目录 第一讲 : 定语从句第二讲 : 名词性从句第三讲 : 状语从句第四讲 : 虚拟语气第五讲 : 英语时态和语态第六讲 : 形容词与副词第七讲 : 倒装与强调第八讲 : 非谓语动词附录 : 历年真题长难句分类理解 电话 : 答疑邮箱

Transcription

1 上海华章 2014 年基础班语法讲义 主编 : 韩健 上海华章教育 咨询电话 : 网 信 址 : 箱 :service@hzmba.net 办公地址 : 上海市天津路 521 号 6 楼 内部资料 严禁翻印

2 目录 第一讲 : 定语从句第二讲 : 名词性从句第三讲 : 状语从句第四讲 : 虚拟语气第五讲 : 英语时态和语态第六讲 : 形容词与副词第七讲 : 倒装与强调第八讲 : 非谓语动词附录 : 历年真题长难句分类理解 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 1

3 第一讲定语从句 一 定语从句的概念定语从句 (Attributive Clauses) 在句中做定语, 修饰一个名词或代词, 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词 ( 关系代词或关系副词 ) 引出 关系代词有 :who, whom, whose, that, which 等 关系副词有 :when, where, why 等 问题 : 什么是定语? 定语 : 修饰名词或代词的 表示事物性质 数量等 起修饰限定作用的成分 二 定语从句的构成 例 :The woman who talked with me just now is a doctor. 例 :A girl who is named Tian niu is waiting for you. 三 关系代词与关系副词引导定语从句定语从句总是修饰一个词 ( 在非限制性定语从句中也可能修饰一个句子 ) 的, 这个词叫做 先行词, 位于其后的定语从句一般由关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as 和关系副词 when, where, why 等引导 以下说说各自的用法 : 1. 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which( 所谓关系代词, 既然是代词, 就一定在从句中指代某一成分, 即主语 宾语或定语 ) 1) 关系代词在从句中作主语 : 例 :Water is a compound which consists of hydrogen and oxygen. ( 指物 ) 2) 关系代词在从句中作宾语 : 例 :The man whom (who) you know is a famous professor. ( 指人 ) 3) 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语 : 例 :Lei Feng was a good comrade from whom we should learn. 例 :This is the pen that /which I wrote the letter with. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 2

4 4) 关系代词在从句中作定语 (whose 的用法 ) 例 :He sent me a book whose author visited our school last year. 他送我一本书, 这本书的作者去年参观了我们学校 例 :Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 例 :The woman s son is in the army. The woman is giving us a talk. The woman whose son is in the army is giving us a talk. 下划线部分为整个句子的主语 2. 关系副词 when, where, why 关系副词在句子中做状语, 也就是说它不能充当主语或宾语 运用这一规律可判断定语从句中关系代词 / 副词的选定 1) 一般当从句中主谓宾都齐全的时候, 选用关系副词 ; 2) 当从句中主语或宾语缺少的时候, 选用关系代词 3) 但是当从句中出现不及物动词时, 关键看该不及物动词后面的介词是否出现举例说明 : This is the house where he lives. This is the house which he lives in. 最好写成 This is the house in which he lives. 3. 关系代词 that 的用法 That 既可以指人, 也可以指物, 因此可与关系代词 who 和 which 替换 但以下情况必须用 that: 1) 先行词前有最高级形容词, 序数词 only, any, no, very 等时, 关系代词用 that 例 :This is the only film that I wanted to see. 2) 先行词本身为 anything, something, nothing, everything, little, much, all 等不定代词时, 关 系代词用 that 例如 :All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不都是金子 ( 莎翁名句 ) 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 3

5 3) 遇到两个先行词, 一个指人, 一个指物, 这时只能用 that. 例 :Larry spoke highly of the actor and his performance that he saw at the theater. 4) 关系代词在它引导的定语从句中作主语时则不能省略, 但如果该从句带有 there be 结 构时, 即使前面的先行词含上述条件, 关系代词 that 也往往省略 4. 关系代词 as 的用法 1) 一般来说, 先行词前有 the same, such, so, as 时, 关系代词选用 as. 例 :During our visit to Honolulu, we saw so great a Thanksgiving Day parade as nobody had ever dreamt of in our own city. 在访问火奴鲁鲁期间, 我们见到了一次城市里的人所无法想象的一次盛大的感恩节游行 You can buy as many copies of this book as you want. 这本书你要买多少本就能买多少本 2)As 作为关系代词, 还可用来指代它后面或前面的主句所表达的内容 这时 as 在所引导 的定语从句中必须承担一个语法成分, 即不是主语就是宾语 四 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别标准 : 有逗号的是非限制性定语从句, 没有逗号的是限制性定语从句 1. 何为 限制 与 非限制? 2. 指代对象? 3. 限制性定语从句可以用 that 引导 ; 非限制性定语从句不可用 that 引导 a) I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书, 这是昨天买的 b) I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书 4. 限制性定语从句中关系代词作宾语时可以省 ; 非限制性定语从句中关系代词不能省 5. 非限制性定语从句不能用 why 引导 要用 for which 代替 why 例 :I have told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们, 为此我没有去开会 6. 在非限制性定语从句中,which 的替代 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 4

6 7.which 和 as 在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别非限制性定语从句置于句首时, 不能用 which 引导 ; 非限制性定语从句由 介词 + 关系代词 引导时, 其中的关系代词不能用 as 8. 有关限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的一个经典笑话 : I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from my fellow men.( 限 ) I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellow men.( 非限 ) 五 定语从句应该注意的几个问题 1. 关系代词在从句中作主语时, 从句中的谓语动词用单数还是复数应取决于先行词 2. 当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定词组时, 不可将其拆开 例 : 六 特殊关系代词 常见错误分析 : 1. 这是我昨天买英汉词典的一家书店 误 :This is the bookshop where I bought the English-Chinese dictionary there yesterday. 2. 你拿走的那支毛笔是我的 误 :The writing-brush that you have taken it away is mine. 3. 你刚才和他握手的那个人是谁? 误 :Who s the man with who you just shook hands? 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 5

