stability, the regime diverts funds to buy arms and further militarize Burma. There is limited foreign interest in other sectors, deterred by potential exposure to sanctions and the poor business environment. This includes inadequate infrastructure, economic mismanagement, ad hoc policymaking, a fragile banking system, weak domestic demand and poor transport links. Drug traffickers are actively courted by the SPDC as businessmen and investors. They represent some of the most prominent business tycoons in Rangoon. Solutions Implement targeted sanctions, with resumption of trade and investment conditional on the SPDC ending human rights abuses and engaging in genuine reconciliation and democratic reforms. Strengthen legislation that would compel or place heavy pressure on businesses to divest from projects in Burma. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

5 缅甸的投资与经济发展 背景 缅甸的天然资源相当丰富, 天然气存量位居全世界前十名 在中国的投资下, 一个名为 水 (Shwe) 的近岸天然气开采计划即将可能孕育出东南亚最大的天然气田 这项计划将会成为缅甸军政府来自国外最大的一笔收入, 预估高达 亿美金 缅甸拥有庞大的水力资源 中国 泰国和缅甸国家和平与发展委员会之间已经签署了许多协议, 冀望在萨尔温江上建设水坝 开发水力资源 中国在缅甸无条件的投资, 让缅甸毋须施行任何迫切的改革 这也使缅甸政府勇于施行错误的经济政策 压迫等等足以影响区域稳定的行为 高获利的毒品及军火投资 生产和非法交易, 依然存在于缅甸和其邻国之间 政策与实务 国际上将缅甸评估为世界上经济发产程度第三低落 贪腐程度第二的国家 联合国亚太经济及社会委员会 (UNESCAP) 提出警告, 认为缅甸已经远远落后于其邻国的发展程度, 将会对整体的区域发展造成威胁 因缅甸无法进行任何民主改革, 东南亚国协 (ASEAN) 与欧洲共同体 (EU) 于 2007 年五月开启自由贸易协议的对谈, 至今仍无进展 因为货币 金融的不稳定, 缅甸始终处在通货膨涨 金融赤字 多重外汇率 扭曲的利率 不实报导的困境中 军政府持续积极地追求来自中国 印度和俄罗斯的金援, 而外资都必须和缅甸的国营企业合资经营 在缅甸, 对于天然资源和公共建设的投资, 总是伴随着强迫劳动 强制迁离 环境破坏 主要的工业受到军政府经营的企业掌控, 贪污而不具竞争力 虽然国内的民众无电可用, 缅甸的石油 天然气和水力资源依然对外输出 贫穷的人民在政府的暴虐下, 对各种不公平的政策感到愤怒 民众的抗议和示威很有可能引发人民 政府和外国公司之间公开的冲突, 而不稳定的情形已经造成东缅甸地区泰缅合作建设的 Hatgyi 水坝工程停滞 因为缅甸不安全的投资环境, 外资着重于原物料产业 军政府并没有将这些外来资金投入公共建设及追求社会安定, 而是购买更多的军火而企图提升缅甸军事化的程度 因为消费者联合抵制 国际制裁的威胁及不稳定的投资环境, 其它投资项目对于外资来说没有多利益可言 所谓不稳定的投资环境包括不完善的公共建设 不当的经济政策 特别是政策制定上的问题, 以及脆弱的银行体系 缅甸政府代表了仰光最重要的经济大亨, 努力维系贸易往来, 并且在非法毒品交易中主动扮演了中介和资金的来源 解决方案 实施有目标的制裁, 要求国家和平与发展委员会改善人权状况及推动民主改革, 有条件地恢复贸易往来和投资 加强立法直接或间接阻止企业在缅甸进行投资

6 THE SHWE GAS MOVEMENT BURMA S OIL & GAS: BIG BUCKS FOR MORE GUNS 45% of the Burma regime s export revenue derives from sales of oil and gas deposits to its neighboring countries. A large part of the annual US$2.7 billion income is used to buy arms and further militarize Burma which threatens to escalate domestic instability and destabilize the whole region. The Shwe Gas Project in western Burma will, if the project goes ahead, provide the regime with up to US$ 24 billion over 20 years. The 2,380 km long pipeline would cut through the densely populated central Burma into China and lead to abuses against people in the pipeline corridor. Burma s oil and gas resources are being exported while a majority of the people has no electricity. Growing anger against unjust projects and abuses against the people has led to grassroots demonstrations and could, if current projects go ahead, lead to expanded open conflicts between affected people, the regime and foreign corporations. All foreign companies must enter into joint ventures with the military-owned Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) and well as cronies who have been implicated in money-laundering. For example, CNOOC s joint venture partner is Golden Aaron, a Singaporean company sanctioned by the US Treasury. Golden Aaron is owned by Steven Law, son of the notorious drug trafficker Lo Hsing Han. Lo owns Asia World Company, which provides logistical support for oil and gas projects. Chinese companies form the largest group of foreign corporations involved in oil and gas deals in Burma. They include: China Huanqiu Contracting and Engineering Corp (HQCEC) China National Offshore Oil Company (CNOOC) Myanmar Ltd China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC) China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL) Chinnery Assets Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Company (SCGC) Sinopec Dianqiangui Oil and gas extraction in Burma must stop until there is a democraticallyelected government that can uphold the interests and rights of the community, environmental protection and the rule of law. Contacts: Shwe Gas Movement <global@shwe.org> Arakan Oil Watch <arakan_ow@yahoo.com>

7 缅甸的石油和天然气 : 更多的钱购买更多的军火 缅甸政权 45% 的出口税收, 是从销售石油和天然气储备到邻国而获取的 在 27 亿美元的年收入中, 大部分是用来购买军备和发展会破坏区域稳定的军事活动 如果在缅甸的西部 Shwe 天然气项目继续下去, 在未来 20 年内, 将会为军政府提供 240 亿美元 这长 2380 公里的天然气管, 将会穿过人口密集的缅甸中部到达中国, 对住在天然气管范围内的人民造成威胁 在当地人民无法获得电源供应时, 缅甸的石油和天然气却被输出口, 这都引起了人民的不满, 他们纷纷展开示威 如果这些项目继续发展下去, 可能会扩大受影响的人 军政府和外国企业之间的纠纷 另外, 军政府所获得的收入将使他们能够购入更多的武器, 这也表示, 将会为当地的人民带来更多的压迫, 加剧缅甸内部的不稳定, 而为整个区域带来严重的后果 所有的外国公司必须和缅甸军政府拥有的缅甸石油和天然气企业及牵涉在洗钱活动的朋党合资经营 例如, 中国海洋石油公司的合资伙伴是新加坡金隆有限公司, 是一间被美国财政部制裁的公司 新加坡金隆有限公司是由毒贩罗星汉 ( 译名 ) 的儿子史提芬罗 ( 译名 ) 所拥有 罗星汉拥有了亚洲世界公司 (Asia World Company), 为石油和汽油的计划提供了物流的援助 有很多最大的外国的企业都是来自中国公司, 他们是 : 中國寰球工程公司 - 中国海洋石油公司 中国石油天然气集团公司 中海油田服务有限公司 Chinnery Assets Sichuan Petroleum Geophysical Company (SCGC) 中國石化集團滇黔桂石油勘探局 在缅甸的石油和天然气开采必须停止, 直到出现了真正可以维护社区利益和权利, 以及保护环境和遵守法治的民选政府 请联络 : Shwe 天然气运动 <global@shwe.org> Arakan 石油观察 <arakan_ow@yahoo.com>

