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1 四. 單醣說明四. 單醣說明. 三碳糖 : 例如甘, 而 dihydroxyacetone. 三碳糖 : 例如甘, 而 dihydroxyacetone (DA) 是最簡單的三碳酮糖 (ketose) 是最簡單的三碳酮糖 (ketose) 5 五. 最簡單的糖類內文五. 最簡單的糖類內文最簡單的三, 最簡單的三碳酮糖為最簡單的三, 最簡單的三碳酮糖為 dihydroxyacetone(da), 其結構如圖 dihydroxyacetone, 其結構如圖所示 : 所示 : 第四節一. 變旋作用的. 第四節一. 變旋作用的.. 催化變旋作用進行的酵素稱為變. 催化變旋作用進行的酵素稱為變旋旋 (mutarotase) (mutarotase) 六. 氧化及還原反應. 還原作用 a g 六. 氧化及還原反應. 還原作用 a g galactose dulcitol galactose dulcitol 5 第九節表 -( 錯誤 ) 乳糖 (lactose) Glc-Gal β-, yes 海藻糖 (trehalose) Glc-Glc α-, no 纖維二糖 (cellobiose) Glc-Glc β-, yes

2 第九節表 -( 正確 ) 乳糖 (lactose) Glc-Gal β-, yes 海藻糖 (trehalose) Glc-Glc α-, no 纖維二糖 (cellobiose) Glc-Glc β-, yes 5 第十節多醣類. 的 () 第十節多醣類. 的 () 異元多醣 (heteropolysaccharides):, 例異元多醣 (heteropolysaccharides):, 例如幾丁質 (chitin) 聚醣 (peptidoglycan) 如聚醣 (peptidoglycan) 脂多糖脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharide) 等 (lipopolysaccharide) 等 0 第十一節三. 黏多醣表.7( 錯誤 ) 玻尿酸 (hyaluronic acid) 軟骨素 (chondroitin sulfate) 肝素 (heparin) -- n β-glucuronic acid -acetylglucosamine S -- n S S S n Sulfated glucosamine Sulfated iduronic acid β-, β-, β-, 第十一節三. 黏多醣表.7( 正確 ) 玻尿酸 (hyaluronic acid) 軟骨素 (chondroitin sulfate) 肝素 (heparin) -- n β-glucuronic acid -acetylglucosamine S -- n S S S n Sulfated glucosamine β-, β-, β-, Sulfated iduronic acid

3 第十一節三. 黏多醣表.7( 錯誤 ).-acetyl-d-glucosamine.glucuronic acid.-acetyl-d-glucosamine sulfate.glucuronic acid.glucuronic acid.glucosamine. 醋酸. 硫酸第十一節三. 黏多醣表.7( 正確 ).-acetyl-d-glucosamine.-acetyl-d-galactosamin.glucuronic acid e sulfate.glucuronic acid.glucuronic acid.glucosamine. 醋酸. 硫酸三. 黏多醣說明. 三. 黏多醣說明.. 黏多醣症的全名為黏多醣貯積症. 黏多醣症的全名為黏多醣貯積症 (mucopolysaecharidoses, MS), 是一種遺傳性代謝異常疾病 (mucopolysaccharidoses, MS), 是一種遺傳性代謝異常疾病 5 第十三節圖 -8( 錯誤 ) Lipoteichoic acid eptidoglycan layre (cell wall) olysaccharide coat Lipid bilayer membrane Glc Mur Glc Mur (Gly) 5 Glc Mur (Gly) 5 Glc Glc (Gly) 5 (Gly) 5 Mur Mur (Gly) 5 (Gly) 5 Gram positive eptidoglycan structure (Gram )

4 5 第十三節圖 -8( 正確 ) Lipoteichoic acid eptidoglycan layer (cell wall) olysaccharide coat Lipid bilayer membrane Glc Mur Glc Mur (Gly) 5 Glc Mur (Gly) 5 Glc Glc (Gly) 5 (Gly) 5 Mur Mur (Gly) 5 (Gly) 5 Gram positive 6 第三節圖 -( 錯誤 ) M eptidoglycan structure (Gram ) Glyceraldehyde--phosphate i 6 AD AD,-Bisphosphoglycerate AD 7 AT 第三節圖 -( 正確 ) Glyceraldehyde--phosphate i 6 AD AD,-Bisphosphoglycerate AD 7 AT M

