九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository 日本人小児 (3-11 歳 ) の身体組成指数の検討中尾, 武平九州大学大学院人間環境学府大柿, 哲朗九州大学健康科学センター齊藤, 篤司九州大学健康科学センター小宮, 秀一九州

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1 九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository 日本人小児 (3-11 歳 ) の身体組成指数の検討中尾, 武平九州大学大学院人間環境学府大柿, 哲朗九州大学健康科学センター齊藤, 篤司九州大学健康科学センター小宮, 秀一九州共立大学スポーツ学部出版情報 : 健康科学. 30, pp.19-25, 九州大学健康科学センターバージョン : 権利関係 :

2 Vol.30, ) 2) 2) 3) A Deliberation of the Body Composition Index of Japanese Children from 3 to 11 Years Old Takehira NAKAO 1) Tetsuro OGAKI 2) Atsushi SAITO 2) and Shuichi KOMIYA 3) Abstract Recently, a dramatic increase in the obesity of children has been reported in both developed and under-developed countries. Body Mass Index (BMI) is widely used to assess childhood weight gain and loss. However, the BMI has a few limitations to its assessment of the development of children. The Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and Fat mass index (FMI) are known to redeem the faulty results of the BMI. The aims of this study were to determine the FFMI and FMI of healthy children from 3 to 11 years old in Japan. Five hundred and ninety-nine boys and seven hundred and forty-seven girls with wide spectrums of stature, body mass and body composition underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Both FFM and FM were divided by stature 2 to give accurate results, as described previously. The FFMI (in children 3-11 yrs) was kg/m 2 in boys and kg/m 2 in girls. The FMI was -4.0kg/m 2 in boys and kg/m 2 in girls. The FFMI of boys was consistently higher than that of girls throughout childhood. The FMI of girls was higher than that of boys. The body composition indices provide more detailed information on body composition that is not necessarily clear in traditional analytical procedures. The development of the body composition chart makes it possible to evaluate the details of the body composition of the children. Key words: Body composition, Fat-free mass index, Fat mass index, BMI (Journal of Health Science, Kyushu University, 30: 19-25, 2008) 1) Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University 2) Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University 3) Faculty of Sports Science, Kyushu Kyoritsu University * Tel/fax: Correspondence to: Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga, Fukuoka, , Japan Tel/fax: ogaki@ihs.kyushu-u.ac.jp

3 30, Body mass index BMI, BMI 1) BMI,, BMI, BMI, BMI Fat-free mass; FFM Fat mass; FM, BMI,,, BMI 2), BMI,, BMI, Percentage of Fat mass; %FM, FM, FFM Percentage of Fat-free mass; %FFM, %FM %FFM,,,, FM, FFM,,, FFM FM 3, 4), BMI %FM, FFM FM Fat-free mass index; FFMIFat mass index; FMI 5), FFM FM, FFMI FMI, 5, 6), FFMI FMI,, FFMI FMI, FFMI FMI,, FFMI FMI, 3-5, 6-8, ,,,,, 1., 4, , 3 38, 4 86, 5 109, 6 91, 7 35, 8 61, 9 87, 10 62, ,, 3 32, 4 93, 5 128, 6 91, 7 59, 8 72, 9 124, 10 92, ,,, 2., HD 0.1cm, AD kg BMI, / 2 kg/m 2, Harpenden 0.2mm, Komiya 7, 14,,,,,,,,

4 3-11,,,,,, 10g/mm 2,, , Bioelectrical Impedance AnalysisBIA, 10Vp-p, 50kHz, 500A TP-95K, 2-3,,, 20cm 1 2 2, 3M Red Dot TM cm, 400, 231 3FFMIFMI FFMI FMI, BMI 5 FFMI = FFM (kg) / (m) 2 FMI = FM (kg) / (m) 2 4., Microsoft Excel vol.x for mac Statview version J 4.5, Fisher PLSD (ANOVA), Student-t 5p< ,,, BMI 3-11, 5 BMI FFM, 3 9 p<0.05fm 2FFMFM FFM,, 50kHz, 500A Goran 8) FFM(kg)[( 2 /) 0.59( 0.065)0.04]/[0.769 ( ) (0.019 )] FFM kg, cm, kg, =1, =0, Total body watertbw 2 / Kushuner 9) TBW0.59 ( 2 / ) , Fomon 10) FFM ( ), H 18 2 O 8),, 4, 6, 7 %FM p<0.05 2, p<0.05, 3,,,, 4,,,,, 5,,,, 6,,,, 7,,, 8 9, 10,,, 11,,, FM(kg), FFM