8 Burma Rivers Network Chinese hydropower projects in Burma CONCERNS: 20 large dams are currently being planned, constructed, and/or financed in Burma by Chinese companies. All of the dams threaten internationally-recognized biodiversity. At least 19 of the dams threaten indigenous populations. None of the affected people in Burma have been consulted. To date, only one environmental impact assessment has been initiated. Tens of thousands of people will be relocated without compensation, under threat of violence. Instability in Burma has already caused the suspension of work on the Hatgyi Dam in Karen State, where two Thai workers were killed. Burma has does not have adequate standards to protect affected people and the environment. LETTER TO CHINA: In December 2007, over 50,000 affected people sent a letter to the Chinese government asking for EIA, SIA, consultation, and transparency. To date, there has been no response. RECOMMENDATIONS: At the very least, Chinese companies should abide by Chinese and international environmental and social standards while in Burma. EIA and SIA should be conducted for each dam, including analysis of the cumulative effects of multiple dams on each river. Affected people must be consulted, and dam plans must be transparent. LIST OF DAMS Myitsone Irrawaddy River Kachin State Chibwe, Pashin, Lakin, & Phizaw N Mai River Kachin State Laiza & Khaunglanphu Mali River Kachin State Shweli 1, 2, & 3 Shweli River Shan State Tasang & Upper Thanlwin Salween River Shan State Hatgyi, Weigyi, & Dagwin Salween River Karen State Yeywa Myitnge River Mandalay Division Lower Paunglaung Paunglaung River Mandalay Division Upper Paunglaung Paunglaung River Shan State Dapein 1 & 2 Tarping River Kachin State Burma Rivers Network is comprised of representatives of different ethnic organizations from potential dam affected communities in Burma. Our mission is to protect the health of river ecosystems and sustain biodiversity, rights and livelihoods of communities. Contact us at burmariversnetwork@gmail.com.

9 中国在缅甸的水力发电计划 缅甸河流网络关注点 : 目前, 有 20 个大水坝正在缅甸规划和建造, 都是由中国公司出资的, 所有的水坝都会对国际公认的生物多样性造成威胁, 至少有 19 个水坝威胁了原住民的群体 在缅甸, 没有人去和受到影响的人商量解决办法 至今, 只做了一个环境影响评估报告 很多人在暴力的威胁下被迁移, 并且不会得到任何赔偿 缅甸不稳定的政局已经导致在克伦邦的哈希水坝的工程被搁置了, 在那里两名泰国工人被杀了 缅甸政府并没有足够的条件来保护受影响的人和环境 致中国书 : 在 2007 年 12 月, 超过 50,000 个受到影响的人民致函给中国政府, 要求获得环境影响评估报告, 规划环境影响评价 咨询和透明度 但是, 中国政府至今仍然没有给予任何的回应 建议 : 1) 中国公司在缅甸的时候, 至少需要遵守中国和国际的环境与社会标准 2) 应该在每一个水坝进行环境评估报告和规划环境影响评价, 包括分析每一条河的多个水坝对环境所造成的累积影响 3) 应该和受影响的人民商量, 而且, 应该公开建造水坝的计划 水坝的名单 水坝的名字 河流 邦 ( 地方 ) Myitsone Irrawaddy River Kachin State Chibwe, Pashin, Lakin, & N'Mai River Kachin State Phizaw Laiza & Khaunglanphu Mali River Kachin State Shweli 1, 2, & 3 Shweli River Shan State Tasang & Upper Thanlwin Salween River Shan State Hatgyi, Weigyi, & Dagwin Salween River Karen State Yeywa Myitnge River Mandalay Division Lower Paunglaung Paunglaung River Mandalay Division Upper Paunglaung Paunglaung River Shan State Dapein 1 & 2 Tarping River Kachin State

10 Tel: Thailand, Tel: China Don t Buy Blood Jade from Burma Jade, usually a symbol of good luck and noble ideals, has become a curse to the people of Burma. Burmese jadeite has become a global business based on human suffering and the absence of the rule of law, and is controlled with an iron grip by Burma s military regime. Burma s regime has consolidated military control over the entire gems industry, including jadeite, by eliminating small and independent companies from mining and forcing all sales to go through national auctions held by official government ministries in Rangoon. Gems are now Burma s third largest export and provide the regime with an important source foreign currency Much of this cash comes from China, which has recently seen a dramatic rise in demand for Burmese jadeite due to its overall economic growth. 90 percent of Jade in China is originally from Burma. Jadeite is currently produced in ways that cause significant threats to the human rights and environmental security of the people living in Kachin State. Land confiscation and forced relocation are commonplace and improper mining practices lead to frequent landslides, floods and other environmental damage. Mining company bosses and local authorities are complicit in a thriving local trade in drugs, which coupled with a substantial sex industry, has led to a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic that has spilled over the border into China. Therefore we, the Kachin Development Networking Group, recommend: To consumers around the world: not to buy and use Blood Jade from Burma. To governments and international agencies: to raise concerns with Burma s military regime at every international and bi-lateral meeting about its promotion of socially and environmentally damaging resource extraction. For further information see: Contact details: kdngroup@gmail.com

11 请勿购买来自缅甸的 " 血 " 玉 玉, 本来是好运和高贵的象征, 但是却成为了缅甸人民的咒诅 缅玉成为了一个由缅甸军政府掌控, 剥削人和缺乏法治下运行的全球商业 缅甸政府通过排挤矿产业中独立的小公司, 把所有的玉石销售, 都纳入到仰光官方政府部门主持的国家拍卖中去, 以加强军队对整个玉石产业, 包括硬玉的控制 矿产业目前是缅甸第三大的出口, 为缅甸政权提供了一个很重要的外汇来源 而这些现金大部分源自中国, 近来, 因为国民经济的增长, 中国扩大了对缅玉的需求 中国 90% 的玉都是源自于缅甸的 目前, 玉石生产的过程对住在克钦邦的人的人权和环境安全造成很大的威胁 没收土地 强逼搬迁的事情经常发生, 而不适当的开采工作也会导致频繁的山体滑坡 水灾和其他的环境破坏 矿产公司老板们与当局政府串通促进毒品交易, 毒品交易又连着有形的色情行业, 这都导致了艾滋病的普遍流行, 而且艾滋病事实上已经通过边境蔓延到了中国境内 所以, 我们身为克钦邦发展网络组合的建议 致全世界的消费者 千万不要购买来自缅甸的 " 血 " 玉 致国际组织和政府 在每一个国际和双边会议上, 提高对缅甸军政府破坏社会和环境的开采工作的醒觉 欲知更多详情, 请浏览 : 请联络 :kdngroup@gmail.com