7 4. 附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船 误 :Nearby were two canoes in that they had come to the island. 5. 他把见过的人和事都忘了 误 :He forgot the persons and the things which he had seen. 6. 在这个实验室工作的那个人是位化学家 误 :The man who work in this lab is a chemist. 7. 他经常给我们讲些引人发笑的故事 误 :He often tells us stories at people laugh. 8. 这是现在我唯一能做的工作 误 :This is the only work which I can do at the moment. 9. 在显微镜下能看到的最小的生物是细菌 误 :The smallest living things which can be seen under a microscope are bacteria. 10. 这孩子不愿意告诉我们他害怕的事情 误 :The boy won t tell us the thing of which he is afraid. 11. 我知道的就是这些 误 :That s all which I know. 12. 你借给她的杂志她都看完了 误 :She has finish reading all the magazines which you lent her. 13. 如果没有空气的阻力, 重的物体和轻的物体下落后的速度是相同的 这一点现在我们都知道 误 :As we know now that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds the back. 14. 所有这些书都是他写的, 书内有美丽的图片 误 :All these books, there are beautiful pictures in, were written by him. 练习 : I 改错 1. Mr. John once told me that Beijing was the place where he had long wanted to visit. 2. Pandas, that we all know, can only be found in China. 3. Men and horses which were killed at the battle were difficult to count. 4. This is the athlete whom everyone says will win the gold medal. 5. I met Mary the other day, from who I learned that you had won the first prize in the race. 6. The new-comer who s name I don t remember, is from the north. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 6

8 7. Rice is a plant that it is planted in many parts of our country. 8. The day when she would remember forever was fine. 9. China has hundreds of islands, the largest of that is Taiwan. 10. Those that break the laws should be punished. II 用定语从句完成下列各句 1. This is the boy ( 他们正在找的 ). 2. The child, ( 他父亲是位科学家 ), is eight years old. 3. They tried to find a telescope ( 使他们能更清楚地观察星星的 ). 4. Do you remember the day ( 我们遇见的 ). 5. Great changes have taken place ( 在我们居住的城市里 ). 6. ( 他们正在看的那幅图画 ) is well painted. 7. He showed us the photos ( 他在悉尼拍的 ). 8. One day an elephant was led down the road ( 六个盲人站在那里 ). 9. I don't know the reason ( 为什么她这次考试不及格 ). 10. What do you think of the material ( 你做上衣的 )? III 多项选择 1. The place interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. which B. where C. what D. in which 2. Do you know the man? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3. This is the hotel last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4. Do you know the year the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5. That is the day I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6. The factory we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8. This is one of the best films. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9. Can you lend me the book the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10. The pen he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12. The engineer my father works is about 50 years old. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 7

9 A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13. Is there anyone in your class family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose 14. I'm interested in you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15. I want to use the same dictionary was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16. He isn't such a man he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17. He is good at English, we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18. Li Ming, to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19. I don't like as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20. He talked a lot about things and persons they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what 21. The letter is from my sister, is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 22. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 23. You're the only person I've ever met could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 24. I lost a book, I can't remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that 25. Last summer we visited the West Lake, Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what 26. I have bought such a watch was advertised on TV. A. that B. which C. as D. it 27. I can never forget the day we worked together and the day we spent together. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 28. The way he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./ 29. This is the reason he didn't come to the meeting. A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which 30. This machine, for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after 31. The reason he didn't come was he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 32. He is working hard, will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33. That is not the way I do it. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 8

10 A./ B.which C.for which D.with which 34. I have two grammars, are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 35. I want to use the same tools used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which 36. My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 37. This is the magazine I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which 38. He is not such a man would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depend on whatever promise he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that B. which C. it D. though Did you ask the guard happened? --- Yes, he told me all he knew. A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that 42. I shall never forget those years I lived on the farm with the farmers, has a great effect on my life. A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which 43. The number of the people who cars increasing. A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are 44. During the days, he worked as a servant at the Browns. A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed 45. Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn? A. that B. / C. which D. it 46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, he could see was going on inside house. A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 47. Is some German friends visited last week? A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 48. John got beaten in the game, had been expected. A. as B. that C. what D. who 49. I have bought two ballpens, writes well. A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 50. All that can be eaten eaten up. A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 9

11 第二讲名词性从句 一 名词性从句的概念和分类其语法意义相当于名词, 可分别作主句的主语 表语 宾语和同位语 由此, 名词性从句包括主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句和同位语从句 例 :What we need is more time. 例 :The question is whether the book is worth reading. 例 :Do you know who invented iphone? 例 :I heard the news that he had entered the university. 二 主语从句主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语 1. 由从属连词引导例 :That he is still alive is sheer luck. 例 :Whether it is true remains a question. 2. 由连接代词引导例 :Who was the first man to land on the moon is clear to us. 例 :Whatever measures the government adopts must be kept in conformity with the interest of the public. 3. 由连接副词引导例 :Where he is living now is unknown. 例 :When we ll leave for Shanghai has not been decided yet. 汉语的一些习惯用语的译法 1. 人们 ( 有人, 大家 ) 认为 2. 普遍 ( 一般, 通常 ) 认为 3. 有人 ( 人们, 大家 ) 相信 4. 据说 ( 有人说 ) 5. 据闻 ( 悉 ) 6. 据推测 7. 据报导 8. 必须指出 9. 可见 ( 可以看出 ) 10. 不用说 ( 谁都知道 ) 11. 不可否认 12. 人们希望 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 10

12 三 表语从句表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语 ( 表语位于联系动词后面, 说明主语的身份 特征和状态 ) 1. 由从属连词引导例 :The truth is that he has never been there. 2. 由连接代词引导 例 :Quality is what counts most. 3. 由连接副词引导例 :This is where Shakespeare once lived. 例 :This is why she got up so early this morning. 四 宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词的宾语, 也可作介词和某些形容词的宾语 1. 由从属连词引导例 :Do you know whether any decision has been made on that issue? 2. 由连接代词引导 例 :Could you tell me what you are doing now? 例 :He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class. 3. 由连接副词引导 例 :Tell me how I can get to the railway station. 1) 2) 3) 4) 五 同位语从句以从句的形式表示的同位语成为同位语从句 ( 同位语位于名词或代词后面, 进一步说明它们的性质和情况 ) 例 :Bill Clinton, the former president of America, paid a private visit to China last month. 例 :All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally. 1. 由 that 引导例 :The news that he has been murdered is not true. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 11

