498 J. E. SANSONETTI TABLE 2. Isotopic spectral data for the 7s and 7p levels 7s 2 S 1/2 7p 2 7p 2 Atomic mass Isotopic frequency shift MHz Isotopic f

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1 Spectroscopic Data for Neutral Francium Fr I J. E. Sansonetti a National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland Received 8 February 2006; accepted 8 March 2006; published online 21 May 2007 Energy levels and hyperfine structure constants have been compiled for the sixteen longest lived isotopes of francium Z=87. For most isotopes with atomic weights in the range 199 A 232 the only measurements made are for the 7s 2 S 1/2 and 7p 2,3/2 levels. Additional energy-level data are available for 210 Fr, 212 Fr, and 221 Fr. Wavelengths with classifications and transition probabilities are tabulated for 212 Fr. In addition, the ionization energy is included for isotopes for which a sufficient number of levels have been measured, 212 Fr and 221 Fr by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. DOI: / Key words: Francium; energy levels; atomic spectra; wavelengths; wave numbers; wavelength tables; hyperfine structure. CONTENTS 1. Introduction Spectroscopic Data Acknowledgement References List of Tables 1. Isotopes of francium Isotopic spectral data for the 7s and 7p levels Isotopic spectral data for the 8p levels Spectral lines of 212 FrI Energy levels of 212 FrI Energy levels of 221 FrI Energy levels of 210 FrI Lifetimes of energy levels of 210 FrI Introduction a Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: jean.sansonetti@nist.gov 2007 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. Although the existence of francium and some of its chemical properties were predicted as early as 1870 by Mendeleev, the element was not actually observed until 1939, when Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris discovered a decay product of 227 Ac with the chemical properties of an alkali metal. Later she named the element Francium after her native country. The isotope she observed, Fr, is the longest-lived isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 min, and is the only one occurring naturally. However, according to the 86th Edition of the CRC Handbook, 1 36 isotopes are recognized, with atomic weights in the range 199 A 232. Most have half-lives of a few seconds or less; those with longer halflives include those in Table 1 the magnetic moments are given as the ratio to the nuclear magneton, which is JT 1. Francium is the most unstable of the first 101 elements and its short half-life has made it difficult to measure its physical properties. Like all alkalis it is very reactive and electropositive and also has a low ionization energy. It has an atomic number of 87 and a melting point just above room temperature 27.2 C. There are few practical uses for francium. However, it is of considerable spectroscopic interest because, as the heaviest alkali metal, it is an excellent candidate for parity non-conservation measurements. Theoretical investigation of the transition amplitude for the paritynon-conserving 7s 8s transition has been done by Dzuba et TABLE 1. Isotopes of francium Isotope Atomic weight a min Spin a / N Half-life a Nuclear magnetic moment b 207 Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr / Fr Fr a See the CRC Handbook. 1 b See Ekström et al. 9, /2007/36 2 /497/11/$

structure constants have been compiled for the sixteen longest lived isotopes of francium Z=87.

2 498 J. E. SANSONETTI TABLE 2. Isotopic spectral data for the 7s and 7p levels 7s 2 S 1/2 7p 2 7p 2 Atomic mass Isotopic frequency shift MHz Isotopic frequency shift MHz al. 2 and the tie-in between isotope shifts and parity nonconservation analysis has been discussed by Dzuba et al. 3 For this compilation of spectral data the literature has been reviewed and lists of the most accurate information have been assembled. The uncertainty for each value, as given by the original authors, is indicated in the tables; however, for some values the authors do not estimate the uncertainty, so we are unable to include that information. In the table of wavelengths, the wavelengths and their uncertainties are reported in units of ångströms. As all lines are between 2000 and Å, air wavelengths are given, with the index of refraction determined by the three-term formula Peck and Reeder. 4 The wave number of each transition is reported in reciprocal centimeters and its uncertainty can be determined from that of the wavelength. The calculated transition probabilities A ki are given in units of inverse seconds. No estimate for their uncertainty was given by the authors. The lower level and upper level columns indicate the classification given for the transition. The energy level tables contain the configuration, term, and J values of each energy level, using LS coupling to describe the configurations. For visual clarity, only the first member of the term has the configuration written out. The level value and its uncertainty are given in the customary reciprocal centimeters. As reported in Mohr and Taylor, 5 the reciprocal centimeter is related to the SI unit for energy, the joule, by 1 cm 1 = J. All hyperfine structure constants and isotope shifts are given in units of megahertz with the uncertainty in the last digit given in parentheses following the value. As is customary, the hyperfine splitting constant, A, is the magnetic dipole coefficient, whereas B is the electric quadrupole coefficient. The level and hyperfine refer to the source of the energy level value and hyperfine splitting constants, respectively. 2. Spectroscopic Data Ground state: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 4f 14 5s 2 5p 6 5d 10 6s 2 6p 6 7s 2 S 1/2 Ionization energies: 212 Fr cm 1 ; ev 221 Fr cm 1 ; ev TABLE 3. Isotopic spectral data for the 8p levels 8p 2 8p 2 Atomic mass Isotopic frequency shift MHz