5 ஜ ᐽ ⑼ ቇ 30 ภ 22 Table 1. Anthropometric and body composition characteristics of Japanese children by age and gender. 3yr 4yr 5yr 6yr 7yr 8yr 9yr ANOVA 11yr 10yr Boys 38 n Stature, cm Body mass, kg BMI, kg/m Fat-Free Mass, kg Fat Mass, kg %Fat Mass Girls 32 n * 24.2 * Body mass, kg BMI, kg/m * Fat-Free Mass, kg * 1 1.5* 14.2 * 1 2.2* 1 2.4* 20.4 * 2 3.4* * * 5.5 * Fat Mass, kg %Fat Mass * 21.3 ** *** *** *** 24.2 ** * Stature, cm Gender difference *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 Table 2. Descriptive statistics for skinfold thickness by age and gender. 3yr Boys Cheek, mm Chin, mm Chest 1, mm Chest 2, mm Suprailiac, m m Abdomen, mm T riceps, mm Subscapular, mm Back 1, mm Back 2, mm Knee, m m T high 1, mm T high 2, mm Calf, mm Girls Cheek, mm Chin, mm Chest 1, mm Chest 2, mm Suprailiac, m m Abdomen, mm T riceps, mm Subscapular, m m Back 1, mm Back 2, mm Knee, m m T high 1, mm T high 2, mm Calf, mm 4yr 5yr 6yr 7yr 8yr 10yr 9yr 11yr ANOVA ** 1.5* ** 2.5* * 2.2* 2.2* 2.5* *** * ** 3.4* 3.4*** * * 4.6* *** * 5.1* * * * * * 5.1 ** * ** * 5.2*** ns Chest 1; Diagonal fold just superior and lateral to the nipple㧘 Chest 2; Vertical fold on the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process㧘 Back 1; Vertical fold just adjacent to and level with the vertebra prominens㧘 Back 2; Vertical fold just adjacent to the spinal colum n and level with and just below the arcus costalis㧘 T hight 1; Vertical fold on the anterior aspect of the thigh m idway between the superior aspect of the patella and anterior superior iliac spine㧘 T hight 2; Vertical fold on the posterior aspect of the thigh. Gender difference *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p < 㧕FFMI ߣ FMI 3 ᱦఽ߇ kg/m2, 4 ᱦఽߢ kg/m2, 5 ᱦఽߢ 1 ߦ, BMI, FFMI, FMI ߩ ㊂୯ᦛ ߩᐔဋ୯ߣ 10.9 kg/m2, 6 ᱦఽߢ 11.1 kg/m2, 7 ᱦఽߢ Ḱ Ꮕ୯ࠍ ߒߚ ޕ FFMI ߩᐔဋ୯ߪ, kg/m2, 8 ᱦఽߢ kg/m2, 9 ᱦఽߢ 11.2 kg/m2, 10 ሶߩ 3 ᱦఽ߇ 11.1 kg/m2, 4 ᱦఽ߇ 11.0 kg/m2, 5 ᱦఽ߇ 11.0 ᱦఽߢ kg/m2, 11 ᱦఽߢ kg/m2 ߢ ߞߚ ޕ kg/m2, 6 ᱦఽ߇ 11.1 kg/m2, 7 ᱦఽ߇ kg/m2, 8 ᣇ, FMI ߢߪ, ሶߩ 3 ᱦఽ߇ kg/m2, 4 ᱦఽߢ ᱦఽ߇ kg/m2, 9 ᱦఽ߇ 1.2 kg/m2, 10 ᱦఽ߇ kg/m2, 5 ᱦఽߢ 1.0 kg/m2, 6 ᱦఽߢ 0.9 kg/m2, kg/m2, 11 ᱦఽ߇ kg/m2 ߢ ߞߚ ޕ ᅚሶߩ 7 ᱦఽߢ kg/m2, 8 ᱦఽߢ 3.7 kg/m2, 9 ᱦఽߢ

6 kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, kg/m 2 FFMI, FMI 4 7, BMI, 5 Adiposity rebound 3, BMI, FFMI, FMI 3, 3 BMI, FFMI, FMI 4 FFMI, BMI FMI 5 BMI, FFMI FMI, 6, BMI FFMI, BMI FMI 7 BMI FFMI, 8 9 BMI FMI, BMI, FFMI FMI 10 FFMI, BMI FMI 11 FFMI FigChanges in BMI, FFMI and FMI of boys and girls. Table 3. Coefficient of correlation (r) between stature and BMI, FFMI and FMI by age and gender. Stature vs BMI Stature vs FFMI Stature vs FMI Boys 3yr yr * yr ** ** * 6yr ** ** yr yr ** ** * 9yr * * 10yr * yr Girls 3yr yr * * 5yr yr 0.33 * * 7yr * * yr ** * * 9yr ** * ** 10yr * * 11yr * Gender difference *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001