13 2. 由 whether 引导例 :The problem whether heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed has been solved. 1) 同位语从句在复合句中常作某些名词的同位语 :news, fact, plan, suggestion, idea, order, 2) question, truth, hope, thought, belief, doubt, fear 等 常见错误分析 : 1. 我不知道为什么她不信任我 误 :I wonder why doesn t she trust me. 2. 我想知道他是否很快会回来 误 :I want to know if he comes back soon. 3. 你知道她明天什么时候离开上海? 误 :Do you know when she leaves Shanghai tomorrow? 4. 命令下来了, 天亮以前部队必须到达山顶 误 :The order that the troops should get to the top of the mountain before the daybreak came. 5. 她说她从来没有撒过谎 误 :She said that she has never told a lie. 6. 我怀疑他是否会来 误 :I doubt that he will come. 7. 我们讨论了是否应该收下这些礼品 误 :We discussed if we should accept these gifts or not. 8. 我担心我弟弟今晚回不回家 误 :I am worried about if my younger brother will come back home this evening. 9. 她是否能和她父母住在一起, 则是另一回事了 误 :If she can stay with her parents is another matter. 10. 他的话深深地感动了我 误 :That he said moved me deeply. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 12

14 练习 : I 用名词性从句完成下列句子 1. Do you think ( 污染能制止 )? 2. I don t remember ( 他说的话 ). 3. Please tell me ( 李教授住在哪儿 ). 4. She always thinks of ( 如何为同事们多做事 ). 5. The old woman was shocked by ( 她女儿的遭遇 ). 6. We are glad ( 明年奥运会在北京举行 ). 7. I m sure ( 他们会参加这次会议 ) 8. ( 谁将担任这个重要职务 ) is still a secret. 9. It is possible ( 我们提前完成工作 ). 10. Is it true ( 他答应帮我复习功课 )? 11. ( 他上哪儿去 ) is not known yet. 12. The important thing is ( 我们怎样提高英语成绩 ). 13. My idea is ( 我们应该坚持每天锻炼身体 ). 14. That is ( 为什么他对工作严格要求 ). 15. This is ( 我要买的东西 ) 16. I m glad to hear the news ( 我父亲已成了高级工程师 ). 17. She told me her final decision ( 她将去加拿大学医 ). 18. All of us know the fact ( 月亮自己不会发光 ). 19. The Genie made a promise ( 谁把他放了, 他就让他当世界之王 ) 20. There is no doubt ( 近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题 ). 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 13

15 第三讲状语从句 一 状语从句的概念状语从句在句中作状语, 修饰主句中的动词 形容词和副词等 状语从句由各种从属连词引导 状语从句位于句首时, 从句后面一般用逗号 问题 : 什么是状语? 状语 : 修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分 二 状语从句的分类 1. 时间状语从句例 :Strike while the iron is hot. 例 :Once you begin the work, you must continue. when, as, while 的区别 : 从句的动作发生在主句动作之前, 只能用 when; 强调 一边 一边, 或 随着时间推移, 一般用 as; 表示主从句动作同时发生, 并且持续一段时间, 一般用 while 时间状语从句中谓语动词不用将来时, 用现在时或过去时代替 例 :When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 例 :Tom is listening to music as he is walking on the street. 例 :He was shopping while I met him. ( 错 ) I feel safe while I am here with you.( 对 ) 例 :I will go out for a trip after I graduate next year. till 和 until 意义相同, 后者更加强调, 故用于句首时一般用 until, 口语中多见 till 表示 一 就 的结构 hardly/scarcely when/before, no sooner than 和 as soon as 都可以表示 例 :I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 例 :I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 例 :As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 2. 地点状语从句 由从属连词 where 和 wherever 引导 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 14

16 例 :They put a couch where the chair had been. 例 :Wherever you go, you should learn from others modestly. 3. 原因状语从句由从属连词 because, as, since 等引导 例 :Don t walk fast because the road is slippery. 例 :Since you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. 4. 目的状语从句由从属连词 that, so that, in order that 等引导 例 :Speak louder that we may hear what you say. 例 :He studies hard so that he could catch up with his classmates. 5. 结果状语从句由从属连词 so that, that, so, so that, such that 等引导 例 :It was very cold, so that the river frosted. 例 :I did very well in the exam that I was praised by the teacher. 比较 :so 和 such 6. 条件状语从句由从属连词 if, unless, as long as 等引导 例 :I shall go to the park unless it rains. (= if not) 例 :As long as we follow the Party, we can overcome any difficulties. 7. 方式状语从句 由 as, just as 等引导 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 15

17 例 :Do as I say! 例 :Our bodies consist of millions of very small cells, just as a building is made of many stones and bricks. 8. 让步状语从句由从属连词 though, although, even though, even if, however, no matter who 等引导 例 :Although / Though he saved money every month, Tom could not afford the house. 例 :However hard I try, I can t finish the work in time. 例 :It is truth, whether you believe it or not. no matter what + 名词 + 主谓例 :No matter what job you do, do it well. 注意 :no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句 ( 错 )No matter what you say is of no use now. ( 对 )Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了 ( 错 )Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, ( 对 )Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么 三 状语从句中的省略 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 16