2 2 0 1187 7 0 97.2 1 26.0 2 213 8 757.4 19 1150 8 1 641.0 2 95.3 3 36.0 5 220 6 549.2 12 20 806.8 5 73.2 5 126.8 5 221 6 209.9 10 22452 1 808 12 23 570.0 2 65.5 6 264.

3 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR Fr I 499 Observing a sufficient quantity of francium to perform spectroscopic observations has been extremely difficult and the particular isotope produced depends on the technique utilized. The first spectral line reported was the D 2 resonance line observed at the European Organization of Nuclear Research CERN by Liberman et al. 6 The francium produced at CERN, using bombardment of a uranium target by protons, is predominantly 212 Fr, but isotopes from A=207 to 228 have been observed by Coc et al., 7,8 Ekström et al., 9,10 and Liberman et al. 11 The hyperfine splitting constants for the 7s and 7p levels of these isotopes are summarized in Table 2 along with the isotopic shifts of the frequencies of the transition to the ground state. The shifts in frequency are measured with respect to the corresponding transitions in 212 Fr = isotope 212. Thus a positive shift means that the level is farther from the ground state that the corresponding 212 Fr level. Isotope shifts for the 7p 2 levels and hyperfine splitting constant for them and the 7s 2 S 1/2 levels are taken from Coc et al. 7,8 and Duong et al. 12 The A values of the 7p 2 levels of the isotopes from 208 to 212 were measured by Grossman et al. 13 and the isotope shift for the 7p 2 in 221 Fr was reported in Bauche et al. 14 Duong et al. 12 measured the isotope shifts and hyperfine structure constants for the 8p 2 P levels listed in Table 3. More extensive research using the 212 Fr produced by the CERN facilities has resulted in the measurement of the ns levels for 10 n 22 and the nd levels for 8 n 20 by Arnold et al. 15,16 Values for the 7p and 8p levels have been determined by Bauche et al. 14 and Duong et al., 12 respectively. More recently, Biémont et al. 17 augmented the experimental data by using the Ritz formula to predict all missing ns, np, and nd levels up to n=30. They also calculated the transition probabilities, which are listed in Table 4. The wavelengths given in Table 4 are calculated from the energy levels given in Table 5, as compiled in Biémont et al.; 17 however, the 9s level value reported here is calculated from their Ritz formula because the value given in Table 2 of Biémont et al. 17 is actually from a 210 Fr measurement. The ionization energy for 212 Fr and many of the hyperfine splitting constants were determined by Arnold et al. 16 Splitting constants for the 7s, 7p, and 8p levels were determined by Duong et al. 12 TABLE 4. Spectral lines of 212 Fr I air Å Å A ki s 1 Lower level Upper level E+3 7s 2 S 1/2 20p E+3 7s 2 S 1/2 20p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 19p E+3 7s 2 S 1/2 19p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 18p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 18p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 17p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 17p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 16p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 16p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 15p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 15p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 14p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 14p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 13p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 13p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 12p E+4 7s 2 S 1/2 12p E+5 7s 2 S 1/2 11p E+5 7s 2 S 1/2 11p E+5 7s 2 S 1/2 10p E+5 7s 2 S 1/2 10p E+5 7s 2 S 1/2 9p E+5 7s 2 S 1/2 9p E+6 7s 2 S 1/2 8p E+6 7s 2 S 1/2 8p E+5 7p 2 20d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 19d 2 D 3/ E+4 7p 2 20s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 18d 2 D 3/ E+4 7p 2 19s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 17d 2 D 3/ E+4 7p 2 18s 2 S 1/2

6 The francium produced at CERN, using bombardment of a uranium target by protons, is predominantly 212 Fr, but isotopes from A=207 to 228 have been observed by Coc et al., 7,8 Ekström et al.

