以性費洛蒙/誘引劑為基礎之楊桃害蟲綜合管理

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2 Averrhoa carambola L. carambola star apple fruit five corner 41, , 峯 3,054 WTO 撃 90 1, 2, 1, , 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 36, 37, 43 Lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr White spotted longicorn beetle, Anoplophora maculata Thomson Coffee leopard moth, Zeuzera coffeae Niether 蟎 Mites Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Small tussock moth, Orgyia postica Walker Taiwan yellow tussock moth, Euproctis taiwana Shiraki Diacrotricha fasciola Zeller Flower thrip, Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan Odontaleyrodes rhododendri Takahashi Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi Green beetle, Anomala expansa Bates Anomala cupripes Hope Protaetia orientalis Gouy et Perchelon Tropical citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricidus Kirkaldy Giant bagworm, Eumeta preyeri Leech Mango green leafhopper, Idioscopus clypealis Lethierry Mango brown leafhopper, Idioscopus niveosparsus Lethierry 姫 Carambola fruit borer, Eucosma notanthes Meyrick 脚姫 Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower Sylepta sp. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel Key insect pests 蟎 Eucosma notanthes Meyrick Tortricidae

8 41 20 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 36, 37, 43 Lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr White spotted longicorn beetle, Anoplophora maculata Thomson Coffee leopard moth, Zeuzera coffeae Niether 蟎 Mites Citrus

3 5, 40-95% 9 脚 Sylepta sp. 5, ~ , 13, Z -8-dodecenyl acetate, Z8-12 Ac - Z -8-dodecenol, Z8-12 OH , 24, 28, mg , 32 18, / 60 / 峯 , 29, mg g

5-1mg 6 26 17, 32 18, 1 27 2-4 150 10-15 5-10 1990-1992 4-6 10-172 / 60 / 2 18 4-8 1993-1997 峯

4 % % 50 50% / , , , 蟎 10, , 8, % Deltamethrin

5 ~40.5% 0.3~1.5 Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel 峯峯 1-2 峯 , 4, 34, 38, 峯 / Male annihilation , 4, 38, 39 33, 39 5

6-10 1-20 6-10 1-3 60-80 10 7-12 1-2 15 25 峯峯 1-2 峯 30

6 2-3 Ethyl acetate 50% 3% m 2 80% 31, 33, 39 衆 / / , 35, Opius 1952 Opius formosanus Fullaway O. arisanus Sonan O. makii Sonan O. flecheri Silvestri Tachinoaephagns sp. Pachycerepoideus vindemmiae Spalangie sp. O. formosanus O. formosanus O. arisanus 1979 Biosteres Opius longicaudatus var. formosanus Diachasmimorpha longicaudatus 6

flecheri Silvestri Tachinoaephagns sp. Pachycerepoideus vindemmiae Spalangie sp. O. formosanus 5-56.

7 5. Sterile-insect technique, SIT 3, 蟎蟎蟎蟎 Citrus red spider mite, Panonychus citri McGregor 蟎 Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida 蟎 Eutetranychus orientalis Klein 蟎 Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval 蟎 Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch 10, 36, 37 蟎蟎蟎蟎 , 37, 蟎蟎 5 蟎 2.8 Bifenthrin 蟎蟎蟎蟎 10, 20, 蟎蟎蟎蟎 Amblyseius californicus 蟎 A. fallacis 蟎 Phytoseiulus persimilis 蟎 Typhlodromus occidentalis 蟎蟎蟎蟎蟎 Amblyseius longispinosus Evans 蟎 A. ovalis Enans 蟎 Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha 蟎 3~ 蟎 5,000 蟎蟎 7-10 蟎蟎 6-8 蟎蟎 19 Stethrus loi Stethrus chengi Sasaji Oligota oviformes Casey Scolothrips sexmaculatus Pergande Orius sp. Arthrocnodax occidentalis Felt. Chrysopa boninensis Okamoto 蟎 7

37 蟎蟎蟎 1983 1990 蟎 Amblyseius californicus 蟎 A. fallacis 蟎 Phytoseiulus persimilis 蟎 Typhlodromus occidentalis 蟎蟎蟎蟎蟎 Amblyseius longispinosus Evans 蟎 A.