18 常见错误分析 : 1. 我打算一找到别的房屋就搬家 误 :I plan to move as soon as I will find another house. 2. 直到他回来了我才离开 误 :I left until he came back. 3. 她一进房间就打开收音机 误 :Hardly did she enter the room than she had turned on the radio. 4. 因为她受到了老师的表扬, 所以感到非常高兴 误 :Because she was praised by the teacher, so she felt very happy. 5. 虽然她单独生活, 但是很幸福 误 :Though she lives alone, but she is happy. 6. 他四处乱跑似乎是个疯子 误 :He runs about as if he is a madman, 7. 尽管他是个孩子, 但他在敌人面前不怕死 误 :A child as he was, he was not afraid of death before the enemy. 8. 他尽管很早起身, 还是没有乘上头班车 误 :However he got up early, he failed to catch the first bus. 9. 我借给他 100 元钱, 让他去看医生 误 :I lent him 100 yuan in order that he went to see a doctor. 10. 当他出去时, 我正在打扫教室 误 :While he went out, I was cleaning the classroom. 11. 这么冷的天, 我们不得不停止比赛 误 :It was so a cold day that we had to stop the game. 12. 你在办公室见到谁, 就把它交给谁 误 :Give it to no matter who you see in the office. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 17

19 练习 : I 改错 1. No sooner his mother came home than he went to the cinema. 2. She married until she was thirty. 3. No matter how hard he worked, but he still failed. 4. Because she was very weak, so she had to lie in bed. 5. I am not so strong like you. 6. You cannot reach there in time unless you will go by air. 7. The more you study, the much you know. 8. It was very cold, so that the river might freeze. 9. Ever you are successful, you should not be proud. 10. It was as all the roads were blocked that I had to go to school on foot. 从句大演练 I 多项选择 1. Why did the policeman let those boys go? He hoped they would learn from their mistake the rules in the future. A. and to obey B. and be obedient to C. and obey D. to be obedient to 2. Collecting coins was his favorite pastime, but. A. he also enjoy music listening B. listening to music also gave him great pleasure C. also listening to music D. to listen to music was enjoyed by him also 3. Molds( 霉菌 ) cannot produce their own food their nourishment from living on dead organic matter or on other living matter. A. Obtain B. obtaining C. but obtain D. is obtained 4. The teachers have had some problems deciding. A. when to the students they shall return the final papers B. when are they going to return to the students the final papers C. when they should return the final papers to the students D. the time when the final papers they should return for the students 5. I will try to finish this work. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 18

20 A. up until you can come B. before you can come C. up to the time you are able to come D. until you can come 6. Nancy hasn t begun working on her Ph. D. working on her master s. A. still because she is yet B. yet as a result she is still C. yet because she is still D. still while she is already 7. What did you hear? We heard long lecture that we were falling asleep. A. such a B. too C. So D. such 8. people depend to such a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife. A. How B. That C. Since D. Which 9. In her writing, Elinor Wylie often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than. A. as others defined it B. others definitions C. its definition by others D. it was defined by others 10. The cement and sand are first mixed thoroughly;. A. then added is the water B. then the water is added C. then the adding for water is followed D. then add the water 11. Professor James Jones is both creative. A. or intelligent B. as well as intelligent C. and has intelligence D. and intelligent 12. That English fellow s songs are very poetic. the words to the songs, but he also composes the music. A. He also writes B. Although he writes C. Not only does he write D. It is not all that he writes 13. I spent every summer on a farm. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 19

21 A. until my age was about twelve B. until I was about twelve C. up until when I was about twelve D. until twelve years old 14. Jean had not realized how long the magazine was or. A. its reading difficulty B. that it was so difficult to read C. its difficulty in reading D. how difficult it was to read 15. Speeders. A. either have to go to a school where they study traffic problems or to jail B. have either to go to a school where they study traffic problems or to jail C. has to go either to a school where they study traffic problems or to jail D. have to go either to a school where they study traffic problems or to jail 16. astrology ( 占星术 ) and alchemy ( 炼丹术 ) may be regarded as fundamental aspects of thought is indicated by their apparent universality. A. Both are B. What both C. Both D. That both 17. He was an honest man that everybody trusted him. A. so B. such C. very D. as 18. Life would be short, hope prolongs it. A. which B. but that C. that D. while 19. The king was loved by his friends, respected by his subjects, and. A. his enemies feared him B. frightened his enemies C. he scared his enemies D. feared by his enemies 20. In Scandinavian countries household goods are devised both to function well. A. and to be looking beautiful B. and to look beautiful C. and to be beautiful looking D. as well as to look beautiful 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 20

22 II 改错 1. Thoreau is remembered for his attacks on the social institutions he considered immoral but for his faith in the religious significance. 2. The Empire State Building, once America s tallest, is now surpassed by either the Sears Tower in Chicago and the World Trade Center in New York. 3. The firemen were unable to determine exactly what caused the fire, when they said that they would continue the investigation. 4. When he was a little boy, Mark Twain would walk along the piers, watch the river boats, swimming and fish in the Mississippi, much like his famous character, Tom Sawyer. 5. Few people realize that Siberia is extremely rich in natural resources, having not only oil and gas with vast reserves of coal, timber, land, and water. 6. We had arrived in the city not more than two days until we found that we needed a guide. 7. Since a nation s banks provide support for its economy, and any hint of insolvency causes great concern. 8. Scientists know very little about the drug s long-term effects, since to having been on the market for only two years. 9. Today was such beautiful day that I couldn t bring myself to complete all my chores. 10. Although the Indians lacking animals, they had the ability to cultivate plants suitable for daily use. 11. During the Middle Ages people were willing to pay a great deal for spices because disguised the bad taste of spoiled food. 12. That the natural habitats of these types of monkeys are the central and eastern forests of Africa are generally known. 13. When he will come are something that nobody understands. 14. I don t know as you can recognize her from among the big crowd. 15. Jerry will not lend you the book because he is fearful if you will forget to return it. 16. Being that the United States has a food surplus, it is hard to see why anyone in our country should be hungry. 17. Although Elizabeth likes chocolate candy and cookies very much, but she never eats them on account of her weight problem. 18. The Russians serve tea in glasses instead of cups and sweetening the beverage with a spoonful of jam or a lump of sugar. 19. Because of its strong record during earlier recessions, the mutual fund has and will continue to be attractive to small investors. 20. The historian found the reading of the ancient manuscripts to be an agreeable, not a tiresome occupation. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 21