12 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy Overview BURMA: BIGGER ARMY, BIGGER SECURITY PROBLEMS In the past 20 years, Burma s military junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) has aggressively expanded its army against world and regional trends. The illogical prioritization of military spending above health, education, and local development, as well as cooperation with transnational crime syndicates have intensified the non-traditional and human security threats against the people of Burma and neighboring countries. Background, Policies, and Practices Military spending is 40% of the national budget. The SPDC allocates less than 3% of its annual budget to healthcare and education combined. Military weapons and equipment comprise more than 20% of Burma s total imports, mostly from China and Russia. The SPDC spent at least US$ 3.5 billion importing military goods from China between 1988 and 2006, including fighter jets, tanks, trucks, and artillery. India, Ukraine, Israel, North Korea, and Singapore are also suppliers. The size of the SPDC Army is around 400,000 personnel but it has no external enemies. It is Southeast Asia s second largest army and has more than doubled in size since The SPDC Army has 70,000 child soldiers - the world s highest number. The world s longest-running war: For more than 50 years, ethnic nationalities in Eastern Burma, mostly unarmed village communities, have been under attack. The SPDC Army is responsible for widespread and systematic human rights violations, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, rape and sexual violence against women, forced labor, forced relocation, extortion, land and property confiscation. The SPDC is one of the only three governments that are still using anti-personnel mines. Up to 1,500 people, most of them civilians, are killed or injured every year by landmines in Burma. Burma is one of only 13 countries that still produce landmines. Burma is the world s second largest opium producer in the world and the main methamphetamine producer in Southeast Asia. The junta relies on opium poppy cultivation (heroin) and amphetamine production for much needed revenue. Much of the amphetamine production occurs in the remote areas along the Burma/China border. China is a primary destination for heroin produced in Burma. The spread of disease directly related to injecting drug users, including HIV, are a result of Burma s heroin exports to China. In Northeast India, Burma is the main source of drugs. Methamphetamines remain the most frequently used drug in Thailand. HIV/AIDS in Burma is a generalized epidemic, with an infection rate higher than Cambodia or Thailand. According to official statistics, the current infection rate is 1.3%, but other estimates suggest it is closer to 3.5%. Approximately 40% of Burma s population is infected with tuberculosis and Burma has the highest mortality rate among patients with TB in Southeast Asia. Official rates of multi-drug resistant TB are 4%, double the Southeast Asia average. Drug resistant malaria continues to be a problem. Solutions The UN Security Council must adopt a binding resolution imposing a comprehensive arms embargo against the SPDC. The SPDC should re-prioritize its spending. Budget allocated to health and education must be increased, military expenditure should be drastically reduced. The SPDC should pursue a peaceful, long-term, crop replacement policy and cease all military and economic cooperation with drug producing syndicates. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

13 缅甸 : 军队坐大, 安全问题倍增 概述 过去 20 年, 缅甸军阀 国家和平与发展委员会 (SPDC) 通过激进手段扩张军事力量, 与世界及区域潮流背道而驰 军政府过度地把金钱挥霍在军备, 漠视卫生 教育及地方发展, 同时, 还与跨国犯罪集团勾结, 这些做法都为缅甸人民及周边国家带来了非传统及人类安全的威胁 背景 政策及实践 军事费用占国家预算案的 40% 国家和平与发展委员会全年的卫生及教育拨款, 不到总预算案的 3% 武器及军备占了缅甸入口额近 20%, 这些武器和军备多数来自中国和俄国 国家和平与发展委员会在 1998 年至 2006 年之间, 至少花了 35 亿美元从中国购入军备, 包括战斗机 坦克 卡车及大炮 供应国还包括印度 乌克兰 以色列 北韩及新加坡 国家和平与家和平与发展委员会发展委员会的军队约有 40 万名人员, 可是它们并无并无外敌外敌 这支军队可说是东南亚第二大的军队, 目前的规模是 1989 年的两倍 此外, 这支军队有 7 万名儿童军人, 数量之多位居世界第一 世界最久 尚未结束的未结束的战争 过去 50 年来, 缅甸东部的少数民族在手无寸铁的情况下频频遭受攻击 国家和平与发展委员会军队必须对广泛 有组织的人权侵犯事件包括强行逮捕 虐待 法外暗杀 强奸及性暴力对待妇女 强迫劳动及搬迁 勒索 没收土地及产业等行为, 负起责任 国家和平与发展委员会是其中三个还采用反步兵地雷的政府之一 每年至少 1500 人惨遭地雷杀害或致伤, 这些死伤者大多数是平民百姓 缅甸也是 13 个地雷生产国之一 缅甸是世界第二大鸦片生产国, 也是东南亚脱氧麻黄碱最主要的生产国 军政府的收入大多数来自鸦片 ( 海洛因 ) 及安非他命的收成 大多数安非他命产自缅中边界的偏远地区 缅甸出产的海洛因的主要运往中国, 其结果便是, 注射毒品导致一些疾病蔓延, 包括爱滋病病毒 在印度东北区, 毒品的主要来自缅甸 在泰国, 脱氧麻黄碱依然是最普及的毒品 在缅甸, 爱滋病病毒 / 爱滋病患被视为 普通传染病, 其染病率大大高于柬埔寨或泰国 官方数据显示, 目前国内爱滋病感染率为 1.3%, 但是也有一些数据显示近达 3.5%. 大约 40% 的缅甸人患有结核病, 与东南亚其它国家相比, 缅甸肝炎患者的死亡率最高 官方数据显示, 多重耐药结核的发生率达 4%, 是东南亚各国平均发生率的 2 倍 耐药疟疾也是一大难题 解决方案 : 联合国安全理事会必须采纳一项具约束力的议决案, 对国家和平与发展委员会进行经济制裁 国家和平与发展委员会应该重新检讨本身的拨款分配 卫生及教育拨款必须提高, 军备费用必须大幅度削减 国家和平与发展委员会必须追求一项和平 长期地 推动农业政策, 中止一切与毒品生产集团有关的军事及经济上的合作