8 蟎蟎 3. 蟎蟎殻殻殻 Planococcus citri Risso , 25, ( )-2,2- -3-( )- ((IR-cis)-( )-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)cyclobutanemethanol acetate) 烖 47, 48, 56 2~3 22, 40 Ecological selectivity 22, , 48, 50 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant Scymnus Nephus ryuguns Kamira Chrysopa boninensis Okamoto Anagyrus sawadai Ishii 44 8

49 23 2. 3. 烖 47, 48, 56 2~3 22, 40 Ecological selectivity 22, 56 1-2 4.

9 6, 7, 10, 孶 / 蟎蟎 5 蟎 Carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera carambolae Drew Hancock 9

10 (Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)) (Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)) 46, Plumose scale, Morganella longispina Morgan Diaprepes abbreviatus L. Ecapantheria scribonia Stoll Platynota rostrana Walker Southern stink bug, Nezara vividula L. Leaf-footed bug, Leptoglossus spp. Black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe Fruit piercing moths, Gonodonta spp. Eudocima spp. 螨 Tenuipalpids, Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes Integrated pest management, IPM 45, 51, FAO IPM 57 Aluja 1994 Area-wide pest control Total pest population management strategy 57 Malavasi 1994 Specific pest free area Infested area Specific pest free zone Large geographic areas 10

Black citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe Fruit piercing moths, Gonodonta spp. Eudocima spp.

11 Specific pest free production groves Non-detectable levels Hoyt and Burts 1974 Integrated control programs in fruit crops Gonzalez (1970) Hoyt and Burts 52, Autochthonous species Inter-regional species 寛 2 Preventive tactics Curative methods 3 Economic threshold Control action 4 1 Chemical control 2 Pheromones and attractants 3 Biological control 4 Host plant resistance 11

Autochthonous species Inter-regional species 寛 2 Preventive tactics Curative methods 3 Economic

12 15 鳯 5 Cultural practice trap crops field sanitation : a b c

1985 27 53-62 6. 1986 19:57-62 7. 1988a 43-50 8.

13 (3): (3): : : 蟎蟎蟎 3: 蟎 : : (3): (3): (2): (1): (2): (2):

1991 蟎 127-136 21. 1963 5:304-311 22. 1986 28 2 :155-161 23. 1987 29(3):297-305 24.

14 蟎羣刋 28: 蟎 Panonychus citri McGregor 37: 蟎 Anonymous Agricultural chemicals in California plant protection: are there alternative? Agricultural Issues Center, U. C. Davis, California, 151pp. 46.Armstrong, J. W., Silva, S. T., and Shishido, V. M Quarantine cold treatment for Hawaiian carambola fruit infested with Mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, or Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae ) eggs and larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: Bartlett, B. R Biotic Factors in natural control of citrus mealybug in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 50: Bartlett, B. R., and Loyd, D. C Mealybug attacking citrus in California- A survey of their natural enemies and the realease of new parasites and predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 51: Bierl-Leonhardt, B. A., Moreno, D. S., Schwarz, M., Fargerlund, J. A., and Plimer, J. R Isolation, identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso Tetrahedron Lett Chacko, M. J., Krishnamoorthy Bhat, P., Ananda Rao, L. V., Deepak Singh, M. B., Ramanarayan, E. P., and Sreedharan, K The use of the ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, for the control of coffee mealybag. J. Coffee Res. 8: Dent, D Insect pest management. C. A. B. I. Wallingford, U. K., 604pp. 52.Gonzalez, D Sampling as a basis for pest management strategies. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. Contr. Habitat Manage. 2: Tall Timbers Res. Sta. Tallahassee, Florida. 53.Hallman, G. J., and Sharp, J. L Hot-water immersion quarantine treatment for carambolas infested with Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae ). J. Econ. Entomol. 83: Hoyt, S. C., and Burts, E. C Integrated control of fruit pests. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 19: Hung, C. C., Hwang, J. S., Hung, M. D., Yen, Y. P., and Hou, R. F., Isolation, 14

1995. Quarantine cold treatment for Hawaiian carambola fruit infested with Mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, or Oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae ) eggs and larvae. J. Econ. Entomol.