23 第四讲虚拟语气 一 语气的种类 1. 陈述语气 2. 祈使语气 3. 虚拟语气 二 真实条件句中真实条件句用于陈述语气, 假设的情况有可能发生 句型 条件从句 一般现在时 主句 shall/will + 动词原形 祈使句 情态动词一般现在时例 :If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来, 会带小提琴来的 三 非真实条件句虚拟语气可以表示过去, 现在和将来的情况, 时态的基本特点是时态往后推移 a. 与现在事实相反的假设 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 (be 用 were) should(would) 等 + 动词原形例 :If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿, 会帮助你的 They are not here, and they can t help you. b. 与过去事实相反的假设条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) 等 + have+ 过去分词例 :If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 如果他昨天来的话, 我会把这件事告诉他的 He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想 一般过去时 条件从句 were+ 不定式 主句 should/would 等 + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形例 :If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了, 一切都会好的 If you should succeed, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. You are not likely to succeed, and everything will be what it is now. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 22

24 跳层式的虚拟条件结构 : 例 :I would not have acted as you did. 例 :Such mistakes could have been avoided. 例 :I would have written before (if I had not been busy), but I was awfully busy. 四 省略 if 的条件从句结构如果虚拟条件从句的谓语含有 were, had 或 should, 即可省略 if, 将 were, had 或 should 放在主语之前 例 :Were she free now, she would go skating with you. 例 :Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer. 例 :Should he give up smoking, his illness would be cured. 1) 2) 五 虚拟语气在各类从句中的应用 1. 在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令 建议 要求等一类动词后面的从句中, 像 order, suggest, advise, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +(should)do 等 例 :I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议 例 :He insisted that he(should)be sent there. 他要求被派到那儿去 2. 在主语从句中的应用 可用的词有三类 suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, It is insisted 等 that (should)do important, necessary, natural, imperative, advisable 等 a pity, a shame, no wonder 等 3. 在表语从句 同位语从句中的应用在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句 同位语从句中要用虚拟语气, 即 (should)+ 动词原形 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 23

25 例 :He made a suggestion that we should have a football match with Class Four. 例 :His suggestion is that we should have a football match with Class Four. 4. 在状语从句中的应用例 :She loves the boy as if she were his mother. * 当 wish 表示一种不大可能实现的主观假想, 即同事实相反的假想时, 它后面的从句用 虚拟语气, 用法和 if 从句相似 1)I wish + 从句过去时 表示同现在事实相反 例 :I wish I knew him. 要是我认识他该多好啊 2)I wish + 从句过去完成时 表示同过去事实相反 例 :I wish you had been here yesterday. 3)I wish + 从句 would/should/could do 表示对将来的假想 例 :He wishes Mary would come tomorrow. 5. 虚拟语气的一些其他用法 中译英 : 1. 如果他明天来, 我就带他参观我们学校 2. 如果我是你, 我就不会参加游行 3. 如果她昨天来, 就可以和我们一起吃晚饭了 4. 如果我懂俄语, 我就会跟苏联旅游者交谈 5. 我建议她每天做广播操 6. 每个中学生掌握一门外语是必要的 7. 是上课的时候了 8. 天真热, 好像我们到了赤道似的 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 24

26 练习 : I 改错 1. Some people suggest she goes to the concert with her younger sister. 2. If he were there, he would have helped me. 3. It s strange that you spoke like that at the meeting. 4. My demand is that we must get more people to do the work. 5. Mary got up early so that she would catch the first trolley-bus. 6. How I wish I attended the meeting yesterday. 7. It s a pity that I have forgotten to tell you the good news. 8. It s time that you will graduate from the middle school. 9. I requested that the teacher would give an answer to the question. 10. It s order that we will start the attack before dawn. 11. If you have your choice, which one will you rather have? 12. If Grey would have tried harder to reach the opposite shore, we would not have had to pick him up in the boat. 13. If he made better use of his time, he will be more likely to finish his research. 14. Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something. 15. Had I have been in my brother s position, I would have hung up the phone in the middle of the conversation. 16. The juvenile offender was released from custody on condition that he find a job immediately and stayed out of trouble for six months. 17. The patient s doctor strongly urges that he has an operation on his back as soon as his general health improves. 18. The lawyer asked that the case is postponed for one month. 19. I intend to move that our committee appoints Tom as chairman, and I hope that you will second my motion. 20. Sulfuric acid is used so extensively in manufacturing that thousands of factories would go out of business if this acid is unattainable. II 多项选择 1. If the cook had been more careful in measuring the ingredients. A. better by much would the dinner have been B. it would have resulted in a better dinner C. the dinner would have been much better D. resulting in a better dinner it would 2. Jean would go to New York but she money. A. didn t have B. had no C. doesn t have any D. has not 3. If you see Mr. Allen, give him my regards. A. should B. would 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 25

27 C. shall D. will 4., John would not have failed. A. If he has listened to me B. Had he listened to me C. If he listened to me D. As soon as he listened to me 5. If Watergate, Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. A. had not occurred B. did not occur C. was not occurring D. would not occur 6. If the sun, the players could have finished the game. A. had shine B. did shine C. were shining D. had shone 7. If I king, you would be my queen. A. was B. were C. had been D. will be 8. If she the measles, she could have gone to the park. A. hadn t B. hadn t had C. had had D. haven t 9. Kennedy won the nomination if he had not had that unfortunate experience. A. could have B. could of C. will have D. would of 10. I could have done better if I more time. A. have had B. had C. had had D. will have had 11. What are the qualifications of a good worker? It is essential that he efficient. A. could be B. can be C. will be D. be 12. If you had not gone with Tom to the party last night,. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 26

28 A. you would meet John already B. you won t have missed John C. you will have met John D. you would have met John 13. She demands that the child her. A. obeys B. obeyed C. obeying D. obey 14. Jean s uncle insists in this hotel. A. not staying B. not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not 15. Was the housemaster strict? Yes. He requested that we television on week nights. A. not watch B. must not to stay C. not be watching D. staying not 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 27