4 500 J. E. SANSONETTI TABLE 4. Spectral lines of 212 Fr I Continued air Å Å A ki s 1 Lower level Upper level E+5 7p 2 16d 2 D 3/ E+4 7p 2 17s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 15d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 16s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 14d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 15s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 13d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 14s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 12d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 13s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 11d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 20d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 20d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 19d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 19d 2 D 3/ E+4 7p 2 20s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 18d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 18d 2 D 3/ E+4 7p 2 19s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 17d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 17d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 12s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 18s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 16d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 16d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 17s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 15d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 15d 2 D 3/ E+6 7p 2 10d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 16s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 14d 2 D 5/ E+4 7p 2 14d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 15s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 13d 2 D 5/ E+5 7p 2 13d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 14s 2 S 1/ E+5 7p 2 11s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 12d 2 D 5/ E+5 7p 2 12d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 13s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 9d 2 D 3/ E+6 7p 2 11d 2 D 5/ E+5 7p 2 11d 2 D 3/ E+5 7p 2 13s 2 S 1/ E+6 7p 2 10d 2 D 5/ E+5 7p 2 10d 2 D 3/ E+2 6d 2 D 3/2 20p E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 20p E+2 6d 2 D 3/2 19p E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 19p E+6 7p 2 10s 2 S 1/ E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 18p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 18p E+3 6d 2 D 5/2 20p E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 17p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 17p E+3 6d 2 D 5/2 19p E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 18p 2

773 1.56E+5 7p 2 15s 2 S 1/2 5149.331 0.002 19 414.591 8.48E+5 7p 2 13d 2 D 3/2 5197.664 0.002 19 234.056 2.14E+5 7p 2 14s 2 S 1/2 5228.917 0.002 19 119.097 1.19E+6 7p 2 12d 2 D 3/2 5299.592 0.

5 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR Fr I 501 TABLE 4. Spectral lines of 212 Fr I Continued air Å Å A ki s 1 Lower level Upper level E+6 7p 2 11s 2 S 1/ E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 16p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 16p E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 17p E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 15p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 15p E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 16p E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 15p E+6 7p 2 9d 2 D 5/ E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 14p E+5 7p 2 9d 2 D 3/ E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 14p E+6 7p 2 8d 2 D 3/ E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 14p E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 13p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 13p E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 13p E+3 6d 2 D 3/2 12p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 12p E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 12p E+6 7p 2 10s 2 S 1/ E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 11p E+5 6d 2 D 3/2 11p E+7 7s 2 S 1/2 7p E+5 6d 2 D 5/2 11p E+6 7p 2 8d 2 D 5/ E+6 7p 2 8d 2 D 3/ E+6 7p 2 9s 2 S 1/ E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 10p E+5 6d 2 D 3/2 10p E+5 6d 2 D 5/2 10p E+3 8s 2 S 1/2 20p E+3 8s 2 S 1/2 20p E+3 8s 2 S 1/2 19p E+3 8s 2 S 1/2 19p E+3 8s 2 S 1/2 18p E+3 8s 2 S 1/2 18p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 17p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 17p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 16p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 16p E+7 7s 2 S 1/2 7p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 15p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 15p E+7 7p 2 7d 2 D 3/ E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 14p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 14p E+6 7p 2 9s 2 S 1/ E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 13p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 13p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 12p E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 9p E+4 8s 2 S 1/2 12p E+5 6d 2 D 5/2 9p E+5 6d 2 D 3/2 9p E+5 8s 2 S 1/2 11p E+5 8s 2 S 1/2 11p E+7 7p 2 7d 2 D 5/2

63E+4 6d 2 D 3/2 15p 2 6413.04 0.02 15 588.91 1.73E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 16p 2 6482.03 0.02 15 423.01 2.28E+4 6d 2 D 5/2 15p 2 6484.210 0.003 15 417.819 3.91E+6 7p 2 9d 2 D 5/2 6491.03 0.02 15 401.62 3.

6 502 J. E. SANSONETTI TABLE 4. Spectral lines of 212 Fr I Continued air Å Å A ki s 1 Lower level Upper level E+6 7p 2 7d 2 D 3/2 TABLE 5. Energy levels of 212 Fr I constants 7s 7p 6d 8s 8p 7d 9s 9p 8d 10s 10p 9d 11s 11p 10d 12s 12p 11d 13s 13p 12d 14s 2 S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/

998 0.002 14 97.2 1 26.0 2 12 2 D 3/2 16 229.87 0.03 17 5/2 16 429.64 0.03 17 2 S 1/2 19 739.98 0.03 17 2 P 1/2 23 112.960 0.005 12 373.0 1 12 3/2 23 658.306 0.004 12 32.8 1 7.7 9 12 2 D 3/2 24 244.

