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1 682 David C. Wright Glossary Translations of official titles from Charles Hucker's A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China are readily available in that work and are not included in this glossary. Aiwuhan g ^ Akesu Aksu ^ Anhui Anle^l^ Anxi $ H Bai^ Baicheng ^ ^ Baerchuke E W Baerkule E M )* IJj Barchuk E M Barkhul EJIM Mi Beijing :jb Bianfa ^ bianhu M P Bot# Boke Boloqi mmw BolotalaW^t^fi Borchi 1f ^ ^ Boro-tala bu^ buchou ^ ^ Bulute ^ Buriit ^ # Changbai M S Cheng Enze ^ # chiwen ^ ^ cong^5 daba M E Dali -f M Da Qing yitongzhi f Datong f: Dihua DingT Donga-baligh ^ Dongnan ba fanpo yi Dongpi ^ ^ Fanbu ^ SU FengE Fengrun M M Fengyang H, ^ fengsha bianque Fenxun bingbeidao fill?? Fujian f ^ Gan ^ Gansu H Ganzhuhan ^ ^ Gaochang ^ Gaozong ^ ^ Ghanchikhan ^ gk Gobi :it M Gong Zizhen H g Gong Zizhen quanji Gu Guangqi H Jg tjf Gu Yanwu Gua JU Guangdong Guangxi Guazhou XU. Xlj Guerbansali ^ I MM Guici ^ Guizhou J fl'l Guole $15 m Halaguzheshe I^J Halahezhuo Da I^J f Halashala Dg^ l$j ^ S Hami D^ ^ Hasake Dg- ^ ^ He Qiutao fnj ^ ^ He Shaoji f5j ^ ^ Heilongjiang M H?X Henan Hetian f (H Hezhou fp jfl Hong^ Hongcheng ^ ^ Hongguoerelong Hong Jun ^ ^ Hu Si Huai ^ Huaian ^ Huang Juezi ^ Hubei dk hubu f> Hulama Hunan jjg Hi m Ji Yun 15 Jiangnan jx ^ Jiangning?X ^ Jiangsu?X M Jiangxi?X Jiayu guan ^ <l& M Jie^ Jilin ^ Jinghe ^ jingshi M. M Jingshi wenbian ^ jinwen f ^

Gong Zizhen and His Essay on the 'Western Regions" 683 Jiubao ^ Lin Zexu ^ iu ^ Qinghai M- Jiucheng ^ Liu Fenglu 3^ qingke # M Jiuying ^ ^ Liuzhong c a Qingzhou W;H' Kangxi ^ Lukechake # ^ Qiu^

2 Gong Zizhen and His Essay on the 'Western Regions" 683 Jiubao ^ Lin Zexu ^ iu ^ Qinghai M- Jiucheng ^ Liu Fenglu 3^ qingke # M Jiuying ^ ^ Liuzhong c a Qingzhou W;H' Kangxi ^ Lukechake # ^ Qiu^ kaozheng # ^ ren fh Kara-khoja ^ Manzhou yuanliu kao Saibashe Darya ^ E ifm^m Kashgar M Maping ^ ^ Saierman ^ ^ Kazak Op M Menggu Huibu Sailamu # 1 7^ ke» wanggong biao- Saimen ^ P^ keding ^ T zhuan ^ H] Sairam ^ I^J t(^ Keshege'er fi* 0 Sairam-bazar $ ($J Menggu yuanliu ^ Khalkha P M Sen ^ Kharaguji 0^ I^J Mingding 0^ % Sengim ^ /b ^ mi-f mou Sennimu ^ /b ^ Kharashira 0^ S ^ Mukden ^ Sha ff Muslim [U Shaanxi ^ Kholma ^ Nah^ft B^ Shacheng ^ Khongghur-olong Nail Shahyar ^ ^ Nakha B^^ Shandong ijj ^ Khotan f ^ Namugan j P ;fc ^ Shang ^ Kokonor Namukhan g 5 t ^ ^ Shangdi _h ^ KuJ# Nian Shanhai guan ijj ^ Kucha Och ^ if m Kuerkelawusu 0. ^ Pa ifq Shanxi ill Paerman iffl If ri Shayaer ^ M Kuertu # ^ 0 Phucamni Jg Shazhou ^ ;)'H Kujult* PifiS? sheng ^ Kurcha 0 pilo tt m Shengwuji ^ ^ 2 Kurkara-usu ^ D Pisha l^if^ Shengyu ^ mmb Pisheya j$.if^ shi± Kurtu ^ H Pizhan ^ Jg shiye th; II Kurustam f-j- Pizhou ^ j'h Shizu W Porman ifs M Shorchugtvt'S^ ^ Kushetamu -f-f- Qi Junzao Qi Yunshi f 5 ^ ± Shun ^ Kuzhou ;)'H Qian Daxin Shunzhi Ip tp Lang^ Qianlong ^ ^ ShuoerchukeXff^ ^ Lanzhou ] 0 j ' Qiang ^ US Qiangzhou ^ j' > Shuoping ^ Li Hongzhang ^ ^ Qinding huangyu Sichuan P3 J11 $ Xiyu tuzhi ^ ^ Sicun pg ^ Li Wentian ^ Solun ^ fi hang ^ i±r Songyun ^ Liaoning ^ ^ Qingjf Su i^ Likchun # ^ ^ Qingdai tongshi ^ suibao ^ Lin Suiding ^