15 identification and field tests of the sex pheromone of the carambola fruit borer, Eucosma notanthes. J. Chem. Ecol. 27(9) Meyerdirk, D. E., French, J. V., Hart, W. G., Chandler, D Citrus mealybug effect of pesticide residues on adults of the natural enemy complex. J. Econ. Entomol Pena, J. E., Sharp, J. L., and Wysoki, M Tropical fruit Pests and Pollinators-Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies and Control. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, and New York, USA, 430 pp. 58.Waite, G. K., and Hwang, J. S Pests of Litchi and Longan. In Tropical fruit Pests and Pollinators Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies and Control, pp., Edited by Pena, J. E., Sharp, J. L., and Wysoki, M., CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, and New York, USA. 15

Tropical fruit Pests and Pollinators-Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies and Control. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, and New York, USA, 430 pp. 58.Waite, G. K., and Hwang, J. S. 2002.

16 Abstract Hwang, Jenn-Sheng Sex Pheromone/Attractant Based Integrated Insect Pest Management in Carambola Orchard. p in : Proceedings of the Integrated Management of Crops Pests in Taiwan. (Applied Toxicology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan 413, ROC) Carambola fruit is the special agro-products of Taiwan. The total planted area of carambola fruit tree is estimated to be 1,738 hectares. The annual production of carambola fruit is about 27,000 tons, and the value is NT$ 480 million. Nearly over 20 species pests were reported to have infested carambola in Taiwan. The majority of these pests cause little damage or occur only locally and sporadically, but four or more insect pests are of major economic importance, such as carambola fruit borer, Eucosma notanthes Meyrick, Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, spider mites, citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), etc.. The paper briefly described the occurring period, damage habit, life history and field ecology of the key pests on carambola, as well as their management or control tactics with available sex pheromones/attractants techniques were reviewed. The further improvement for integrated pest management or control programs in fruit crops will be discussed. Key words: Carambola, Sex pheromone, Attractant, Integrated insect pest management. 16

(Applied Toxicology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan 413, ROC) Carambola fruit is the special

17 1, 2) Table 1. Survey on carambola fruit quality and pest-infested probability 1, 2) Items No. of fruits Percentage Fruits with good looking 7, Fruits with injured (bad) looking 1, Fruits with insect-infested lesion Fruits with live insect Bactrocera dorsalis larva Planococcus citri nymph adult Eucosma notanthes larva pupa Cryptophlebia ombrodelta larva Other moths larva Total 9,057 ca. 1,807 kg 1)Carambola fruits were come from Guei-Gou fruit collection site in Qwo-Shinq-Shiang of Taiwan Fruits Transportation and Marketing Cooperative. Carambola fruit was encased by paper bag with lower opening during fruit growing, and the sweetness is ca 7 to 8 Brix, and fruits with 17 to 20 kg in weight were packed in a box. 2) 259 carambola fruits from Jwo-Lan-Jenn with encased by sealed up bags during fruit growing were surveyed on Jan. to Mar., 1992, and the fruits with good looking, with injured looking, with insect-infested lesion were 64.1, 22.8, and 13.1, respectively, and no alive insect was found. 17

044 Cryptophlebia ombrodelta larva 1 0.011 Other moths larva 2 0.022 Total 9,057 ca.

18 Table 2. Timing of application for controlling key insect pests on carambola trees in Taiwan 姫 Eucosma notanthes Bactrocera dorsalis 蟎 Mites 姫 Planococcus citri Anoplophora maculata 姫 Zeuzera coffeae 姫 Orgyia posticus 姫 Euproctis taiwana 姫 Diacrotricha fasciola 姫 Whiteflies 姫 Aphids 姫 Green beetles Kerria Lacca 18

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 姫 Eucosma notanthes Bactrocera dorsalis 蟎 Mites 姫

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