14 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy Overview DEMOCRATIZATION AND PEOPLE S PARTICIPATION Various governments and Burma s pro-democracy groups have already rejected the Burmese junta s plans to hold multiparty elections in 2010 because there is no framework to ensure a free and fair process. In September 2008, Singapore FM George Yeo said the 2010 elections have "no international legitimacy". The junta has already demonstrated its unwillingness to guarantee a free and fair vote during the May 2008 constitutional referendum. It ensured the charter was adopted by forcing citizens to vote yes. Campaigning for a no vote was prohibited and opponents of the constitution were subjected to threats, harassment, and arrest. Censorship, coercion, and exclusion dominated the drafting of the constitution which guarantees military control over Burma s governance. Burma s largest pro-democracy party, the National League for Democracy (NLD) has urged the SPDC to set up a committee to review the constitution. Similarly, the UN has called for an inclusive, participatory, and transparent process to be implemented before Background, Policies, and Practices Burma has been ruled by successive military regimes since the popularly elected government was toppled in In 1990, the NLD, led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, won over 80% of parliamentary seats in a multi-party election. The military junta refused to hand over power. The SPDC prevents its citizens from any participation in the democratic process. It denies freedom of assembly, expression, and information. It routinely harasses, threatens, arrests, and imprisons dissidents, activists, and journalists. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and other leaders of pro-democracy and ethnic parties remain under detention. Seventeen elected MPs are detained, along with over 2,000 political prisoners. The military regime plays a pervasive role in Burma s politics. The junta ensures the presence of military and USDA personnel in key administration posts at the central and local level. The junta dominates and controls key civil society organizations. Junta-backed mass civil society and paramilitary organizations represent and mobilize military interests within the society at the state, division, township, village, and ward levels. The Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) is the most tangible example of a juntasponsored organization. High ranking SPDC members are patrons, secretaries, and members of the USDA s Central Executive Committee. The USDA will likely play a large role in the SPDC s 2010 elections. The junta is expected to use the USDA as a political party to take the parliamentary seats not reserved for the Army. Ceasefire agreements between the regime and various ethnic groups led to increased militari-zation and unchecked exploitation of natural resources in ethnic areas. The regime s so-called infrastructure and development projects have had a disastrous impact on ethnic nationalities. In September 2007, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao expressed hopes that stability, national recon-ciliation, and democracy would be achieved in Burma as soon as possible through peaceful means. The SPDC ignored his appeal and instead increased repression and instability in the country. Solutions Release all political prisoners. End the political persecution of activists and the aggression of civilians in ethnic areas. Time-bound and meaningful dialogue between SPDC, pro-democracy forces, and ethnic groups. Review of the constitution through an inclusive, participatory, and transparent mechanism. Establishment of a legal and political framework that leads to free and fair elections, which includes accepting UN technical assistance and international elections observers. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

15 民主化及民众的参与 概述 缅甸军方领导人拟在 2010 年主办多党制选举, 然而, 许多个国家政府及缅甸民主派组织已经拒绝这项计划, 因为, 没有任何详细的宪法内容能够保障一次自由及公平的选举 2008 年 9 月新加坡外交部长杨荣文说, 缅甸 2010 年的选举 不具国际合法地位 军方领导人已经于 2008 年的宪法公投中, 暴露了他们根本不愿意保障一个自由及公平的选举 为了通过新宪法, 有关当局强迫选民只能投赞成票, 他们禁止反对人士游说选民投反对票的活动, 反对制宪的人士也遭受威胁 恐吓及逮捕 当局通过审查 高压及排斥手段主导整个制宪过程, 以让军方在新宪法下继续持有缅甸的统治权 缅甸最大的民主派政党 全国民主联盟 (NLD) 曾经促请缅甸军政权国家和平和发展委员会 (SPDC) 成立一个重新检讨宪法的委员会 无独有偶, 联合国也促请缅甸政府在 2010 年之前, 落实一个更具包容性 参与性及透明的民主程序 背景 政策及实践 持继不断的军权统治 自从 1962 年缅甸的民选政府被推翻后, 缅甸便由军方统治 1990 年, 由昂山素枝领导的全国民主联盟在多党选举中, 赢得 80% 的国会议席 军方仍然拒绝交出政权 国家和平和发展委员会 (SPDC SPDC) 千方百计阻止民众参与民主进程计阻止民众参与民主进程 上述委员会剥夺了人民集会的自由 言论自由及知情权 它也经常威胁 恐吓 逮捕及囚禁异议分子 社运分子及新闻从业员 昂山素枝 其他民主派领袖及少数民主政党目前仍被扣留其他民主派领袖及少数民主政党目前仍被扣留 目前, 缅甸共有 17 位民选国会议员以及超过 2000 名政治犯被扣留 军权渗透缅甸政治 军方在中央及地方上安置军方人员及团结发展协会 (USDA) 的成员担任重要行政人员 大多数公民社会皆由军方资助 军方成立大批民间组织, 以表现缅甸社会支持军方, 同时也争取社会支持度 具军方背景的公民社会 准军事组织渗透缅甸各个社会群体, 包括州 部门 县 村及选区 团结发展协会 (USDA) 是最典型的军方资助组织 身居高职的国家和平和发展委员会 ( SPDC) 成员皆为权贵 秘书及团结发展协会 (USDA) 中央执行委员会的成员 团结发展协会将夫在 2010 年的选举中, 扮演举足轻重的角色 预料军政府将利用团结发展协会, 做为一个政党, 以夺取那些 非军方保留席 的国会议席 停战协议 各个区域及少数族群间的停战协议已经导致军事化加深, 在少数民族地区, 天然 资源遭无止境地滥采乱伐 军方所谓的基础建设及发展项目, 往往为少数民族带来灾难性的影响 2007 年 9 月, 中国总理温家宝表达了他殷切地希望缅甸能够通过和平手段, 尽快恢复局势稳定, 促进内部和解, 实现民主与发展 然而, 国家和平和发展委员会并不理会温家宝的诉求, 相反地, 国内镇压行动及不稳定局势日趋严重 解决方案 释放所有政治扣留者 结束对社运分子的迫害及在少数民族地区对平民的压迫 在国家和平和发展委员会 (SPDC) 民主派人士及少数民族群体之间开展可实现 有意义的对话 采纳具包容性 参与性及透明的机制, 重新检讨宪法 创建法制及政治框架, 迈向自由及公平的选举, 包括接受联合国的技术援助及国际观察员

16 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy DECENT WORK, LABOR RIGHTS, AND PROTECTION Overview The people of Burma have been denied rights that promote or create decent work and protection on the job. Burma s military regime, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) publishes no statistical information on labor and employment conditions in Burma. The SPDC s violations of fundamental rights established by the International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions on Forced Labor and Freedom of Association have been well documented. Background, Policies, and Practices Despite having ratified the (ILO) Convention 29 on Forced Labor, the SPDC engages in systematic forced labor abuses. The regime is also in breach of its own law (Order 1/99) which prohibits forced labor. The forced labor situation in Burma has not improved since the ILO first addressed the issue in November The regime forces civilians, including women, children and the elderly, to serve as military porters, act as human mine detectors, and work on infrastructure projects involving the construction of roads, dams, railroads, and military barracks with little or no pay. Reporting forced labor practices has resulted in the persecution, arrest, and the detention of the complaining party. SPDC imprisoned labor activists Su Su Nway and Thet Wei for reporting on forced labor activities or assisting others to report forced labor activities to the ILO. The junta ignores it obligations under the ILO Conventions on Freedom of Association. The SPDC has failed to establish any statutory framework for the protection and security of its labor force. The minimum age for working is 13. Children work in the informal sector, in family businesses, in forced labor on junta-sponsored infrastructure projects, and as child sex workers. The SPDC Army forcibly recruits children to work as soldiers and porters. Burma has 70,000 child soldiers, the highest number in the world. Poverty in Burma is pervasive and severe, and with the recent rise in the price of key commodities in the country (the trigger for the September 2007 demonstrations), survival is becoming more and more difficult. A United Nations Development Program (UNDP) survey showed that 95% of the population live on less than US$1.00 a day and that 90% live on less than US$0.65 a day. Solutions The SPDC must adhere to the ILO Conventions on Freedom of Association and Forced Labor. The SPDC must end child labor and the forced recruitment of child soldiers. Through a democratically elected parliament, laws must be passed to establish minimum standards for wages and working conditions. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