29 一 时态的种类 第五讲英语时态和语态 时间方式 现在 过去将来过去将来 一般 learn(s) learned will learn would learn 进行 am/is/are learning was/were learning will be learning would be learning 完成 have/has learned had learned will have learned would have learned 完成进行 have/has been learning had been learning will have been learning would have been learning 说明 本章只根据往年考试经常涉及的时态进行讲解, 不涵盖全部时态 二 一般现在时 1. 表示经常性 习惯的动作例 :Shanghai is the economic center of China. 2. 表示客观事实或普遍真理例 :Light travels faster than sound. 3. 在时间 条件状语从句中表示将来的动作例 :If it doesn t rain, we ll leave tomorrow. 三 一般过去时 1. 表示过去某一时间发生的且完成的动作或存在的状态 例 :I was born in 四 一般将来时 1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态例 :He will graduate from the university next year. 2. 将来时的其他表示法 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 28

30 go, come, leave, start, begin 等表示移动 方向的动词, 可用现在进行时和一般现在时表示将来 : 例 :His father is leaving for Chicago. 例 :Here comes the taxi. 五 过去将来时 1. 表示从过去某一时间来看, 将要发生的动作或存在的状态 例 :They wanted to know when you would finish the book. 例 :She said that she was leaving early the next day. * 表示一般过去将来时的其他形式和一般将来时相同, 只是动词要用过去时形式 六 现在进行时 1. 表示说话时 或现阶段正在进行着的动作 例 :We are preparing for the MBA exam these days. 七 过去进行时 1. 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作 例 :Fifty cars were crossing the river when the bridge collapsed. 八 现在完成时 1. 表示发生在过去 但对现在的情况产生影响或结果的动作 例 :They have gone to town. 2. 表示过去已经开始 持续到现在, 可能还要继续下去的动作或状态 例 :We have known each other since childhood. 3. I have been to Hainan Island. He has gone to Hainan Island. She has been in Shanghai for 3 years. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 29

31 九 过去完成时 1. 表示过去的过去完成的动作 或过去的过去开始一个动作一直持续到过去 例 :By the end of last term, he had learned 3000 English words. 例 :She told me that she had not seen a film since then. 表示意向的动词, 如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等, 用过去完成时表示 " 原本, 未能 " 十 将来完成时 1. 状态完成 : 表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态 例 :They will have been married for 20 years by the end of this year. 2. 动作完成 : 表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前, 已经完成的动作或获得的经验 例 :You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时, 你已经到达上海了 十一 现在完成进行时 1. 表示一个从过去某一时刻开始的动作, 一直延续到说话时仍在进行或刚刚结束 例 :How long have you been waiting for us? 例 :I have been thinking of you all the time. 十二 过去完成进行时 1. 表示动作在过去某一时刻之前开始, 一直延续到过去的那个时刻, 可能刚停止, 也可能还在继续 例 :She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour. 例 :I asked him where he had been staying since he reached this city. 时态呼应的主要原则 : 十三 动词的被动语态 1. 被动语态的构成以及各种时态 1) 一般现在时例 :The students respect their teachers. Their teachers are respected by the students. 2) 一般过去时例 :She wrote the letter in English. The letter was written by her in English. 3) 一般将来时例 :They will open a new store. A new store will be opened by them. 4) 现在完成时例 :People have used plastics widely. Plastics have been used widely by people. 5) 过去完成时例 :By the end of last year they had built the hospital. By the end of last year the hospital had been built by them. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 30

32 6) 现在进行时例 :The workers are constructing a new laboratory building in our school. A new laboratory building is being built by the workers in our school. 7) 过去进行时例 :My mother was cleaning the room when I got home yesterday. The room was being cleaned by my mother when I got home yesterday. 2. 若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式, 变为被动语态时, 该不定式前要加 to 此类动词为感官动词或使役动词, 如 feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 例 :The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 例 :We saw him play football on the playground. He was seen to play football on the playground. 3. 不及物动词或动词短语没有被动语态, 如 appear, die disappear, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place 等 ; 4. 系动词无被动语态 :appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等 常见错误分析 :I 时态 1. 他哥哥参军已有三年了 误 :His brother has joined the army for three years. 2. 她父亲去过东京 误 :Her father has gone to Tokyo. 3. 从进中学起, 我们就彼此认识了 误 :We have been knowing each other since we entered middle school. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 31

33 4. 如果明天有空, 我回去看他的 误 :I shall go to see him if I shall have time tomorrow. 5. 我不知道他们什么时候去西安 误 :I wonder when they leave for Xi an. 6. 老师对我们说, 第二天我们要交作业 误 :The teacher told us that we are going to hand in our homework the next day. 7. 这是你刚才在找的钢笔吗? 误 :Was this the pen which you were looking for just now? 8. 如果你愿意借给我自行车, 我将感到十分高兴 误 :If you lend me your bicycle, I shall feel very glad. II. 被动语态 1. 这件事发生在南京一家工厂 误 :The thing was happened in a factory in Nanjing. 2. 这支钢笔是属于他的 误 :The pen is belonged to him. 3. 解放以来上海发生了巨大的变化 误 :Great changes have been taken place in Shanghai since liberation. 4. 我们受到老师无微不至的关怀 误 :We are taken good care by the teacher. 5. 解放前中国妇女受轻视 误 :The Chinese women were looked down before liberation. 6. 他是他叔叔抚养长大的 误 :He was brought by his uncle. 7. 我们选他为班长 误 :Monitor was elected him by us. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 32