5 7 第三節圖 -( 錯誤 ) -hosphoglycerate 8 -hosphoglycerate 9 hosphoenolpyruvate AD 0 AT yruvate 第三節圖 -( 正確 ) -hosphoglycerate 8 -hosphoglycerate 9 hosphoenolpyruvate AD 0 AT yruvate. 說明.. 說明..FK- 對細胞內的能量狀態及其他代謝中.FK- 對細胞內的能量狀態及其他代謝中間物的量相當敏感, 特別是對檸檬酸 (citrate) 及胺基酸間物的量相當敏感, 特別是對檸檬酸 (citrate) 及脂肪酸圖 D-fructose-,6-bisphosphate dihydroxyacetone phosphate 5 6 D-glyceraldehydephosphate 圖 D-fructose-,6-bisphosphate dihydroxyacetone phosphate 5 6 D-glyceraldehyde- phosphate 5

6 圖 -7( 錯誤 ) 5 6 Fructose-.6- bisphosphate Schiff base B Glyceraldehyde --phosphate B B Dihydroxyacetone phosohate 圖 -7( 錯誤 ) 5 6 Fructose-.6- bisphosphate Schiff base B B Aldolase Glyceraldehyde --phosphate B B Dihydroxyacetone phosohate B Aldolase 6

7 6 圖 - AD AD Glyceraldehyde- -phosphate S S Thiohemiacetal S,-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 圖 - Glyceraldehyde--phosphate dehydrogenase AD AD Glyceraldehyde- -phosphate S S Thiohemiacetal S,-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde--phosphate dehydrogenase 6 9 圖 -5 9 圖 -5 enolase enolase -hosphoglycerate hosphoenolpyruvate -hosphoglycerate hosphoenolpyruvate 8 0 圖 -7( 錯誤 ) Rib Adenine Mg Rib Adenine,-Bisphosphoglycerate AD -hosphoglycerate AT 7

8 0 圖 -7( 正確 ) 0 二. 圖 -9 ( 錯誤 ) α-d-glucose AT -hosphoglycerate Mg Mg 刪除 -7 圖 Glycogen Glucose -phosphate phosphohexose isomerase phosphoglycerate kinase Mg phosphoglycerate mutase (Enol) yruvate glyceraldehyde--phosphate dehydrogenase ~ i AD AD,-Bisphosphoglycerate hexokinase glucokinase Mg D-Fructose 6-phosphate AT AT AD Mg phosphofructokinase AD α-d-glucose 6-phosphate D-Fructose,6-bisphosphate & -hosphoglycerate Fluoride enolase hosphoenolpyruvate xidation in citric AD pyruvate acid cycle AT kinase Spontaneous (Keto) yruvate iodoacetate Anaerobiosis AD AD AD lactate dehydrogenase aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde -hosphate AD mitochondrial respiratory chain phosphotriose isomerase AT L()-Lactate 8

9 二. 圖 -9 ( 正確 ) α-d-glucose AT -hosphoglycerate Mg Mg Glycogen Glucose -phosphate phosphohexose isomerase phosphoglycerate kinase Mg phosphoglycerate mutase (Enol) yruvate glyceraldehyde--phosphate dehydrogenase ~ i AD AD,-Bisphosphoglycerate hexokinase glucokinase Mg D-Fructose 6-phosphate AT AT AD Mg phosphofructokinase AD α-d-glucose 6-phosphate D-Fructose,6-bisphosphate & -hosphoglycerate Fluoride enolase hosphoenolpyruvate xidation in citric AD pyruvate acid cycle AT kinase Spontaneous (Keto) yruvate iodoacetate Anaerobiosis AD lactate dehydrogenase aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphotriose isomerase AD AD Glyceraldehyde -hosphate mitochondrial respiratory chain AD AT L()-Lactate 二. 原文閱讀二. 原文閱讀 After AD. In mitichondria, After AD. In mitochondria, results as well as fatty liver. results as well as fatty liver. 9