7 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR Fr I 503 TABLE 5. Energy levels of 212 Fr I Continued constants 14p 13d 15s 15p 14d 16s 16p 15d 17s 17p 16d 18s 18p 17d 19s 19p 18d 20s 20p 19d 21s 21p 20d 22s 2 P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/

514 0.006 15 2 S 1/2 31 929.789 0.006 15 2 P 1/2 32 004.20 0.05 17 3/2 32 018.55 0.05 17 2 D 3/2 32 029.909 0.006 15 5/2 32 032.821 0.006 15 2 S 1/2 32 077.492 0.006 15 2 P 1/2 32 135.03 0.

8 504 J. E. SANSONETTI TABLE 5. Energy levels of 212 Fr I Continued constants 22p 21d 23s 23p 22d 24s 24p 23d 25s 25p 24d 26s 26p 25d 27s 27p 26d 28s 28p 27d 29s 29p 28d 30s 2 P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/ P 1/ / D 3/ / S 1/

03 17 2 S 1/2 32 542.59 0.03 17 2 P 1/2 32 557.32 0.05 17 3/2 32 560.25 0.05 17 2 D 3/2 32 562.52 0.03 17 5/2 32 563.13 0.03 17 2 S 1/2 32 572.56 0.03 17 2 P 1/2 32 585.20 0.05 17 3/2 32 587.72 0.

9 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR Fr I 505 TABLE 5. Energy levels of 212 Fr I Continued constants 30p 29d 30d 2 P 1/ / D 3/ / D 3/ / Fr II 1 S 0 Limit A second approach to producing francium atoms was used by Andreev et al. 18,19 at the Institute of Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. They produced atoms of 221 Fr by decay of 229 Th, then used two-photon laser spectroscopy to measure Rydberg levels for ns 23 n 31 and nd 22 n 33. The series was combined with the measurement of the 7p 2 level by Duong et al. 12 to give the ionization limit given in the 221 Fr energy level table. splitting constants were determined by Coc et al. 8 and Duong et al. 12 See Table 6. TABLE 6. Energy levels of 221 Fr I constants 7s 7p 8p 22d 23s 23d 24d 25s 25d 26s 26d 27s 27d 28d 29s 29d 30s 30d 31s 31d 2 S 1/ P 1/ / P 3/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/ S 1/ D 3/2,5/

18,19 at the Institute of Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

10 506 J. E. SANSONETTI TABLE 6. Energy levels of 221 Fr I Continued constants 32d 33d 2 D 3/2,5/ D 3/2,5/ Fr II 1 S 0 Limit TABLE 7. Energy levels of 210 Fr I constants 7s 7p 8s 7d 9s 2 S 1/ P 1/ / S 1/ D 3/ / S 1/ TABLE 8. Lifetimes of energy levels of 210 Fr I 7p 2 7p 2 7d 2 D 3/2 7d 2 D 5/2 8s 2 S 1/2 8p 2 8p 2 9s 2 S 1/2 Lifetime ns Reference Scientists at the State University of New York at Stony Brook create the isotope 210 Fr by bombarding gold targets with highly accelerated ions of 18 O from a superconducting linear accelerator Simsarian et al., Grossman et al., 23,24 Aubin et al., 25 and Gomez et al. 26. This technique produces 10 6 Fr ions/s, but the 3.2 min half-life of this isotope necessitates rapid transport to an optical trap where the measurement takes place. Using two-photon spectroscopy, they have been able to directly observe the 8s and 9s levels, as listed in Table 7. In addition to the spectroscopic data for 210 Fr summarized in Table 7, the lifetimes of several levels have been measured and are presented in Table Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Joseph Reader of NIST for suggesting the need for a francium compilation, doing an extensive review of this manuscript, and making many comments and suggestion for its improvement. 4. References 1 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed., edited by D. R. Lide Taylor & Francis, New York, 2005, p V. A. Dzuba, V. V. Flambaum, and O. P. Sushkov, Phys. Rev. A 51, V. A. Dzuba, W. R. Johnson, and M. S. Safronova, Phys. Rev. A 72, E. R. Peck and K. Reeder, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants, 6 S. Liberman, J. Pinard, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, P. Pillet, J.-L. Vialle, P. Jacquinot, G. Huber, F. Touchard, S. Büttgenbach, A. Pesnelle, C. Thibault, and R. Klapisch, C. R. Acad. Sci. B 286, A. Coc, C. Thibault, F. Touchard, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, S. Liberman, J. Pinard, J. Lermé, J.-L. Vialle, S. Büttgenbach, A. C. Mueller, A. Pesnelle, and the ISOLDE Collaboration, Phys. Lett. B 163, A. Coc, C. Thibault, F. Touchard, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, S. Liberman, J. Pinard, M. Carre, J. Lermé, J.-L. Vialle, S. Büttgenbach, A. C. Mueller, A. Pesnelle, and the ISOLDE Collaboration, Nucl. Phys. A 468, C. Ekström, S. Ingelman, G. Wannberg, and M. Skarestad, Phys. Scr. 18, C. Ekström, L. Robertsson, and A. Rosén, Phys. Scr. 34, S. Liberman, J. Pinard, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, P. Pillet, J.-L. Vialle, P. Jacquinot, F. Touchard, S. Büttgenbach, C. Thibault, M. de Saint-Simon,