34 练习 : I 改错 1. The doctrine of environmental determinism, which enunciated originally by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. enjoyed a great following in the mid-nineteenth century. 2. Guam, now a United States territory, discovered by Magellan in The knee is morely likely to be damage than most other joints because it is subject to tremendous forces during vigorous activity. 4. In medicine, certain plastics have important uses because they do not affected by chemicals in the body, and they do not harm the body. 5. Paint must be stirred and sometimes dilution( 稀释 ) before it is applied. 6. Although the pecan tree( 美洲山核桃树 ) is chiefly value for its fruit, its wood is used extensively for flooring, furniture, boxes and crates( 木箱, 板条箱 ). 7. A musical genius, John Cage is noted for his highly unconventional ideas, and he respected for his unusual compositions and performances. 8. A smile can be observed, described, and reliably identify; it can also be elicited and manipulated under experimental conditions. 9. Financier Andrew Mellon donated most of his magnificent art collection to the National Gallery of Art, where it is now locating. 10. Rainbows in the shape of complete circles are sometimes seen from airplanes because they are not cutting off by the horizon. II 多项选择 1. Jane s dress was a cheerful pink, but on the other hand, her husband in severe black. A. was dressed B. dressed C. has dressed D. had been dressed 2. A: Have you moved into the new office? B: Not yet. The rooms. A. are being painted B. have been painted C. are painted D. have been painting 3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it in Cuba. A. having been cultivated B. having cultivated C. being cultivated D. cultivating 4. I prefer creative work to do. A. to be giving B. being giving 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 33

35 C. being given D. to be given 5. The student found that his cheating in today s economics examination to his parents. A. had reported B. reported C. was reported D. had been reported 6. Booker T. Washington as one of the ablest public speakers of his time. A. had been viewed B. viewed C. was being viewed D. was viewed 7. Though the important project was to be kept a secret, it to the press. A. was revealed B. had been revealed C. revealed D. was being revealed 8. The secretary opened the mail which that morning. A. delivered B. was delivered C. had been delivered D. is delivered 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 34

36 第六讲形容词与副词 一 以 -ly 结尾的形容词 1. 大部分形容词加 -ly 可构成副词 但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly, brotherly, 仍为形容词 改错 : She sang lovely.( 错 ) He spoke to me very friendly. ( 错 ) 二 形容词比较级的用法 1. be + less + adj. + than 也是比较级! 例 :This is less important than that. 2. be + the + 形容词比较级 + of the two 例 :This is the more important of the two. 3. 比较级 +and+ 比较级, 表示 越来越 例 :The situation is becoming more and more favorable to us. 4. the + 比较级,the + 比较级, 表示 越 越 例 :The busier I am, the happier I feel. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 35

37 三 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1. 在否定句或疑问句中可用 so as 例 :He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2. 当 as as 中间有名词时 : 1)as + 形容词 + a + 单数名词 2)as + many/much + 名词例 :This is as good an example as the other is. 例 :I can carry as much paper as you can.. 3. 用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时, 放在 as 的前面 例 :This room is twice as big as that one. 形容词原级和比较级的同时使用 : 四 可修饰比较级的词 1. a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等 2. 还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语 3. 以上词 ( 除 by far) 外, 必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面 例 :---- Are you feeling? ---- Yes,I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 五 最高级的使用 1. the + 最高级 + 比较范围例 :The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 2. 下列词可修饰最高级 :by far, far, much, mostly, almost, nearly, very 等 例 :This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 3. 句型转换 :Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 36

38 六 the + 形容词 ( 包括分词 ) 表示一类人或一类事物 例 :the poor, the rich, the young, the deaf, the wounded, the old, the impossible 例 :The unexpected often happens. 七 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close 意思是 近 ;closely 意思是 仔细地 紧密地 例 :He is sitting close to me. 例 :Taste and smell are closely connected. 2) late 意思是 晚 迟到 ;lately 意思是 " 最近 " 例 :Tom came to school late and missed the first class. 例 :He often works late into the night. 例 :What have you been doing lately? 常见错误分析 : I 注意部分形容词的用法 1. 老年人喜欢安静的地方 误 :The old likes a quiet place. 2. 那位睡着的女孩是他的妹妹 误 :The asleep girl is his younger sister. 3. 这架收音机有毛病 误 :There is wrong something with the radio. II 注意部分副词的用法 1. 他说他姐姐三天前就在那里了 误 :He said that his sister had been there three days ago. 2. 她没有看过这部影片, 我也没有看过 误 :She hasn t seen the film. I haven t seen it, too. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 37

39 3. 今天比昨天冷得多 误 :It is very colder than yesterday. 4. 我被他的事迹深深地感动了 误 :I was deep moved by his deeds. 5. 他受到了老师的高度赞扬 误 :He was high praised by the teacher. III 形容词和副词的混淆 1. 他没有姐妹 误 :He has not sisters. 2. 这苹果有甜味 误 :The apple tastes sweetly. 3. 她待我们非常亲切 误 :She treated us very friendly. 4. 他已经到了参军的年龄 误 :He is enough old to join the army. IV 形容词和副词的比较等级 1. 上海比中国任何其他城市都大 误 :Shanghai is larger than any city in China. 2. 她的发音比她母亲的好 误 :Her pronunciation is better than her mother. 3. 这两所学校哪一所美丽? 误 :Which of the two schools is the most beautiful? 练习 : I 改错 1. The weather of Shanghai is warmer than Beijing. 2. My older sister works in a radio factory. 3. The Yangtze River is larger than any river in China. 4. Moscow is one of the biggest city in the world. 5. The harder you study, the great progress you ll make. 6. The boys in Class One are more fond of collecting stamps than that in Class Two. 7. Xiao Ming is much more clever than Xiao Hong. 8. Let s have a farther discussion. 9. I ve got very important something to tell you. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 38

40 10. As spring is coming, the weather is getting warm and warm. II 多项选择 1. He looks at us sadly with his eyes as her grandmother s. A. a good place in a size as large B. of large size C. so large D. as large 2. Some students in the university took part in the seminar on television, but this semester attended. A. many students than ever before B. more students than ever before C. most students that ever before D. ever before many more students 3. Of the two cars that the Smiths have, the Plymouth is, without any question, to run. A. the cheapest B. cheapest C. cheaper D. the cheaper 4. The industrial trend is in the direction of more machines and people. A. less B. lesser C. few D. fewer 5. of all of the 1980 presidential candidates was Ronald Reagan. A. The richest B. The richer C. They mostly richly D. The rich 6. All factors considered, the opinion is that the net cost of goods produced will be. A. many higher B. lowest C. about same D. somewhat higher 7. Dr. Lane has a larger practice than. A. everyone along with his line B. anyone else in his profession C. anyone engaged in this occupation D. one who also is in such a job 8. This kind of tea is different. A. and better than the other B. and it is also better 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 39