17 正职 劳工的权利及保障 概述 缅甸人民生活在一个毫不关注提倡或创造正当工作 毫无工作保障可言的社会里 缅甸军政权, 国家和平与发展委员会 (SPDC) 从未发布任何有关劳工及就业状况的统计数据 上述委员会违反国际劳工组织 (ILO) 公约所列明的劳工基本权利的事情, 包括 强迫劳动 及 结社自由 皆被详细记录在案 背景 政策及实践 尽管缅甸已经签署签署认可国际劳工组织的强迫劳动公约 ( 第 29 号 ), 国家和平与发展委员会还是涉及制度性的强迫劳动做法 它也违反了本身禁止强迫劳动的法律 (1/99 条文 ) 自 2000 年 11 月国际劳工组织首次提出这项问题以来, 缅甸的强迫劳工现象并未获得改善 军政权强迫平民, 包括妇女 孩子及老人, 担任军队守卫 地雷侦察员, 同时也参与基础设施的建筑工作, 包括铺路 造坝 筑铁路及建造军营, 他们所得薪酬极少甚至无薪 有关强迫劳动的举报, 却使到举报者遭迫害 逮捕及扣留逮捕及扣留 上述委员会囚禁劳工社运分子素素薇及迪威, 他们将强迫劳动的活动或协助别人向国际劳工组织投报 军阀不理会它在国际劳工组织公约底下关于结社算帐的义务 国家和平与发展委员会无法成立任何法定机构, 保护及保障缅甸劳工 最年轻的劳动年龄是 13 岁 儿童在非正式领域工作, 比如家庭生意 被迫成为军权资助的基础建设的强迫劳工, 以及成为儿童性工作者 国家和平与发展委员会的军队征招儿招儿童成为士兵及守卫童成为士兵及守卫 缅甸共有 7 万名儿童士兵, 高居世界首位 缅甸的贫穷问题普遍及严重 随着国内必需品价格上涨 (2007 年 9 月示威的导火线 ), 生存问题越来越棘手 联合国发展计划 (UNDP) 的调查显示,95% 的缅甸人口, 每日收入少过 1 美元,90% 的人口每天收入少过 0.65 美元 解决方案 国家和平与发展委员会必须遵守国际劳工组织的结社自由及强迫劳动公约 国家和平与发展委员会必须停止雇用童工 征招儿童为士兵 通过经历民主选举选出的国会, 立法设定最低薪金的标准及工作条件

18 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy BURMESE MIGRANT WORKERS Overview More than 2.8 million Burmese are migrants in Asia. Most of them are undocumented. Armed conflict and economic oppression are push factors, while regional demand for low-skilled and low-wage workers has been a pull factor. Gross economic mismanagement, state-sanctioned extortion, and systematic corruption have made it almost impossible for small and medium enterprise and agriculture to continue operating within the formal economy. A significant proportion of families now depend on remittances from migrants as their main source of income. Background, Policies, and Practices Migrant Labor from Burma by Country* Thailand 2,000,000 Malaysia 750,000 Japan 10,000 India 50,000 Bangladesh 20,000 Singapore 60,000 *Includes documented & undocumented workers The SPDC Army has destroyed over 3,000 villages since Ethnic nationalities living in conflict zones, particularly in Eastern Burma, are forced to flee their homes and villages. Gross economic mismanagement, state-sanctioned extortion, unbridled taxation, cronyism, and corruption have decimated small and medium enterprises as well as local agriculture the largest source of employment outside of the army. Rampant inflation, fed by local fuel prices hikes of up to 900% in 2005 and 500% in 2007 are another factor. Insufficient salaries have forced even soldiers to desert the army and seek employment in neighboring countries. Many people fleeing human rights violations are not recognized as refugees by Burma s neighboring countries. The refusal of host countries to ratify the UN Refugee Convention makes it difficult to obtain refuges status or resettle, forcing many asylum seekers to live and work without official documentation. In Western Burma, the regime denies Muslim Rohingya citizenship, and further subjects them to travel restrictions, forced relocation, extortion, and arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. Rohingya flee to Bangladesh where they are denied the right to work. From there, many board un-seaworthy vessels and attempt to migrate to Malaysia. The regime s restrictions on freedom of movement force those wanting to seek work abroad to rely on human smugglers. This increases Burmese migrant workers vulnerability to trafficking and exploitation. They frequently go into debt to pay for safe passage, only to be sold by traffickers and involuntarily assigned to work, including sex work. Undocumented migrant workers from Burma have no legal protection in host countries. Many, especially women, are employed in conditions that are dirty, dangerous, and difficult. Children are subject to the worst forms of child labor. Migrant workers are often abused by their employers including excessive working hours without holiday entitlements, underpayment, withholding of pay, violence, and restrictions on their freedom of movement. Solutions The regime must end military aggression and human rights abuses against ethnic populations. The international community must end engagement in projects that employ forced labor and evict indigenous peoples from their land. Strengthened legislation should compel or place heavy pressure on businesses to divest from such projects in Burma. Destination countries must ratify the UN Refugee Convention and the UN Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