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3 684 Da\ id C. Wright Sumkagho ^ Oq Sumukalagai ^ Tfc sun ^ Sun Chengze ^ ^ m Suzhou I Tal# Talenaqin % Tang Yao /H % Tang Yaodi /jf ^ Taranchi ^?il' Tarbagatai ^ E IJ "a Tazhou ;H' Tianshan ^ ill Tibet ffii? Toghsun TohenaifE^P# Tokesan ft = Tokhonai H ^QM Tu@ Tucheng ± Tufan nil H tuntian BB Turfan Di M # Ukharligh M M5 Urumchi ^ Wang Anshi i $ 5 Wang Chang 3E Wei Yuan M M wen ~jc Wen Tingshi wu Wuhaerlike Pp ^ M Wulianghai ^ ^ is Wuliyasutu M fi Wulumuqi mm ^ Wushe ^ XiaS xian Xianbei S$ ^ Xiao Yishan ll) Xiaocheng /Jn Xibei shidi :1b ^ Xieban fushi guan ^ Xieban xianshi ^ Xibo M f S Xingzhou Xinjiang gf S Xinjiang zhilue ^ Xinqian ^ ^ Xiyang ^ # Xiye 0 ^ Xiyu Xiyu zhi xingshengyi m Xu^ Xuzhou ^ ^j'l Xu Song ^ Yaer f M yan 5 Yangi-hissar ^ P MM Yangzi ^ ^ Yao^ Yarkand ^ M ^ Yarkhoto f M Yeerqiang ^ M Yidong ip ^ Yinai ^ j - Ying-^ Yinggesaer P M Yingzhou-^ Yixi 0 Yuan 7C Yul-arik? ljafl Yuleliyake M Yulonghashe 5. H P^<+ Yunnan 0 Yurungkash 5. HI Pp zhang ti Zhang Mu ^ Zhao Yi M P Zhaofeng H [ Zhe Zhejiang ^ '3l zheng IE zhengerpin IE pp Zhenxi i 0 Zhiliii:^ zhongyang i=t3 ^ Zhou jj'l Zhug^ Zhu Yun ^ ^ Zhuanfang ^ Zhuang Cunyu ^ # 1^ Zongtong Xibian banshi dachen :K & Zuo Zongtang ^ Selected Bibliography Chou, Nailene Josephine. "Frontier Studies and Changing Frontier Administration in Late Ch'ing China: The Case of Sinkiang, " University of Washington Ph.D. Dissertation. Seattle, 1976.

Gong Zizhen and His Essay on the "Western Regions 685 Chu, Wen-djang. The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China, 1862-1878: A Study of Government Minority Policy. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.

