掩埋場

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2 % 8 ( 隷 6 22 o o m 1500 m 1700 m 3-4 m 漑 (, 1980)

3 450,000 CMD 400,000 CMD 290,000CMD 220,000 CMD 120,000 CMD 1,000,000 CMD 260,000 CMD 115 CMD 65 CMD 1,190,000 CMD 400,000 CMD 40,000 CMD 250,000 CMD 500,000 CMD % % % N P 3

4 1 NTU mg/l ph mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l ND mg/l TDS mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l v/cm TDS (1) CO 2-3 HCO - 3 (2) SO 2-4 Cl - NO - 3. (5 10 ) (11 4 ) (2001) mg/l as CaCO 3 ( ) 4

5 83 89 Carlson (TSI) ( 10%) 12 ( 60%) 6 ( 30%) ~89 ( CTSI ) CTSI (CTSI 40) (40~CTSI~50) (CTSI 50) 5

6 (1) (2) (3) (4) (THMs) (5) Fe Mn 4 N P ph ph 説 taste-and-odor Persson,

7 65,1985 ( 1993) 3 擧 mg/l 0.2 ppm 1 (1982) Euglena Dirobryon 2 (Maloney, 1963) Synedra Melosira Oscillatoria Phormidium Chlorella Scenedesmus Palmer (1962) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1985) (1995) Lai et al.(2002) Cyclotella Melosira Microcystis 7

8 3 (, 1993) 8

9 4 (Lai et al., 2002) date Dominant species Algae count ( counts/ml ) 23/11/98 Chlorella /12/98 Synedra & Melosira /1/99 Cyclotella /1/99 Cyclotella /2/99 Cyclotella /2/99 Microcystis /1/00 Chlorella /2/00 Cyclotella & Melosira /3/00 Chlorella /5/00 Melosira & Chlorella /6/00 Melosira /6/00 Melosira /8/00 Microcystis /9/00 Microcystis ~88 82~83 86~ ~ mg/l 82~ mg/l mg/l ~ mg/l 86~ mg/l mg/l mg/l 0.15 mg/l 86 86~88 6 9

10 0.28 mg/l 0.15 NH 4 -N,mg/L NO - 3,mg/L NO - 2,mg/L 6 86~88 NH 4 -N,mg/L NO - 2,mg/L NO - 3,mg/L Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jan Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

11 6 86~88 ( ) NH 4 -N,mg/L NO - 2,mg/L NO 3 -,mg/l Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun TOC 4 mg/l COD 25 mg/l 87 2 TTHMs mg/l ~1.5 mg/l 0.2~1.0 mg/l 1998 COD TOC DOC TOC 90 1~2mg/L hydrophilic 80 hydrophobic 20 11

12 1 400,000 CMD ( ) ABW Biwater ABW ABW 1 (, 2003) 150 mg/l as CaCO 3 (2002) 12

13 2 (, 2003) ONDEO DEGREMONT 2 / (1) (2) GAC (3) 4-1 (destabilization) 13

14 flocculation (Colloids) (suspended material) ( bacteria) Amirtharagjah and O Melia (1990) double layer compression adsorption and charge neutralization sweep flocculation adsorption and bridging (1) electrical double layer (2) charge neutralization-precipitation (3) adsorption (4) coprecipitationtambo, 1989 DeHek, 1978 Randtke, 1988 ph 4-2 (rapid sand) (slow sand) (manganese sand) (anthracite) (sand) (garnet) (active carbon) (1) (2) (3) (Dm) (Dp) Dm/Dp 10 Dm/Dp µm 95% 0.3 NTU 2 NTU 2 NTU 14

15 4-3 5,000~10,000m 2 /m 3 (Scholler et al., 1991 Van der Veen et al.,1988van Dijk. Wilms, (Van Eekeren, 1992 (Committee Report, / ph (GAC) BAC (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) ( AWWARF, 1998)Terashima (1999) / THM MIB/Geosmin % 43% 62% 50% 15

16 4-5 浄 1 Microfiltration,MF Ultrafiltration, UF Nanofiltration, NF Reverse Osmosis, RO 2 Electrodialysis, ED Electrodialysis Reversal, EDRMF NF UF RO ED EDR 7 a - b c d (1) ( RO NF) (2) (3) (fouling) 5-1 (1999) (RO) / GAC / / /GAC 16

17 7 MF UF NF RO (, 2001) m MWCO Kgw/cm 2 Daltons MF 0.1~ UF 0.002~ ~ ~105 NF ~ ~400 RO ~ RO % 53.7% 64.7% 78.4% RO 28.2% 21.1% 15.5% 10.3% 35.5% 9.7% 5.5% 3.4% ( ) (2000) (2001) 17

18 5-2 ( ) 0.1 mg/l (Safe Drinking Water Act)1996 / (Disinfectants/Disinfection by-products (D/DBP) Rule) (Maximum Contaminant Level, MCL) MCL 0.08 mg/l (HAA5) 0.06 mg/l HAA (monochloroacetic acid) (dichloroacetic acid) (trichloroacetic acid) (monobromoacetic acid) (dibromoacetic acid) (bromate) (chlorite) 1998 (Information Collect Rule, ICR) TTHM 0.04 mg/l HAA mg/l (Pontius, 1993) TTHM HAA (precursor) (GAC) Best Available Technology, BAT mg/L THMs (USEPA) - (Disinfectant-Disinfection By Products Rule, D-DBP Rule) TTHMs MCL (Maximun Contaminant Level) 100µg/L 40 USEPA (HAAs) Hsu (2001) THMs 18