19 缅甸外劳 概述 在亚洲, 超过 280 万名缅甸人迁移散居各地 他们当中大部分是无证件者他们当中大部分是无证件者 武装冲突及经济压迫导致许多缅甸人出走, 当然, 亚洲区域对于低技术 低工资劳工的渴求也是一股牵引力 整体经济管理不当 国家默认的勒索以及制度性的贪污, 使到中小型企业及企业几乎不可能在正常的经济里运作 目前, 绝大多数的家庭依赖缅甸外劳的汇款为主要经济来源 背景 政策及实践 自 1996 年开始, 国家和平与发展委员会的军队就摧毁了超过 3000 多个村庄 那些居住在冲突区, 尤其是东缅甸的少数民族, 被迫离乡背井, 远走他乡 整体经济管理不当 国家默许的国家默许的勒索勒索 高额税收高额税收 裙带关系及贪污, 已经拖跨了国内中小型企业及农业, 这些领域提供军队以外的绝大部分就业机会 猖獗的贪污, 加上本地油价在 2005 年及 2007 年分别飙升至 900% 及 500% 是另一个因素 由于薪金太低, 甚至导致士兵潜逃离开, 到邻国寻找就业机会 很多人权受侵犯而逃出缅甸的人民却不被缅甸的周边国家承认为难民 由于上述国家拒绝签署和批准联合国难民公约, 导致这些缅甸人更加不容易获得难民的身份或重新定居, 他们被迫在没有官方证件的情况下生活及工作 在西缅甸, 军政府拒绝授予拒绝授予信奉信奉回教回教的罗兴亚人公民权, 并且限制他们的行踪 强迫他们迁徒 勒索 独断的逮捕及监禁 受压迫的罗兴亚人只好逃亡到孟加拉, 但是他们却没有权利在当地工作 因此, 他们登上经不起风浪的船只, 千方百计逃到马来西亚 军政府限制行动自由, 迫使那些想到求职的缅甸人通过人口走私集团到逃到国外 这种方式增加了缅甸外劳被贩卖及剥削的机会 他们不惜债台高筑换取成功出国的保障, 却常常落入人口贩卖集团手中, 被迫从事各种各样的工作, 包括性工作 无证件的缅甸外劳无法在栖在栖身国获得合法的保障艰难的环境中工作 儿童也不幸地成为工作最苦的童工 外劳常遭雇主虐待, 包括必须超时工作 不享有假期 工资不足 工资被扣押 暴力 行动自由受限 解决方案 泰泰马来来马日日印印孟孟孟新孟新 各各各缅各缅各 * 包包包证包包包证包包证包 2,000, ,000 10,000 50,000 20,000 60,000 获得合法的保障 许多外劳, 尤其是妇女, 在肮脏 危险及 军政府必须结束争对少数民族的军事镇压及人权迫害 国际社会必须坚持不涉及那些将会强迫雇用劳工及迫使原住民被驱逐出家园的工程 有关方面应该加强立法, 迫使或向类似工程施压, 要他们撤出缅甸 难民的目的国必须签署和批准 联合国难民公约, 以及 联合国保护所有移徏工人及其家人成员权利公约

20 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy Background FOOD SECURITY IN BURMA Despite once being considered the rice bowl of the region and producing half the world s internationally traded rice, in 2008 the people of Burma are hungry and impoverished. While Burma still produces rice surpluses, approximately five million people, or around 10% of the population, are suffering from malnutrition. The number of people in Burma living under the poverty line increased from 23% to 32% between 1997 and By 2007, 90% were living on less than $1 per day. 60% 50% 40% Consumer Price Inflation Ordinary people can no longer afford to pay for basic food items. With 20% 10% state-imposed fuel price hikes in 2007, inflation rose to a crippling 50%. 0% This was up from an already staggering 20% in After cyclone Nargis, the price of rice more than doubled. The regime has been increasing forced plantation of cash crops and jatropha for biofuel. Food insecurity increases Burmese vulnerability to transnational crime, trafficking, and irregular migration. Policies and practices Unfair burden of official taxes and state-sanctioned extortion. Burma is ranked as the third most economically repressed country in the world, and the second most corrupt. Successful small and medium enterprises are nationalized or taxed into bankruptcy. Under the military s self-reliance policy, troops force local communities to grow food for their needs, leaving less time and land for subsistence agriculture. In addition, rice farmers are forced to sell their crops at below-market prices to the military. Communities have been forced to grow physic nut (jatropha) crops for biodiesel fuel for which there is no market. This development has worsened the burden of commercial plantations run by military commanders that use forced or underpaid labor. The SPDC s aggressive expansion of export-oriented food production ventures has had serious environmental and human impacts, especially in the low-lying coastal areas. Forced labor for infrastructure projects take farmers away from their fields at harvest time. SPDC restricts domestic trade in essential commodities and exports food while children die of malnutrition. Obstructing the delivery of relief supplies and hindering humanitarian aid efforts. In the first two months following cyclone Nargis, the regime pocketed 15% of aid dollars spent in the country. The SPDC s refusal to commit to disaster preparedness measures undermined food security in vulnerable areas such as the Irrawaddy Delta, which had been previously hit by the 2004 tsunami and other cyclones. The SPDC Army s occupation, burning, and land-mining of paddy fields in Eastern Burma put 25,000 people under imminent threat of starvation and displaced 76,000 people in These communities have not been able to grow rice for nearly 3 years. Solutions Exert diplomatic and political pressure on the regime to end forced labor and restrictions on the trade of rice and essential commodities. Implement sanctions to end investment in projects that employ forced labor and evict indigenous peoples from their land. Strengthen legislation could compel or place heavy pressure on businesses to divest from projects in Burma. Increase assistance to border-based and displaced communities. 30% P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

21 缅甸的粮食安全问题 背景 虽然曾经被称为米仓, 并且提供国际上一半的稻米交易量,2008 年的缅面人却必须面对饥饿和贫困 虽然缅甸稻米生产依然过剩, 将近五百万人 约 10% 的缅甸人口 依然面对了影响不良的问题 从 1997 年到 2001 年, 缅甸贫穷人口从 23% 成长为 32% 在 2007 年,90% 的人口一天生活费不到 1 美金 一般人已经无法支付基本的食物需求 在 2007 年政府拉抬燃料价格之后, 通货膨胀高达 50%, 而这又伴随了 2006 年 20% 的通货膨胀 在纳吉斯 (Nargis) 热带气旋侵袭缅甸之后, 稻米价格攀升至两倍以上 由于粮食安全危机, 让缅甸人民很容易在跨国犯罪 非法交易及非法移民的影响下受到伤害 政策与实务 不公平的税赋及国家支持的勒索, 缅甸名列世界经济发展程度倒数第三 腐败程度第二的国家 成功的中小企业被国有化, 或是被课税以致于破产 在军政府 自给自足 的政策下, 人民被强迫付出劳动力和耕地以生产军方所需之粮食, 因此维持生计更加不易 另外, 军方亦强制以低于市场的价格向稻农收购谷物 这种由军政府所经营的商业化农业向来使用强迫劳动 ( 或是给予极低廉的酬劳 ), 而麻疯树的种植更是雪上加霜 国家和平及发展委员会以侵略式的方式扩张食物生产企业的发展, 造成在沿海低洼地区对于环境及人类的严重冲击 军政府强迫劳工进行公共建设, 因而使人们在收割时期无法在农地上工作 限制重要商品的贸易, 即使儿童死于营养不良依然坚持粮食的出口 阻碍人道救援的输送, 在纳吉斯风灾袭击后的前两个月, 军政府仅只有 15% 的国家预算花在援助工作 国家和平及发展委员会拒绝采取防灾措施, 也造成某些面对灾害较为脆弱的地区被须面对粮食危机, 例如曾经在 2004 年被海啸与其它气旋袭击过的伊洛瓦底江三角洲 因为军政府的军队在东缅甸的占领 轰炸, 并在耕地上布雷, 让 25,000 人暴露于潜在的粮食危机中, 并且在 2007 年迫使 76,000 人成为流离失所的难民 这些地区在军队的攻击下已经将近三年无法种植粮食 解决方案 从外交及政治上对缅甸政府施压, 以终结强迫劳动及稻米和重要商品贸易的限制 施加制裁以终止造成强迫劳动及强迫征收土地财产的投资计划, 加强立法直接或间接阻止企业在缅甸进行投资 增加对于边境难民社群的援助