4 Gong Zizhen and His Essay on the "Western Regions 685 Chu, Wen-djang. The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China, : A Study of Government Minority Policy. The Hague: Mouton, Fletcher, Joseph, "The Heyday of the Ch'ing Order in Mongolia, Sinkiang, and Tibet," in John K. Fairbank, ed.. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11: Late Ch'ing, , Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, Hao, Yen-p'ing and Wang, Erh-min, "Changing Chinese Views of Western Relations, ," in John K. Fairbank and Kwang-ching Liu, eds.. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11: Late Ch'ing, , Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, Ho, Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Hsu, Immanuel C. Y. "The Great Policy Debate in China, 1874: Maritime Defense vs. Frontier Defense," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 25 ( ), pp Hsu, Immanuel C. Y. The Hi Crisis: A Study of Sino-Russian Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Jones, Susan Mann and Kuhn, Philip A., "Dynastic Decline and the Roots of Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank, (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11: Late Ch'ing, , Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, Samuels, Marwyn S. "Kung Tzu-chen's New Sinkiang." Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 66.3 (September 1976), Tu, Lien-che. "Kung Tzu-chen," in Arthur Hummel, (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943, Waley-Cohen, Joanna. "Banishment to Xinjiang in Mid-Qing China, " Late Imperial China, 10.2 (December 1989) Wendhut, Annerose. "Kung Tzu-chen: Leben und Werk." Universitat Hamburg Ph.D. Dissertation. Hamburg, Whitbeck, Judith Anne. "The Historical Vision of Kung Tzu-chen." University of California, Berkeley Dissertation. Berkeley, Whitbeck, Judith. "Kung Tzu-chen and the Redirection of Literati Commitment in Early Nineteenth Century China." Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i, 4.10 (December 1983), Wong, Shirleen S. Kung Tzu-chen. Boston: Twayne Publishers, Wong, Shirleen S. "Kung Tzu-chen," in William H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed.. The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1986,

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ANGELO ANASTASIO is professor emeritus of anthropology at Western Washington University. He resides in Bellingham, Washington.

5 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ANGELO ANASTASIO is professor emeritus of anthropology at Western Washington University. He resides in Bellingham, Washington. He and Paul Buell {infra) are working on a comprehensive study of Mongolian history and society. E. N. ANDERSON is professor of anthropology at the University of California, Riverside. He is the author of The Food of China (New Haven : Yale University Press, 1988). CHRISTOPHER ATWOOD is a doctoral candidate at Indiana University where he is currently working on the history of revolutionary nationalism among the Mongols of Inner Mongolia. His interest in Mongolia was raised early by participating twice in Professor Schwarz's Mongolian Summer Program. TSEDENDAMBYN BATBAYAR, bom in 1957, is the director of the Institute of Oriental and International Studies of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in Ulaanbaatar. He has conducted research in Russia and Japan, and in 1991 visited Western Washington University and other American and Canadian universities. He has written Osnovnye napravleniya politiki rukovodstva KNR vo Vnutrennej Mongolii na sovremennom itape gg. (Ulaanbaatar and Prague, 1988) and Khalkhyn Gol (Ulaanbaatar, 1989). LINDA BENSON received her doctoral degree at Leeds University and is currently associate professor of history at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. She has written The Hi Rebellion : Moslem Challenge of Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, {kxmonk : M.E. Sharpe, 1990) and co-edited The Kazaks of China : Essays on an Ethnic Minority (Stockholm, 1988). ARASH BORMANSHINOV is an ethnic Kalmyk bom and raised in Belgrade. He did his undergraduate work at the Universities of Berlin (where he studied under N.N. Poppe) and Munchen and received his doctorate in Balto-Slavic philology from the University of Pennsylvania. He taught at Rutgers, Princeton, New York and Maryland Universities

List of Contributors 687 and is the author of five monographs, including Lama Arkad Chubanov, his Predecessors and Successors (1980), and numerous articles in the fields of Kalmyk and Janggar studies.