19 THMs THMs ( ) CHCl 3 CHBrCl 2 CHBr 2 Cl CHBr CHCl 3 CHBrCl 2 CHBr 2 Cl CHBr AWWA 1968 Policy Statement 50 µg/l EEC 200 µg/l Maximum Permissible Regulation WHO 200 µg/l µg/leec 50 µg/l (Letterman, 1988 Aluminum Sulfate Polyaluminum Chloride 98% w/w(, ~50% (Miller, µg/l 200 µg/l mg/l as CaCO mg/l 500 mg/l 300 mg/l 500 mg/l 19

20 8 10~100 mg/l 300 mg/l 30~200 mg/l 500 mg/l 80~120 mg/l 8 (, 2000) 30~200 mg/l 10~100 mg/l 3~30 mg/l 3 mg/l mg/l / ph % 70% 10% 150 mg/l as CaCO 3 (1998) Yeh et al. (2000) AOC (assimilable organic carbon, ) AOC µg acetate-c/l 1 mg/l AOC HPC (heterotrophic plate count) 20 CFU/mL AOC 100 µg acetate-c/l 1.0 mg/l HPC AOC AOC 20

21 mg/l as Cl mg/l as Cl 2 浄 1 2 Amirtharagjah, A. and O Melia, C. R., Chap 6: Coagulation Processes: Destabilization, Mixing and Flocculation, Water Quality and Treatment. 4 th, AWWA, pp (1990). AWWARF Microbial impact of Biological filtration, AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO (1998). Committee Report, Softening Solution, WQI May/June, pp (1998). DeHek, H. Hydrolysis-Precipitation Studies of Aluminum(III) Solution 3. The Role of the Sulfate Ion, Jour. Colloid Interface Sci., 64 : 1 : (1978). Hsu, C.H., Jeng, W.L., Chang, R.M., Chien, L.C. and Han, B.C. Estimation of Potential Lifetime Cancer Risks for Trihalomethanes from Consuming Chlorinated Drinking Waters in Taiwan, Environmental Research Section A 85, pp (2001) Lai,W.L., Yeh, H.H., Tseng, I.C., Lin, T.F., Chen, J.J., Wang, C.T. Conventional versus Advanced Treatment for Eutrophic Source Water, Jour. AWWA, 94:12: (2002). 21

22 Letterman, R.D., and Driscoll, C.T., Survey of Residual Aluminum in Finished Water, Jour.AWWA, Vol.80, No.4,pp.154~ Maloney, T. E. Research on Algae Odor, Jour. AWWA, (1963). Miller, R.G., et al., The Occurrence of Aluminum in Drinking Water, Jour. AWWA, Vol.76, No.1, pp.84~ Paralker, C. M. Algae in water Supplies, U.S. Public Health Service, Publ. No. 657, Washington, D.C. (1962) Persson, P. E. Off-flavours in Aquatic Ecosystems an Introduction,Water Sci. and Tech, Pontius, F. W. "D-DBP Rule to Set Tight Standards", Jour. AWWA, 85 (11) (1993). Randtke, S. J. (1988) Organic Contaminant Removal by Coagulation and Related Process Combination, Jour. AWWA, 80: 5 : Scholler, M., van Dijk, J. C., and Wilms,D., Fluidized Bed Pellet Reactor to Recover Metals or Anions,Metal Finishing, November, pp Tambo, N., Kamei, T., and Itoh, H. Evaluation of Extend of Humic Substance Removal by Coagulation, Aquatic Humic Substances : Influence on Fate and Treatment of Pollutants, I. H. Suffet and P. MacCarthy (eds.), Advanced in Chemistry Series No. 219, American Chemical Society, (1989). Terashima, K. and Miwa, M. Operational Condition of Advanced Water Treatment in Kunijima Parification Plant and Its Performance Evaluation,The 5 th International Workshop on Drinking Water Quality Management and Treatment Technology, Taipei, pp7-1~11(1999). Van der Veen, C., and Graveland, A., Central Softening by Crystallization in a Fluidized-Bed Process, Jour. AWWA, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp (1988). Van Dijk, J. C., and Wilms, D. A., Water Treatment without Waste Material Fundamentals and State of the Art of Pellet Softening, Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology Aqua, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp (1991). Van Eekeren, M. W. M., Pellet Softening in the Netherlands, KIWA report, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands, pp Yeh, H.H., Shy, H.R., Tseng. I.C., Lai, W. L. Chlorine Residual and Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) for Drinking Water Quality Control in Taiwan, Jour. of the Chinese 22

23 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol.10, No.2, pp (2000). -72 (1980) -, (2000),,p ,, pp (2000)., (1998) (2003) ( ) 21 (1982) (1984) ( ) (EPA-82-E3J )(1993) (1995), ,

24 , 1999,

拷潭及翁公園淨水場增設高級處理設備工程

拷潭及翁公園淨水場增設高級處理設備工程 TDS LPRO 92 AOC UF SDI 1 96 % 1 ---------------------------------------------------------- 03 ------------------------------------------------------ 03 1. -----------------------------------------------------------