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1 Jan : Acta Geoscientica Sinica Vol.32 No.1: www. 地球学报.com 班戈错晚第四纪湖泊发育湖面变化与藏北高原东南部末次大湖期湖泊演化 1, 5), 2), 2, 5), 1), 3), 4) 1), ; 2), ; 3), ; 4), ; 5), 摘要 : ,, 6, U, 6, T 1, T 2 T 6 U : T 2, m/10.9± ±1.1 ka BP; T 3, m/31.1±2.5 ka BP; T 4, m/36.3± ±3.7 ka BP; T 5, m/35.1±2.9 ka B. P.; T 6, m/47.9±3.8 ka B. P., 9 m 6,,, MIS 5, ka BP/MIS 5e MIS 3a 30 0 ka BP/MIS ka BP/MIS 5e c, ka BP/MIS 5b a, 75 37kaBP/MIS 4 MIS 3a ka BP/MIS 3a ka BP/MIS ka BP/MIS , 50, ,,, , 0.25 m,, 1.75 m 关键词 : ; ; ; ; ; 中图分类号 : P531; P532 文献标志码 : A doi: /cagsb Late Quaternary Lake Development and Denivellation of Bankog Co as well as Lake Evolution of Southeastern North Tibetan Plateau during the Last Great Lake Period ZHAO Xi-tao 1, 5), ZHAO Yuan-yi 2), ZHENG Mian-ping 2, 5), MA Zhi-bang 1), CAO Jian-ke 3), LI Ming-hui 4) 1) Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ; 2) Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing ; (: ) : ; : : :,, xitao_zhao@sina.com

T 2, 11.8 29.8 m/10.9±1.9 14.8±1.1 ka BP; T 3, 32.4 59.8 m/31.1±2.5 ka BP; T 4, 52.4 83.7 m/36.3±3.1 38.8±3.7 ka BP; T 5, 82.2 112.9 m/35.1±2.9 ka B. P.

2 14 3) Shaanxi Institute of Geological Survey, Xianyang, Shaanxi ; 4) Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ; 5) Open Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environment,, Beijing Abstract: The Bankog Co is a small lake separated from the eastern part of the Silin Co during the late Late Pleistocene. From May to July, 2003, the authors made a detailed investigation of geomorphology and Quaternary geology along the bank of Bankog Co, which included the leveling survey of lake level elevations, the measurement of lake terrace heights along six profiles and the collection of lake deposit samples for U-series dating. The study results show that there are 6 level terraces (T 1 -T 6 ) along the Bankok Co. Except that T 1 was formed after separation from the Silin Co, the heights above the lake level and U-series ages of the other terraces are 11.8~29.8 m and 10.9±1.9~14.8±1.1 ka BP for T 2, 32.4~59.8 m and 31.1±2.5 ka BP for T 3, 52.4~83.7 m and 36.3±3.1~38.8±3.7 ka BP for T 4, 82.2~112.9 m and 35.1±2.9 ka BP for T 5, and 121.8~139.8 m and 47.9±3.8 ka BP for T 6, respectively. Correspondingly, for the heights of individual terraces of the Silin Co, 9 meters should be subtracted from the heights of the Bankok Co terraces, which is the lake level height difference between the two lakes. The 6 level terraces of the Silin Co and the Bankok Co can be well correlated in the formation time with the 6 level terraces of the Nam Co. In addition, some high lake deposits of the early and middle Late Pleistocene may be found in southeastern North Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, the lake evolution of southeastern North Tibetan Plateau since MIS 5 of the last great lake period can be divided into two stages: the Qiangtang great lake stage of 125~30 ka BP, MIS 5e~MIS 3 and the North Tibetan lake group stage during 30~0 ka BP, MIS 2~1. The former can be further divided into four substages: the Qiangtang great lake substage of 125~96 ka BP, MIS 5e~c, the east Qiangtang lake substage of 96~75ka BP, MIS 5b~a, the retreated great lake substage of 75~37 ka BP, MIS 4~MIS 3a and the remnant great lake substage of 37~30 ka BP, MIS 3a. The latter can be further divided into two substages: the lake salting substage of 30~10 ka BP, MIS 2 and the saline lake forming substage of 10~0 ka BP, MIS 1. The study results also show that, from 1959 to 2003, the lake surface of the Bankog Co was overall rising, reaching up to 1.75 m, although from 1959 to 1973 or a little later, there occurred a process of first falling, then rising and again slight falling, with a fall of 0.25 m, and an accompanied contraction of the lake area. Key words: North Tibetan Plateau; Bankog Co; Late Quaternary; last great lake period; lake evolution; denivellation,,,,,,,,,,,, Shi et al.(2001) Zheng et al.(2000)(2000), ka BP 28 ka BP 25 ka BP 3 (MIS 3),, (, 2002a, b, 2003, 2005),,,,, U ka BP, MIS 3 MIS 5,,,,, km 2,, ( ), ( ), ( 1740 km 2, 4530 m),,, :100000