6 List of Contributors 687 and is the author of five monographs, including Lama Arkad Chubanov, his Predecessors and Successors (1980), and numerous articles in the fields of Kalmyk and Janggar studies. PAUL D. BUELL was for many years an adjunct professor of the Center for East Asian Studies at Western Washington University and contract researcher for the Federal government in Kazakh materials. He specializes in Turkic and Mongolian Studies and resides in Seattle, Washington. LYUDMILA SIMBIL'EVNA BURCHINOVA was born in 1938 in Turkmenia. After having graduated from the Department of History at Kazakh University, she taught at a secondary school. Since 1966, she has worked at the Kalmyk Institute of Socii Sciences of the Russian (formerly Soviet) Academy of Sciences where she currently serves as the deputy director in science, investigating the history of Kalmykia. B. BURINBEKI, bom in the Bairin Right Banner of Inner Mongolia, is a professor at the Institute of Mongolian Literature of Inner Mongolia University. Widely regarded as one of the foremost poets of Inner Mongolia, Professor Burinbeki has published fifteen collections of his poems in Mongolian and Chinese. Some of his poems have been translate into English, Japanese, Korean and Esperanto. In 1985, he visited Western Washington University and other American universities. He is currently the president of the Chinese Writers' Union and a leading member of several national and international organizations. ALICIA CAMPI served for many years as foreign service officer in various posts in East Asia. She was instrumental in setting up the American embassy in Ulaanbaatar. She is presently the executive director of the U.S.-Mongolia Advisory Group. CENGGELTEI, born 1924 in the Qarqin Middle Banner, is professor emeritus at Inner Mongolia University and vice-chairman of the International Association of Mongolian Studies. He is one of the best known scholars of the Mongolian language in China whose many works include A Grammar of the Mongol Language (New York, 1963) and Odo uy-eyin Monggol kelen-u jui [A Grammar of Modem Mongolian] (Kokeqota, 1980). CHEN NAIXIONG was born in Shanghai in After graduating in 1956 from the Central Nationalities Institute, he worked in the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. He joined the faculty of Inner Mongol!-

7 688 List of Contributors an University where he currently is professor in the Research Institute of Mongolian Languages. Among his major works are Mengwen tongxing ci [Homonyms in Mongolian] (Hohhot, 1982), Mengwen rumen [A primer in Mongolian] (Hohhot, 1974), Ober-iyen surqu Monggol bicig [Self-study of Mongolian] (Kokeqota, 1986), Buu an kele ba Monggol kele [The Bonan and Mongolian languages] (Kokeqota, 1987), in addition to having co-authored and edited several other books and written numerous articles. HERBERT FRANKE is professor emeritus at the University of Miinchen. His specialty lies in Medieval China and Mongolia. Among his numerous works are Geld und Wirtschqft in China unter der Mongolenherrschaft (1949) and Studien und Texte zur Kriegsgeschichte der sudlichen Sungzeit (1987), both published by Harrassowitz of Wiesbaden. He served as president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences from 1980 to B. GERELTU, born in Naiman banner of Inner Mongolia, is professor in and chairman of the Department of Mongolian Language and Literature at Inner Mongolia University. He has written a dozen theoretical monographs, literary creations and translations, including Jokiyal tugurbiqu yosun (Kokeqota, 1985) and Monggol jokiyal-un onol-un cimeg (Qayilar, 1985). HARRY HALEN is professor at the University of Helsinki. He is the author of Handbook of Oriental Collections in Finland (London : Curzon Press, 1978). CAROLINE HUMPHREY is professor in King's College of the University of Cambridge and the author of Karl Marx Collective : Economy, Society and Religion in a Siberian Collective Farm (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1983). ERIC HYER received his doctorate in political science from Columbia University in 1990 and is currently an assistant professor at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. His primary research focus is on Chinese foreign relations, with emphasis on boundary and territorial disputes. SECHIN JAGCHID was born in Kharachin, Mongolia and studied at Beijing University and Waseda University. In the 1940s he served as a senior official of the local Mongolian government. During his academic career, he held teaching and research posts at National Chengchih Uni-

List of Contributors 689 versity, National T^wan University, University of London, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and Brigham Young University where he now is professor emeritus.

8 List of Contributors 689 versity, National T^wan University, University of London, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and Brigham Young University where he now is professor emeritus. He has published twelve books and more than one hundred articles, and in 1992 he was elected by the International Association for Mongol Studies as one of the ten leading scholars of Mongolian Studies. LINDA AMY KIMBALL is associate professor of anthropology and a member of the Center for East Asian Studies at Western Washington University where her specialty is linguistic anthropology. She has recently completed a manuscript on the Kalmyks in nineteenth-century Russia. YU. V. KUZ'MIN was born in After graduating from Irkutsk State University in 1980, he undertook post-graduate studies at Leningrad State University and received a doctoral degree in history in He has since taught at Irkutsk State University where he is an associate professor in the Faculty of International Studies. LIMUSISHIDEN is a Monguor physician practicing Western medicine in Qinghai. His interests include Monguor folklore and linguistics. LU MINGHUI has served as the director of the Institute of History at the Inner Mongolian Academy of Social Sciences and of the Mongolian History Association of China. Author of numerous works, he is best known for his Menggu "zizhi yundong" shimo [The Mongolian "autonomous movement"] (Beijing ; Zhonghua shuju, 1980), Qingdai menggu shi [History of Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty] ^ianjin ; Guji chu- banshe, 1990). COLIN MACKERRAS is Foundation Professor of Asian Studies at Griffith University in Australia. He has written widely on Chinese history and culture, especially its theater and minorities. His The Uyghur Empire ( ) According to the Tang Dynastic Histories was published in Canberra in 1968, and his latest book. Integration and Modernization : The Evolution of China's Minority Nationalities in the Twentieth Century, will soon be published by Oxford University Press. SCOTT PEARCE received his doctoral degree from Princeton University in 1987 and is currently assistant professor of liberal studies and a member of the Center for East Asian Studies at Western Washington University. EDWIN G. PULLEYBLANK is professor emeritus at the University of