22 Λ L T S E Λ N B U R M A A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS Background HIV/AIDS in Burma is a generalized epidemic, with a higher infection rate than India. Official statistics say the current infection rate is 1.3%, but other estimates put it closer to 3.5%. Young adults and pregnant women have particularly high rates of infection. The ratio of men to women infected with HIV/AIDS has gone from 12:1 in the early 1990s to 3:1. Areas bordering China, India, and Thailand have even higher rates of infection, exacerbated by drug and human trafficking, threatening regional human security. 1 in 3 sex workers (34%) and almost 1 in 2 (43%) of injecting drug users are HIV positive. Policies and practice The SPDC has demanded large amounts of foreign aid for HIV/AIDS programs, however it has refused to maintain basic health and education infrastructure which are essential prerequisites. Instead, it diverts 40% of public funds into the military. It has also outlawed groups and individuals who worked with affected communities. The regime invests a paltry $38 per person per year on health, compared to China s $277. In 2005, the junta spent US$137,000 on HIV, less than half of US$0.01 per person. Where public health clinics do exist, patients are charged exorbitant fees, and antiretroviral drugs often run out or are expired. The growing trade in counterfeit medicines is leading to drug resistance in opportunistic infections, especially multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Police criminalize harm reduction, harassing sex workers with condoms and injecting drug users with clean needles. The regime has failed to educate people on how to protect themselves, and failed to address stigmatization. 50% of adults do not know how to protect themselves. Without adequate healthcare services, individuals have established private clinics and developed partnerships with monasteries and international aid agencies. However, the regime has closed these programs down and arrested people involved, including patients: The regime has closed down local outreach programs promoting safe sex and clean needles, prevented food deliveries to thousands of HIV/AIDS patients, and restricted the activities of international NGOs. Activities of INGOs that tried to protect confidentiality of HIV/AIDS patients were outlawed. HIV/AIDS campaigner Phyu Phyu Thin, her colleagues and other health workers have been threatened and arrested. Maggin Monastery in Rangoon Division, known for providing assistance to people with HIV, was raided four times during the September 2007 Saffron Revolution and closed down. Monks were arrested and patients were transferred to public hospitals. Two later died. Solutions Call on the regime to make genuine commitments to addressing HIV/AIDS and related matters by increasing health and education budgets in real terms. Exert pressure on the regime to halt the political targeting of people living with HIV/AIDS and their carers, and allow HIV/AIDS community-based programs to operate. Insist that the regime remove harsh restrictions on UN agencies, INGOs and domestic community groups working to improve health and education in the Burma. Foreign and local aid workers must be allowed to travel within the country, including to ethnic nationality areas. P O BOX 296, LARDPRAO POST OFFICE, BANGKOK 10310, THAILAND TEL [6681] publications@altsean.org WEB

23 保护生活在爱滋威胁下人民的权利 背景 后天性免疫不全症候群 ( 俗称艾滋病 ) 在缅甸所造成的威胁已超越了印度, 官方所统计的感染人口为 1.3%, 然而其它消息指出该数据可能接近 3.5% 年纪较轻的成年人与孕妇之爱滋感染率特别高, 统计数据并显示出在 1990 年代初期男女染病比例为 12 比 1, 至今已为 3 比 1 以地域性而言, 中国 印度 泰国周边地区的爱滋感染率特别高, 再加上非法毒品及人口交易, 人身安全受到严重威胁 三分之一的劳工 (34%) 以及将近二分之一的注射毒品使用者 (43%) 在检验中对艾滋病呈现阳性反应 政策与实务 国家和平及发展委员会 (SPDC) 向国际请求大量援助以因应艾滋病的威胁, 然而该委员会却始终拒绝修缮最首要 基本的基础医疗及教育设施, 反而将 40% 的国家经费投入军事发展 SPDC 同时也在法律上禁止个人及团体协助被爱滋侵袭的社群 为了促进医疗发展, 中国每年在一位国民身上投资美金 277 元, 而相较之下缅甸政权每年仅投入了美金 38 元 2005 年, 该军事政权花费美金 137,000 来因应艾滋病的威胁, 平均下来一个人分不到美金 元 在有诊所地区, 病人被收取过高的费用, 而抗逆转录病毒药物 ( 目前医学界用来治疗艾滋病的药物 ) 经常不足或是已经过期 使用仿造的药物也造成了抗药性 / 伺机性感染, 尤其是抗药性肺结核 警方藉由实际的作为以减少伤害, 要求性工作者携带保险套, 并使用干净的针头这射毒品 缅甸政府没有教育人们如何保护自己, 也没有试图洗雪污名 有 50% 的成年人根本不了解如何去保护自己免于艾滋病的感染 没有适当的医疗服务, 个人只能设置私立诊所, 并且和修道院或国际教援组织建立合作关系 然而, 政府总是阻挠类似的行为, 并逮捕相关人士, 甚至包括病人 该政府关闭了当地提供安全性行为及干净针头的设施, 并阻止人们提供食物给数以千计的爱滋患者, 更限制国际非政府机构的行动 然而该政府明令禁止国际非政府机构保护爱滋患者的姓名免于外泄的企图 爱滋斗士 Phyu Phyu Thin 与同事及其它医疗工作者都遭受威胁和逮捕 Maggin 修道院仰光分院以提供艾滋病患援助著名, 在 2007 年 9 月的番红花革命中遭受四次掠夺并被关闭 僧侣们被逮捕, 病患被转送到公立医院 两位病患不久后死亡 解决方案 要求缅甸政府给予诚恳的答复以面对艾滋病的威胁, 并针对该问题增加医疗及教育预算 努力于外交和政治上对缅甸政府施加压力, 以中止其在政治上将苗头对准艾滋病患及相关医疗工作者, 并寄望缅甸政府准许针对爱滋小区的医疗工作之推行 坚决要求缅甸政府解除对推行医疗及教育之联合国机构 国际非政府机构及国内团体的严厉限制, 这其中包括了允许本地及外国医疗工作者通行全国 包括少数民族地区