10 5 第五節一...activator:AD, AM, F-,6-B, F-,6-B 第五節一...activator:AD, AM, F-,6-B 7 第五節三. 說明. 第五節三. 說明.., 當 AT/AM 高時,, 則能抑., 當 AT/AM 低時,, 則能抑制 FK 制 FK 0 第六節三.. 第六節三... the step inglucose, this metabolism. the step in glucose, this metabolism catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. 第七節三..()(b) (b)α( 6) glncosidase activity of 第七節三..()(b) (b)α( 6) glycosidase activity of 9 第九節一. 圖 - 第九節一. 圖 - Ser side chain hosphorylase a dimer (active form) AD a a hosphorylase a hosphorylase b kinase AM kinase i AT 共價調控 Ser side chain hosphatase i a a AM hosphorylase a dimer (active form) AD hosphorylase kinase AT 共價調控 Allosteric sites empty hosphorylase b (less active form) Allosteric sites empty hosphorylase b (less active form) AM AM AM AM 異位調控異位調控 Ser side chain AM AM hosphorylase b ( active form) 第十節三. UT glucose--phosphaten Ser side chain AM AM hosphorylase b ( active form) 第十節三. UT glucose--phosphate 9 第十節七.. 註. 第十節七.. 註.. 澱粉合成 (debranching enzyme), 可以. 澱粉合成 (branching enzyme), 可以產產生有分支的支鏈澱粉生有分支的支鏈澱粉 58 第十五節二.. 第十五節二... 升糖激素是一由 9 個胺基酸所組成的. 升糖激素是一由 9 個胺基酸所組成的胜胜, 分子量約為,85, 分子量約為,85 第二節一...pyruvate dehydrogenase 第二節一...pyruvate decarboxylase 0

11 6 第三節三. 圖 -6 第三節三. 圖 -6 Riboflavin Riboflavin Flavin adenine dinucleotide(fad) Flavin adenine dinucleotide(fad) 9 第三節三. 圖 -7( 錯誤 ) R xidized flavin FM or FAD e e R e e R e Semiquinone free radical e R Reduced flavin FM or FAD

12 第三節三. 圖 -7( 正確 ) R xidized flavin FM or FAD e e R e e R e Semiquinone free radical e R Reduced flavin FM or FAD 第三節七. 丙酮酸脫氫 (D) 活性的調控 : 第四節三. 圖 -( 錯誤 ) Reaction ()Acetyi-oAoxaloacetate citrateoa-s 第四節三. 圖 -( 正確 ) Reaction ()Acetyl-oAoxaloacetate citrateoa-s 第三節七. 丙酮酸脫氫 (D) 活性的調控 : Enzyme itratr synthase Enzyme itratr synthase G ' (kj/mol). G ' (kj/mol). 第四節圖 -6 Acety-oA 第四節圖 -6 Acetyl-oA AD xaloacetate ittate Isocitrate AD xaloacetate itrate Isocitrate Malate AD α-ketoglutarate Malate AD α-ketoglutarate Fumarate FAD Succinyl-oA AD Fumarate FAD Succinyl-oA AD Succinate GT AT Succinate GT AT

13 7 第五節圖 -9( 錯誤 ) hosphoenol yruvate Glucose 第五節圖 -9 hosphoenol yruvate Glucose ther amino acids,purines, pyrimidines E carboxylase yruvate Acety-oA pyruvate carboxylase malic enzyme ther amino acids,purines, pyrimidines E carboxylase yruvate Acety-oA pyruvate carboxylase malic enzyme Aspartate xaloacetate itrate Fatty acids. sterols Aspartate xaloacetate itrate Fatty acids. sterols Malate α-ketoglutarate Malate α-ketoglutarate Glutamate Glutamate Succinyl-oA ther amino acids, purines Succinyl-oA ther amino acids, purines eme chlorophyll eme chlorophyll 9 第六節圖 - pyruvate 第六節圖 - pyruvate Acetyl-oA AD AT AM Acetyl-oA AD AT AM Acetyl-oA Acetyl-oA ittate itrate [xaloacetate] AD Isocitrate AD AD [xaloacetate] AD Isocitrate AD AD Malate α-ketoglutarate Malate α-ketoglutarate Succinyl- oa Succinyl-oA AD Succinyl- oa Succinyl-oA AD 5 第七節圖 -5 Fatty-acids 第七節圖 -5 Fatty-acids Acety-oA Acetyl-oA xaloacetate itrate synthase itrate xaloacetate itrate synthase itrate AD AD Malate dehydrogenase Aconitase AD AD Malate dehydrogenase Aconitase Malate Malate synthase Glyoxyate Isocitrate lyase Isocitrate Malate Malate synthase Glyoxyate Isocitrate lyase Isocitrate oa S Fumarate Acetyl-oA Succinate α-ketoglutarate oa S Fumarate Acetyl-oA Succinate α-ketoglutarate Succinate Succinyl-oA Succinate Succinyl-oA