From May to July, 2003, the authors made a detailed investigation of geomorphology and Quaternary geology along the bank of Bankog Co, which included the leveling survey of lake level elevations, the

3 : 15, (1989)Ⅲ Ⅱ, Ⅰ, Ⅲ 56.7 km 2,, 4520 m, ⅢⅡ, 130 km 2, 40 1 班戈错沿岸的湖泊沉积与湖积地形 (, 1983, 1984;, 1985;, 1989;, 1993;, 1993, 1994), (1989),, m Ⅲ, m Ⅱ, Ⅰ Ⅰ -1, 3 5 m; Ⅰ -2, 5 10 m Ⅰ -3, 5 10 m : 1,, Ⅲ, 2,, ( ),, 3,,,,, - 4, -, () () (), I, 14 C 16800±200 a, 5,,, I -1-3,,, ,,,,, (, 2002a, b, 2003, 2005), ( 1, 2): 1),, Ⅱ,, T 3 T 5,,, 1 2 m,, T 5,,,, 2),, Ⅲ-,,, 1 3m, m Ⅱ, 3) (T 6 ), m Ⅱ Ⅲ,, 4) (T 5 ), m Ⅱ Ⅲ T 5, ⅡⅢ,,,,, 5) (T 4 ),

100 150 m Ⅲ, 60 120 m Ⅱ, Ⅰ Ⅰ -1, 3 5 m; Ⅰ -2, 5 10 m Ⅰ -3, 5 10 m : 1,, Ⅲ, 2,, ( ),, 3,,,,, - 4, -, () () (), I, 14 C

4 16 Fig. 1 图 1 西藏班戈错地区地貌与第四纪湖泊沉积分布图 Geomorphologic map showing the distribution of the Quaternary lacustrine deposits in the Bankok Co district, Tibet 1- ; 2- ; 3-; 4-; 5- ; 6- ; 7- ; 8- ; 9- ; 10- ; 11-; 12-; 13-; 14- ; 15-U /ka BP 1-river and lake; 2-waterlogged dry lake; 3-river bed, flood plain and lake delta; 4-lake beach; 5- first terrace; 6-second terrace; 7-thrid terrace; 8-fourth terrace; 9-fifth terrace; 10-sixth terrace; 11-highstand lacustrine deposits; 12-Middle Pleistocene lacustrine deposits; 13-bedrock; 14-levelling survey profile and its serial number; 15-sampling site and U-series date(ka BP) Fig. 2 图 2 西藏班戈错地貌与第四纪湖泊沉积综合剖面图 Comprehensive profile of geomorphology and Quaternary lacustrine deposits in the Bankok Co district, Tibet

9- ; 10- ; 11-; 12-; 13-; 14- ; 15-U /ka BP 1-river and lake; 2-waterlogged dry lake; 3-river bed, flood plain and lake delta; 4-lake beach; 5- first terrace; 6-second terrace; 7-thrid terrace;

5 : m, Ⅱ, Ⅲ () 10), T 4 ( ), ( Ⅱ ), T 1 T 5,, T 2 6) (T 3 ),, m, Ⅱ T 3 ( ), ( Ⅱ ),, (1983, 1984) 1: ( ), 7) (T 2 ), (MgCO 3 Mg(OH) 2 3H 2 O),, 班戈错湖面湖岸阶地与湖岸堤的水准 m ⅢⅡ, T 2,, 测量 Ⅱ,,,,,,,, 3 5 m T 2 ⅢⅡ, ; Ⅱ,, , 6 NAL132, : ±1.0 mm, 1.9 mm/30 m, ( 2.0 mm/30 m) 6 6 (T 1 T 6 ) 8) (T 1 ) 1, T 2, T 2 ( ), T 2 Ⅱ,, T 4, T 2 T 3, T 4, m,, 1, T 1,,,,, 1:100000,, Ⅱ Ⅲ m, Ⅲ, 9), m, 1.9 mm/30 m, 表 1 班戈错 ( m) 沿岸湖岸阶地的水准测量结果 (m) Table 1 Leveling survey of the lacustring terraces from Bankok Co( m) T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T * * * T 1

0 mm/30 m) 6 6 (T 1 T 6 ) 8) (T 1 ) 1, T 2, T 2 ( ), T 2 Ⅱ,, T 4, T 2 T 3, T 4, 4 590 m,, 1, T 1,,,,, 1:100000,, Ⅱ Ⅲ 4 590.1 m, 2003 5 26 Ⅲ, 9), 4521.58 m, 1.9 mm/30 m, 表 1 班戈错 (4521.