831 0.003 24 22.3 5 24 5/2 24 333.298 0.003 24 17.8 8 64 17 24 2 S 1/2 25 671.021 0.006 20 TABLE 8.

11 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR Fr I 507 R. Klapisch, A. Pesnelle, and G. Huber, Phys. Rev. A 22, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, S. Liberman, A. C. Mueller, R. Neugart, E. W. Otten, B. Peuse, J. Pinard, H. H. Stroke, C. Thibault, F. Touchard, J.-L. Vialle, K. Wendt, and the ISOLDE Collaboration, Europhys. Lett. 3, J. S. Grossman, L. A. Orozco, M. R. Pearson, J. E. Simsarian, G. D. Sprouse, and W. Z. Zhao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, J. Bauche, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, S. Liberman, J. Pinard, A. Coc, C. Thibault, F. Touchard, J. Lermé, J.-L. Vialle, S. Büttgenbach, A. C. Mueller, A. Pesnelle, and the ISOLDE Collaboration, J. Phys. B 19, L E. Arnold, W. Borchers, M. Carré, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, J. Lermé, S. Liberman, W. Neu, R. Neugart, E. W. Otten, M. Pellerin, J. Pinard, A. Pesnelle, J.-L. Vialle, K. Wendt, and the ISOLDE Collaboration, J. Phys. B 22, L E. Arnold, W. Borchers, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, J. Lermé, P. Lievens, W. Neu, R. Neugart, M. Pellerin, J. Pinard, J.-L. Vialle, K. Wendt, and the ISOLDE Collaboration, J. Phys. B 23, E. Biémont, P. Quinet, and V. Van Renterghem, J. Phys. B 31, S. V. Andreev, V. S. Letokhov, and V. I. Mishin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, S. V. Andreev, V. I. Mishin, and V. S. Letokhov, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, J. E. Simsarian, W. Shi, L. A. Orozco, G. D. Sprouse, and W. Z. Zhao, Opt. Lett. 21, J. E. Simsarian, L. A. Orozco, G. D. Sprouse, and W. Z. Zhao, Phys. Rev. A 57, J. E. Simsarian, W. Z. Zhao, L. A. Orozco, and G. D. Sprouse, Phys. Rev. A 59, J. S. Grossman, R. P. Fliller III, L. A. Orozco, M. R. Pearson, and G. D. Sprouse, Phys. Rev. A 62, J. S. Grossman, R. P. Fliller III, T. E. Mehlstäubler, L. A. Orozco, M. R. Pearson, G. D. Sprouse, and W. Z. Zhao, Phys. Rev. A 62, S. Aubin, E. Gomez, L. A. Orozco, and G. D. Sprouse, Phys. Rev. A 70, E. Gomez, L. A. Orozco, A. Perez Galvan, and G. D. Sprouse, Phys. Rev. A 71,

D. Sprouse, and W. Z. Zhao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 935 1999. 14 J. Bauche, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, S. Liberman, J. Pinard, A. Coc, C. Thibault, F. Touchard, J. Lermé, J.-L. Vialle, S. Büttgenbach, A. C. Mueller, A.

Microsoft PowerPoint - ryz_030708_pwo.ppt

Microsoft PowerPoint - ryz_030708_pwo.ppt Long Term Recovery of Seven PWO Crystals Ren-yuan Zhu California Institute of Technology CMS ECAL Week, CERN Introduction 20 endcap and 5 barrel PWO crystals went through (1) thermal annealing at 200 o