24 Kachin Women's Association-Thailand (KWAT) TRAFFICKING OF KACHIN WOMEN TO CHINA: THE NEED TO ADDRESS THE ROOT CAUSES Increasing numbers of women trafficked from Burma to China KWAT has documented growing numbers of Kachin women and girls being trafficked from Burma to China. In 2005, KWAT published a report of 63 trafficking cases; in 2008 KWAT published a report of a further 133 cases. The most common purpose of trafficking is to be forced brides; women described being shown to many men, sometimes in marketplaces, before being chosen as brides. The husbands, predominantly farmers, paid an average of US$1,900 for their brides. Many women and girls have disappeared in China. The Burmese military regime s 2005 anti-trafficking law is failing to curb the trafficking problem, and is failing to protect the rights of trafficked women. Root causes of the trafficking problem More and more Kachin are being forced to migrate to China in search of work due to deteriorating political and economic conditions inside Burma. The Burmese military regime has continued to authorize and profit from largescale extraction (mainly by Chinese companies) of local natural resources, including timber, jade, gold and hydropower in Kachin State. Local people receive no benefits, but suffer land confiscation, forced relocation, environmental degradation and human rights abuses. Negligible state spending on health and education means people are denied access to basic services. Recommendations To China: To exert political and economic influence on the Burmese military regime to begin a process of political reform that will enable China s future relations with Burma to contribute to stability and sustainable, equitable development in Burma, and help prevent social problems such as human trafficking which are impacting China. To ensure that women and girls who have been trafficked to China have access to effective assistance programs that protect and promote their human rights. To international agencies: To look holistically at the trafficking problem in Burma and not be complicit in any efforts by the regime to further abuse people s rights under the guise of preventing trafficking.

25 INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN BURMA Asia Sentinel (29 Feb 08) A Big-time Burmese Drug Trafficker s Singaporean Connection Heritage Foundation (Jan 06) Index of Economic Freedom Irrawaddy (01 Sep 08) Brussels Baulks at Asean FTA Deal Because of Burma Irrawaddy (Dec 07) Faces of 2007 Irrawaddy (20 Jul 07) Salween Dam Development Hindered by Engineers Fears Irrawaddy (Jul 00) Burmese Tycoons Part II Kachin Network Development Group (Oct 07) Damning the Irrawaddy Mon Youth Progressive Organization (08 May 07) In the balance Reuters (25 Sep 07) FACTBOX: What's behind Myanmar's painful oil and gas price rise? Salween Watch (Dec 07) Under the boot Singapore Window (23 Nov 05) Singapore s hand in Golden Triangle Telegraph (UK) (25 May 08) Myanmar cyclone: Drug lord crony will profit Transparency International (2007) 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index UNESCAP (Nov 07) Ten as One: Challenges and Opportunities for ASEAN Integration BIGGER ARMY, BIGGER SECURITY PROBLEMS AP (13 Oct 07) Despite poor human rights record, Myanmar easily finds foreign suppliers for its military Andrew Selth (2002) Burma s armed forces: power without glory Asia Times (04 Nov 06) Myanmar, the world's landmine capital Beyrer, Suwanvanichkij, Mullany, Richards, Franck, Samuels and Lee (Oct 06) Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and emerging infectious diseases in Burma Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (Mar 06) International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2006 Global Fund (2006) Portfolio of grants in Myanmar HRW (18 Oct 02) Burma: World's Highest Number of Child Soldiers HRW (10 Oct 07) Burma: Security Council Should Impose Arms Embargo Irrawaddy (08 Mar 06) A Growing Tatmadaw UNODC, World Drug Report 2006 [Chapter and ] UNAIDS/WHO Global HIV/AIDS Online Database DEMOCRATIZATION AND PEOPLE S PARTICIPATION AP (22 Sep 08) Myanmar opposition wants review of constitution Irrawaddy (22 Sept 08) Taking a deep breath NYT (30 Sep 07) U.N. Envoy Brings Appeal for Restraint to Myanmar Reuters (29 Sep 08) UN aims to keep world focus on Myanmar DECENT WORK, LABOR RIGHTS, AND PROTECTION HRW (2002) My Gun Was as Tall as Me International Labor Conference Provisional Record 97th Session (13 Jun 08) Special sitting to examine developments concerning the question of the observance by the Government of Myanmar of the Forced Labor Convention, 1930 (No. 29) ITUC (22 Sep 08) Burma: Two Years Hard labour sentence for Burmese labour activist US State Dept (Mar 08) Human Rights Practices: Burma WLB (Nov 07) Courage to resist BURMESE MIGRANT WORKERS Amnesty International (19 May 04) The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied AP (15 Aug 07) Myanmar's Junta Imposes a 100 Percent Fuel Hike BBC News (19 Oct 05) Burma ups petrol prices nine-fold Christian Solidarity Worldwide (Aug 07) A people at the brink of extermination TBBC (Nov 07) Internal displacement in Eastern Burma FOOD SECURITY IN BURMA Altsean-Burma (May 08) Burma Bulletin: Issue 17 and 19 AP (20 Oct 04) 10 Best and Worst in Global Corruption Survey Asian Tribune (26 Jun 07) 25,000 face starvation appeal made for regional and international action of human rights abuses perpetrated in Burma Chinland Guardian (09 July 08) Severe food shortage looms over Burma s Chin State EIU (Dec 07) Country Report: Myanmar (Burma) Ethnic Community Development Forum (May 08) Biofuel by decree Far Eastern Economic Review (07 Jul 98) Creaking to a halt VG Kularni Heritage Foundation (Jan 06) Index of Economic Freedom HRW (10 Oct 07) Burma: Security Council Should Impose Arms Embargo International Crisis Group (08 Dec 06) Myanmar: New Threats to Humanitarian Aid Irrawaddy (30 Jul 08) UN s lost aid may be tip of the iceberg Irrawaddy (05 Aug 05) UN warns of humanitarian crisis in Burma Khonumtung News (21 Mar 2008) Starvations stares Chin people in the face Mizzima News (04 Apr 2008) Government corruption fuels famine in Chin State Transparency International (Sep 08) Corruption Perceptions Index VOA (09 Jan 08) Burma s control of the transportation system causes millions to go hungry PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS AFP (23 Nov 04) Asia at critical stage of AIDS battle as infections top eight million: UN Australian (31 Mar 08) Burma stops aid for HIV victims Beyrer, Suwanvanichkij, Mullany, Richards, Franck, Samuels and Lee (Oct 06) Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and emerging infectious diseases in Burma Human Rights Center, U of Cal, Berkely (July 07) The Gathering Storm: Infectious Diseases and Human Rights in Burma HRW (10 Oct 07) Burma: Security Council Should Impose Arms Embargo IMNA (12 Jul 07) ARV drugs need to be priced lower in Burma Irrawaddy (26 Mar 08) Regime restricts more NGO activities Irrawaddy (9 Oct 07) Monastery raided for fourth time in Rangoon Irrawaddy (2 Jul 07) A brave, caring woman now also needs help Luke Talikowski and Sue Gillieatt (20 Sep 05) Female sex work in Yangoon, Myanmar Times (UK) (29 Mar 08) Ban by junta puts lives of HIV patients at risk in Burma UNAIDS/WHO Global HIV/AIDS Online Database UNAIDS/WHO (Mar 08) Asia: AIDS Epidemic Regional Summary UNDP (Nov 07) Human development report