7 30 2, FFM FM, FM %FM, FFM kg 11,12) %FM %FFM (100%),, %FM, FM, FFM, BMI,,, BMI 2) BMI %FM, FFMI FMI 5), FFMI FMI,, FFMI FMI FFMI FMI, ,,, BMI 13,14), ), FFMI FMI BMI, 1 1 kg/m 2, 16.3 kg/m 2, 5 1 kg/m 2, 1 kg/m 2, kg/m 2 BMI 1 5, 5, Adiposity rebound 15), BMI, FFM, FM FFMI FMI, FFM FM, BMI=FFMI+FMI 5),, (kg/m 2 ) BMI FFM FM 2, 3-11 FFMI FMI,, FFMI 3-11, kg/m 2, kg/m 2, FMI, -4.0 kg/m 2, kg/m 2 FFMI FMI,, 16), FFMI FMI, BMI,, BMI, FFMI FMI, FFMI FMI,,, BMI,,, FFMI,, FMI, 4 7, FFM, FM Schutz 17), FFMI FMI 18-34, FFMI 18.9kg/m 2, 15.5kg/m 2, FMI 4.2kg/m 2, 5.8kg/m 2, 35-54, FFMI 19.3kg/m 2, 16.1kg/m 2, FMI kg/m 2, 6.2kg/m 2 FFMI FMI Schutz 17) FFMI FMI, FMI, FFMI, FFM, FM, FFMI FMI,, FFMI FMI, FFMI FMI 18),19)

8 Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C (2003): Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index. Nutrition, 19, Garn SM, Leonard WR, Hawthorne VM (1986): Three limitations of the body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr, 44, Griffiths M, Payne PR, Stunkard AJ, Rivers JPW, Cox M (1990): Metabolic rate and physical development in children at risk of obesity. Lancet, 336, Wells JCK, Cole TJ, ALSPAC study team (2002): Adjustment of fat-free mass and fat mass for height in children aged 8y. Int J Obes, 26, VanItallie TB, Yang M, Heymsfield SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA (1990): Height-normalized indices of the body s fat-free and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 52, Nakao T, Komiya S (2003): Reference Norms for a Fat-free Mass Index and Fat Mass index in the Japanese child population. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 22(6), Komiya S, Muraoka Y, Zhang F-S, Masuda T (1992): Age-related changes in body fat distribution in middle-aged and elderly Japanese. J Anthrop Soc Nippon 100, Goran MI, Kaskoun MC, Carpenter WH, Poehlman ET, Ravussin E, Fontvieikke A-M (1993): Estimating body composition of young children by using bioelectrical resistance. J Appl Physiol 75, Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Fjeld CR, Danford L (1992): Is the impedance index (ht 2 /R) significant in predicting total body water? Am I Clin Nutr 56, Fomon SJ, Haschke F, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE (1982): Body composition of reference children from birth to age 10 years. Am I Clin Nutr 35, Wells JCK (2001): A critique of the expression of paediatric body composition data. Arch Dis Child 85, Kyle UG, Genton L and Pichard C (2002): Body composition; what s new? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5, , ,. 15 Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Bellisle F, Sempe M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Patois E (1984): Adiposity rebound in children; a simple indicater for predicting obesity. AM J Clin Nutr, 39, Pichard C, Kyle UG, Bracco D, Slosman DO, Morabia A, Schutz Y (2000): Reference values of fat-free and fat masses by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 3393 healthy subjects. Nutrition, 16, Schutz Y, Kyle UUG, Pichard C (2002): Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18-98y. Int J Obes, 26, Hattori K (1991): Body composition and lean body mass index for Japanese college students. J Anthrop Soc Nippon, 99, Wells JCK (2000): A Hattori chart analysis of body mass index in infants and children. Int J Obes, 24,

九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository 地域在住高齢者の QOL : 太宰府研究畑山, 知子南山大学人文学部松尾, 恵理九州大学健康科学センター村上, 清英中九州短期大学長野, 真弓京都文教大学臨床心理学部他 htt

九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository 地域在住高齢者の QOL : 太宰府研究畑山, 知子南山大学人文学部松尾, 恵理九州大学健康科学センター村上, 清英中九州短期大学長野, 真弓京都文教大学臨床心理学部他 https://doi.org/10.15017/24713 出版情報 : 健康科学. 34, pp.43-53,