14 8 第七節圖 -8 Acetyl-oA intermediates of TA cycle and glycolysis,am,ad Isocitrate intermediates of TA cycle and glycolysis,am,ad 第七節圖 -8 Acetyl-oA intermediates of TA cycle and glycolysis,am,ad Isocitrate intermediates of TA cycle and glycolysis,am,ad isocitrate lyase isocitrate dehydrogenase protein kinase phosphatase isocitrate lyase isocitrate dehydrogenase protein kinase phosphatase Glyoxylate cycle Succinate, glyoxylate α-ketoglutarate TA cycle Glyoxylate cycle Succinate, glyoxylate α-ketoglutarate TA cycle gluconeogenesis xaloacetate Glucose Amino acids, nucleotides AD FAD oxidative phosphorylation AT xaloacetate gluconeogenesis Glucose Amino acids, nucleotides AD FAD oxidative phosphorylation AT 6 第八節二. 圖 -6 圖 6 Glutathione Sutructure 5 6 第三節一.. 表格俗名 Glycin Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucin 第八節二. 圖 -6 圖 6 Glutathione Structure 第三節一.. 表格俗名 Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine 6 第十六節四. 說明 ( 錯誤 ) α- 角蛋白 (α-keratin) 膠原蛋白 (collagen). 簡單螺旋結構 (simple helical structure). 簡單螺旋結構 (simple helical structure). 為右手旋 α- 螺旋 (right-handed α-helix). 為左手旋 α- 螺旋 (right-handed α-helix) 第十六節四. 說明 ( 正確 ) α- 角蛋白 (α-keratin) 膠原蛋白 (collagen). 簡單螺旋結構 (simple helical structure). 簡單螺旋結構 (simple helical structure). 為右手旋 α- 螺旋 (right-handed α-helix). 為左手旋 α- 螺旋 (left-handed α-helix) 6 7 第十八節表 6-5 酸水解缺點.Trp 完全破壞形成 humin.ser Thr 部份破壞.glutamin? glutamate asparagine? aspartate.glu 行分子內脫水 ( 圖 6 ) 5. 胺基酸分子間脫水 ( 圖 6 ) 第十八節表 6-5 酸水解缺點.Trp 完全破壞形成 humin.ser Thr 部份破壞.glutamine? glutamate asparagine? aspartate.glu 行分子內脫水 ( 圖 6 ) 5. 胺基酸分子間脫水 ( 圖 6 )

15 酵素水解 Exopeptidase: ()carboxylase ()aminopeptidase 酵素水解 Exopeptidase: ()carboxypeptidase ()aminopeptidase 7 第四節二. 第四節二. 大量, 經 glutamine dehydrogenase 則會大量, 經 glutamine synthetase 則會耗耗 7 5 第六節圖 7-9( 錯誤 ) Urea carbamoyl Mg-AT phosphate (5) -Acetylglutamate () arginase synthetase Mg-AT i L-Arginine ornithine () fumarate ornithine argininosuccinase carbamoyl transcarbamoylase () phosphate i () argininosuccinic acid synthetase Mg-AT citrulline aspartate argininosuccinate AMMg-i 5

16 第六節圖 7-9( 正確 ) 7 9 第十七節圖 7-5 Urea carbamoyl Mg-AT phosphate (5) -Acetylglutamate () arginase synthetase Mg-AT i L-Arginine ornithine () fumarate ornithine argininosuccinase transcarbamoylase carbamoyl () phosphate i () argininosuccinic acid synthetase Mg-AT citrulline aspartate argininosuccinate AMMg-i 第十七節圖 7-5 dopamine β-hyydroxylase, ascorbate dopamine β-hydroxylase, ascorbate norepinephrine norepinephrine adomet adomet adocy epinephrine adocy epinephrine 6