6 m, 104 mm,, m, ±0.20 m, T 2 T 6, 8.4 m, 50,,, , m(, 2006) (4 530 m), m, 9 m,, T 2 T 6, 9 m,,, 6 T 1 T 5, T 6, : T 1, m 6.3 m, ; T 2, m 16.9 m 19.4 m m m m m, 7 ; T 3, m 36.9 m m 41.6 m 43.1 m m 51.1 m 52.4 m, 8 ; T 4, m m m 64.7 m 64.7 m 64.8 m 66.2 m 68.5 m, 9 ; T 5, m( m), 3 班戈错湖泊沉积的 U 系法测年及其与纳木错湖泊沉积的对比 3.1 U 20 U, 15 ( 2, 1) 5 ( 4), (Luo et al., 1991;, 2002) B U 2, U ( 1, 2), 15 U, T 1 T 2, T 5 T 4 (),,, 3.2, T 1, T 2 T ( m ) U : T 2, m, 10.9± ±1.1 ka B. P.; T 3, m, 表 2 班戈错沿岸湖泊沉积的 U 系测年结果 Table 2 U-series dates of the lacustrine deposits along the coast of Bankok Co U 230Th 230Th U /m /ppm / 238 U / 232 Th / 234 U /ka BP T T T T T T B T , Ⅱ T T T T T Ⅱ :

0 m 57.9 61.9 m 64.7 m 64.7 m 64.8 m 66.2 m 68.5 m, 9 ; T 5, 101.1 m( 4622.7 m), 3 班戈错湖泊沉积的 U 系法测年及其与纳木错湖泊沉积的对比 3.1 U 20 U, 15 ( 2, 1) 5 ( 4), (Luo et al.

7 : ±2.5 ka BP; T 4, m, 36.3± ±3.7 ka BP.; T 5, m, 35.1±2.9 ka BP; T 6, m, 47.9±3.8 ka BP T 2, T 1, T 2 T 6 ( m), T 2 T 6 9 m, m, m, m, m m U ( 3) : 3, T 1 U T 5 ( ), U,,, Table 3 T 1 * T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 Table 4 表 3 班戈错与纳木错湖岸阶地与高位湖相沉积的相对高度海拔高度和 U 系年龄的对比 A comparison of heights, elevations and U-series dates of the lacustrine terraces and high lacustrine deposits between the Bankok Co and the Nam Co /m /m /ka BP /m * T m m, U ka BP, /m /ka BP 表 4 藏北高原东南部若干湖区高位湖相沉积的海拔高度和 U 系年龄 Elevations and U-series dates of the high lacustrine deposits from some lakes on the southeast North Tibetan Plateau /m /m /m /ka BP , 2002b , 2002b , 2002b ,9, , , , , 2002b , 2002b , , 2002b , , , ,

8 m U ( 3) : 3, T 1 U T 5 ( ), U,,, Table 3 T 1 * T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 Table 4 表 3 班戈错与纳木错湖岸阶地与高位湖相沉积的相对高度海拔高度和 U 系年龄的对比 A comparison of heights, elevations and

8 20 ( ),,, T 1, km 2,,,, m,,, m, 4 藏北高原东南部末次大湖期羌塘古大湖 15, 的湖泊演化 40,, (),, U, MIS 5 (, Ⅱ T 3 T 5, U 167.1±22.3 ka BP),, ( 4), 500 1: ( ka BP/MIS 5c), (, 2002a, b, 2003, 2005) MIS 5,,,,,, m, 15, 40, 4.1 ( ka BP/MIS 5 e MIS 3a) 46.8 m m km 2, km m U ka BP ka BP m MIS 5 ( ),,,,,,,, (, 2003; 3) ka BP MIS 5e, km 2, km ; (96 75 ka BP/MIS 5a),,,, ( ) (), (75 37kaBP/MIS MIS 3a),,, -, ( ),, : 1(75 54 ka BP/MIS

1 (125 30 ka BP/MIS 5 e MIS 3a) 46.8 m 139.2 m 78 800 km 2, 167 000 km 2 4 764 4 857 m U 71.8 8.5 ka BP 115.9 12.