9 690 List of Contributors British Columbia where for many years he headed the Department of Asian Studies. Among his major works are The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan (New York, 1955) and Middle Chinese (Vancouver, 1984). ALICE SARKOZI graduated in 1969 from the Eotvos Lorind University of Budapest in Mongolian philology. Since then, she has been a researcher in the Altaistic Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. She is also the editor of {he, Acta Orientalia Hungaricae. Her dissertation on political prophecies in Mongolia in the 17th to 20th centuries was published in 1992 by Akaddmiai Kiadd in Budapest. THOMAS SCHLOTTERBACK is professor emeritus of art history and a member of the Center for East Asian Studies at Western Washington University whose specialty is East and South Asian art. GIOVANNI STARY is professor of Manchu at the University of Venezia. He is working in the fielf of Manchu and Sibe literatury and history. He has published Epenges&nge der Sibe-Mandschuren (1988) and Ars POetica Manjurica (1989), and is the editor of the Central Asiatic Journal and of the series Aetas Manjurica and Shamanica Manchurica CoT lecta. KEVIN STUART is a doctoral candidate at the University of Hawaii. Since 1981, he has lived and worked in Inner Mongolia, the Mongolian Republic and Qinghai. He is currently employed by the Qinghai Junior Teachers' College in Xining. LAURENCE G. THOMPSON is professor emeritus of East Asian languages and cultures in the University of Southern California. His research and publications have been mainly in the fields of Chinese religion and philosophy, and the early history of Thiwan. Among his major works are Chinese Religion : an Introduction (Belmont: Citadel Press, 1969) and Chinese Religion in Wstem Languages (Tuscon : University of Arizona Press, 1985). RAHMATULLAH INAYATULLAH TURKISTANI is the director of the Research and Study Department of the Muslim World League. He resides in Makkah (Mecca), Saudi Arabia. EDWARD J. VAJDA is associate professor of Russian and linguistics at Western Washington University. His research interests include the languages of Central Asia and Siberia.

List of Contributors 691 HANS-PETER VIETZE recently retired from his position as director of the Asia Department of Humboldt University in Berlin.

10 List of Contributors 691 HANS-PETER VIETZE recently retired from his position as director of the Asia Department of Humboldt University in Berlin. He is a vicepresident of the International Association of Mongolian Studies and the author of numerous works on the Mongolian language. DAVID C. WRIGHT is assistant professor of history at Brigham Young University who received his doctoral degree from Princeton University in His interests center on pre-modem China's frontier and foreign relations.

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48 東華漢學第20期 2014年12月後卿由三軍將佐取代此後中大夫極可能回歸原本職司由於重要性已然不再故而此後便不見中大夫記載於左傳及國語關鍵詞左傳中大夫里克丕鄭卿

48 東華漢學第20期 2014年12月後卿由三軍將佐取代此後中大夫極可能回歸原本職司由於重要性已然不再故而此後便不見中大夫記載於左傳及國語關鍵詞左傳中大夫里克丕鄭卿東華漢學第 20 期 47-98 頁東華大學中國語文學系華文文學系 2014 年 12 月春秋晉國中大夫考黃聖松** 摘要本文討論左傳國語所載中大夫之含義及職司內容認為中大夫不可與上大夫下大夫排比視為大夫等第左傳所載大夫一詞前常冠以其他名詞如中軍大夫上軍大夫下軍大夫七輿大夫公族大夫及僕大夫筆者認為冠諸大夫前名詞即是該大夫職司範圍