41 C. but also better than others D. from the other, and better 9. On enough logical reasons, the fewer seeds,. A. the less plants grow B. the fewer plants C. the less plants D. the plants the fewer 10. In studies Frank is brighter. A. but not so reliable as Henry B. and not necessary reliable as Henry C. than Henry, but not so reliable D. and not as reliable as Henry 11. The population of many Alaskan cities has doubled in the past three years. A. larger than B. more than C. as great as D. as many as 12. How often did you give him money? than I can remember. A. The more time B. More time C. More times D. The more times 13. Although he sometimes lost his temper, his pupils liked him for it. A. not so much B. not so little C. no more D. no less 14. Have you finished your homework? This lesson is than the last one. A. more easier B. more easy C. very easier D. much easier 15. He spoke. A. slow and careful B. slow and carefully C. slowly and carefully D. carefully and slowly 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 40

42 第七讲倒装句 强调句 一 全部倒装 : 表语或状语 + 谓语动词 + 主语 1. 地点或时间副词置于句首例 :There goes the bell. 例 :Now comes your turn. 2. 表示方位或拟声的副词置于句首 例 :In came the girls talking and laughing. 例 :Click-click went the weaving loom. 二 部分倒装部分倒装指谓语中的一部分, 如助动词 do, does, did, 情态动词 can, may, should 等, 有 动词 have, 系动词 be 等放在主语之前, 其余部分包括谓语动词仍在主语后面 1. 用在 neither, nor 及 so 后面例 :-- You don t like Mozart. Nor do I. 例 :-- He plays the piano. So does she. 2. 句首为否定或半否定的词语或词组, 如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等 例 :Never have I seen such a performance. 例 :Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 3. only 在句首倒装的情况 例 :Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样, 你才能学好英语 例 :Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次, 他才来开会 4. so 和 such 位于句首例 :So splendidly did they complete their research project that they got a handsome bonus. 5. 主题前置强调句 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 41

43 三 强调句 1. It is (was) + 被强调部分 + that (who) + 其他成分例 :It is I who saw her off at the airport yesterday.( 强调主语 ) 例 :It was yesterday that I saw her off at the airport.( 强调状语 ) 例 :It is pink that she has painted her room.( 强调宾补 ) 2. 助动词 + 动词原形例 :I do miss you. 例 :He did go there last night. 常见错误分析 : 1. 只有这样你才能取得进步 误 :Only in this way you can make progress. 2. 不仅他所有的一切都被没收了, 甚至连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了 误 :Not only everything he had was taken away from him, but also his German citizenship. 3. 他们一到会议室, 会议就开始 误 :No sooner they got to the office than the meeting began. 4. 由于摩擦面光滑, 摩擦就很小 误 :Smooth as the rubbing surfaces are, there is little friction. 5. 她走了 误 :There goes she. 6. 直到今天早上我才完成作文 误 :Not until this morning I finished the composition. 7. 他不会下棋, 我也不会 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 42

44 误 :He can t play chess. So can t I. 8. 那家飞机飞了起来 误 :Up the plane went. 9. 明天是星期天 对, 是星期天 误 : Tomorrow will be Sunday. So will it. 练习 :I 改错 1. Never before I have seen anyone who has the skill John has when he repairs engines. 2. No sooner had she begun to sing when her audience began to applaud and cheer so loudly that she stopped and bowed. 3. Within the Alamo was one hundred and eighty men, more than two thirds of whom had recently migrated from near-by states. 4. Our civilization is so commonplace to us that rarely we stop to think about its complexity. 5. Not only did the Egyptians preserve the dead bodies of important people, but they also buried with the dead person every object which he might possibly use in an after life. 6. From the chart shown on page 115, one can easily see how large each country is and how many inhabitants does it have. 7. No sooner had he begun to speak as his auditors started to boo and hiss( 发嘘声 ; 喝倒彩 ). 8. Neither he can do as he is told, nor can his parents hope to change him. 9. Hardly he had entered the room when he was asked to leave the room at once. 10. It is not known exactly when the first immigrants arrived in the New World, but where did that event occur is certain. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 43

45 第八讲非谓语动词 一 动词不定式 1. 动词不定式的用法 1) 作主语例 :To die for the people is a glorious death. 例 :It is a nurse s duty to take care of patients. 2) 作宾语例 :He managed to finish his task in time. 例 :I think it possible to master at least one foreign language in university. 3) 作表语例 :His wish is to become a diplomatist. 4) 作定语例 :Tom is always the first one to come to school. 5) 作状语例 :To make a living, he had to work from morning till night.( 目的 ) 例 :I hurried to the bank, only to find it was closed.( 结果 ) 2. 动词不定式的时态和语态 1) 不定式一般式例 :I expect to come back next Sunday. 2) 不定式进行式例 :She seems to be waiting for someone. 3) 不定式完成式例 :I am glad to have met you before. 4) 不定式完成进行式例 :She is said to have been writing a novel this year. 5) 被动语态例 :The composition contest is to be held next month. 例 :This novel is said to have been translated into English. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 44

46 二 动名词 1. 动名词的用法 1) 作主语例 :Selling fake medicine is a serious crime. 例 :It s no use crying over spilt milk. 2) 作宾语 例 :Would you mind turning down the radio a little, please? 例 :Instead of going to the cinema, she went to the library. 3) 作表语例 :My job is teaching English. 4) 作定语例 :learning method; sewing machine; writing desk 2. 动名词的时态和语态 1) 动名词一般式例 :We had no trouble in finding his house. 2) 动名词完成时 ( 动名词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 ) 例 :I am sorry for not having kept my promise. 电话 : 答疑邮箱 :shanghaihzmba2009@126.com 2014 学员 QQ 群 : Page 45