9 : 21 3c),, ; 2(54 44 ka BP/MIS 3b),, T 6 ; 3(44 37 ka BP/MIS 3a),, T 5,, (37 30 ka BP/MIS 3a) 7 32 ka BP, T 4, -,,,, T 5,,,,,,,, (( ) ),,, - () ( ) ( 坰 ),, : 1(37 33 ka BP/MIS 3a),, T 4, -,,, 2(33 29 ka BP/MIS 3a), T 3, 4.2 (30 0kaBP/MIS 2 1), MIS 2,,,, -,,, ka BP T ka BP, ka BP, 30 ka BP,, -, -,,,,,,,,, -, (30 10 ka BP/MIS 2),,,,, -,,, T (10 0 ka BP/MIS 1),, ( ),,,,,,,, T 1,, 5 班戈错 50 年来的湖泊张缩与湖面变化,

2 (30 0kaBP/MIS 2 1), MIS 2,,,, -,,, 32.3 4.4 ka BP T 2 28.2 2.8 ka BP, 29.3 2.

10 22, (, 2002;, 2002, 2003)(1995) (2003)(2003) 20, 50 (, 2006), : 10, : : ( :50000, 1959 ) , ( 3), ( 5) km 2, km 2, km 2, km ,, 70,, , 28.6 km 2, km , : ,, 83.8 km ,, km km km ( 3 GPS ), 5.2,, ;,,, Fig. 3 图 3 不同时期班戈错的湖泊范围 Lakesides of the Bankog Co in different years

9 23 91999 9 19, 102001 8 1 11 ( 3), ( 5) 5 3 1959 66.2 km 2, 1969 12 56.7 km 2, 1972 10 2 9.7 km 2, 1973 6 10 3.5 km 2 20 60 70,, 70,, 1976 12 19, 28.

11 : 23 表 5 不同时期班戈错的湖泊面积与湖面高程 Table 5 Lake area and altitude of the Bankog Co in different years /km 2 /m /km 2 /m / / , 1: 10,, 20 m,, , ( 4),, Ⅲ,, ( ) ( ) 7 ( ), 1: 10 2 km 2 km, Ⅲ, ⅢⅡ, GPS, 1m : Ⅲ, ⅡⅡ,, 2001, , 4, : km 2, ( 5), ( 4) m Bg Ⅲ-3 ( E, N) : 10, , m 4, , m, m, m Ⅱ m 1.29 m,, , m, 0.20 m Ⅲ 图 4 班戈错水位变化曲线 Fig. 4 Fluctuation curves of water level of the Bankog Co during

01, 1: 10,, 20 m,, 2001 5 2003 9, ( 4),, 2003 5 26 Ⅲ,, 2001 8 ( ) 2002 1 ( ) 7 ( ), 1: 10 2 km 2 km, Ⅲ, ⅢⅡ, 9 10 39 GPS, 1m 5 2001 8 111 5 : Ⅲ, ⅡⅡ,, 2001, 2003 5 26 5 3, 4, : 12001 8 10 11 167.

12 24 图 5 班戈错水深测量结果与等深线图 Fig. 5 Isobath map of the Bankog Co on August 10 th and 11 th, /m; 2-; m ; 4- () 1-isobath/m; 2-bathimetry point and result; m trigonometric point; 4-Lenglagenongba(place name), 1.7 m 1.75 m 1.55 m 1.60 m,, m 1.75 m 1.55 m 1.60 m, m m m m Ⅲ Ⅱ, m, m Ⅱ : 5, m 0.70 m, m m 6Ⅲ , m, m, ,,, ( 6), ,, 0.2 m, 0.5 m 6 : 50, 1959,, 1973 ; 1973,, ,, 50,, : (1995) Fig. 6 图 6 班戈错近 50 年来的湖面变化曲线 Curves of denivellation of the Bankog Co over last near 50 years

51 m 41983 7 12 Ⅲ Ⅱ, 2001 8 1.10 m, 4521.01 m 5 1992 9 23 1999 9 19 Ⅱ 2001 8 1963 10 1: 5, 2001 8 0.90 m 0.70 m, 4521.21 m 4521.41 m 6Ⅲ 1963 10 1969 12 1983 7 12, 2001 8 1.30 m, 4520.

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