17 8 第一節圖 8- ALA dehydrogenase 第一節圖 8- ALA dehydratase Two molecules of α-aminolevulinate orphobilinogen (first precursor pyrrole) 9 6 第三節一. 一. 脂肪酸的種類 (classof fattyacids) Two molecules of α-aminolevulinate orphobilinogen (first precursor pyrrole) 第三節一. 一. 脂肪酸的種類 (class of fatty acids) 9 第五節說明第五節說明一般來說氫化技術可以降低脂肪酸的一般來說氫化技術可以增加脂肪酸的飽和度以增加油脂的穩定性飽和度以增加油脂的穩定性 9 56 第十四節圖 9-0 第十四節圖 9-0 ( ) R ~ S oa ( ) R ~ S oa Fatty acyl-oa arnitine Fatty acyl-oa arnitine 9 59 第十五節圖 9- 第十五節圖 9- thiolase oa-oa thiolase oa-s R S-oA S-oA R S-oA S-oA Acyl-oA (myristoyl-oa) Acetyl-oA Acyl-oA (myristoyl-oa) Acetyl-oA 7

18 0 第三節圖 0-( 錯誤 ) ω9 Family elongase elongase elongase ω6 Family elongase leic acid 5 desaturase 8: 0: : : Linoleic acid 8: 0: 5 8: elongase desaturase 0: 0: elongase : desaturase : 8: 0: 0: : :5 ω Family Linolenic acid 8: 8: 0: 0:5 :5 :6 第三節圖 0-( 正確 ) ω9 Family elongase elongase elongase leic acid 8: 0: : : 6 desaturase - ω6 Linoleic acid Family 8: - elongase 0: 5 8: elongase desaturase 0: 0: elongase : desaturase : 必須脂肪酸缺乏時,: 會堆積 8: 0: 0: : :5 ω Family Linolenic acid 8: 8: 0: 0:5 :5 :6 0 5 第三節圖 ~ S oa 第三節圖 ~ S oa 8 Linoleyl-oA 8 Linoleyl-oA AD AD 9 desaturase AD AD 6 desaturase Linoleyl-oA ~ S oa 8 Linoleyl-oA ~ S oa 8

19 0 6 第三節圖 0-5 第三節圖 0-5 (Malonyl-oA,AD) elongation system (Malonyl-oA,AD) elongation system Dihomo-r- linoleyl-oa ~ S oa 0 Dihomo-r- linoleyl-oa ~ S oa AD AD 6 desaturase AD AD 5 desaturase 8 5 ~ S oa 8 5 ~ S oa 0 Arachidonyl-oA 第二節圖 -( 錯誤 ) 0 carbohydrate side chain of glyclipid Arachidonyl-oA phospho lipid bilayer glycoprotein hydro pho bic regio n hydrophilic region carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins plasma membrane integral membrane protein peripheral membrane protein nucleus cytoplasm 9

20 第二節圖 -( 錯誤 ) carbohydrate side chain of glycolipid phospholipid bilayer glycoprotein hydrophobic region hydrophilic region carbohydrate side chains of glycolipid plasma membrane integral membrane protein peripheral membrane protein nucleus cytoplasm 第五節表 - transported solute lactose praline 6 第六節四..onformation II: 第五節表 - transported solute lactose proline 第六節四..onformation I: 0

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<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D203130332DA5CDB27ABEC7BB50A5CDAAABA4C6BEC728B2C4A447A6B8B14DAAF9C2BEB77EA4CEA7DEB34EA448ADFBB0AAB5A5A6D2B8D5C0E7BE69AE76A6D2B8D5B8D5C34429> 103 年第二次專門職業及技術人員高等考試營養師考試試題等別 : 高等考試類科 : 營養師科目 : 生理學與生物化學甲申論題部份一請針對乳酸閾值 (Iactate threshold) 加以說明, 並詳述與運動表現之相關性為何? (10 分 ) 擬答乳酸