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1 ( ) ChinaEconomicQuarterly Vol.14,No.1 October,2014 *,,, ;,,,,,, 10% 57% 1, 2 ;, 2010, , 2011, , (Solon,1992;Zimmerman,1992;So- *, ;, :,,611130; : ; duzc@swufe.edu.cn ; 2013 ( )(2013) ; (11XJC790002) (JBK ) ( ) ( ) (SC13ZD10) (JBK130502) 1, (2012) 2, , , , , , , , , , ,,, / ; /

2 232 ( ) 14 lon,1999,2002,2004;bj rklundandj nti,2009;blackand Devereux, 2011;, ;, ),,,,,,, (Bj rklundandsalvanes,2011), (Shea,2000;Bowlesand Gintis,2002; Mayer, 2002;DahlandLochner,2012;Lefgrenetal.,2012),,, (2006) 7,, (2012) 8,,,, (Bj rklundandj nti,2009), (M.Friedmanand R.Friedman,1980),,,,, (2008) 9 5,,,2005 2, ,,, , ,,,2006 9, ,, ( ), , ,,,2008 3, 49 53

3 1 : 233 (2009) 10 CHIP,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, (counterfactu- aldecompositionmethod) :, Cher- nozhukovandhansen (2008) Mataand Machado (2005, MM), :, 11 MM, MM,,, 10,,,2009 5, ,,,,

4 234 ( ) 14 :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, Chernozhukov and Hansen (2008) Mataand Machado (2005),,, MM MM Oaxaca (1973),, (Nguyenetal.,2007) (Albrechtetal.,2003;, ) (, ) : ;, (,, ;, ;, 12,,,2011 6, S.Appleton : ,,2012 6, ,, ( ), , ,, ( ), ,

5 1 : ), ;, MM, (Cher- nozhukovandhansen,2008;lee,2007), MM, Chernozhukovand Hansen (2008) MM, ( ) : Y = D α(u)+x β ( U), (1) D =f(x,z,v), U X, Z ~ Uniform(0,1). Y,X,D,X D U,U (0,1) Z D X Z V,V U, (1) W, W = (D,X ), δ= (α, β ) ChernozhukovandHansen (2008) : α, τ β γ, Q n (τ,α, β,γ)= n 1 n ( ρτ Y i -D iα-x iβ -Z iγ), i=1, ρ τ (checkfunction), τ, α, ( β^(α,τ),γ^(α,τ))=argmin β,γq n (τ,α, β,γ). (2) α (τ), ChernozhukovandHansen (2008), γ^ (α,τ) α^ (τ), α^(τ)=arginf[ Wald n (α)],wald n (α)=n[γ^ (α,τ) ]A^(α)γ^(α,τ [ ) ], α Ψ 16, :, ( ), ,

6 236 ( ) 14,Ψ α,a^ (α) (2) 槡 n [γ^ (α, τ)-γ (α,τ)] Wald n (α) γ (α,τ)=0 (Wald) τ α β α^ (τ) β^ (α^ (τ),τ) Chernozhukovand Hansen (2008) ( ) MM MM, h l,,y h Y l ;δ h δ l,, F δ (U) h,w h ( y) F δ (U) l,w l ( y) (1) Y h Y l, F * δ(u) l,w h ( y): W h, F δ (U) h,w h ( y),f δ (U) l,w l ( y) F δ(u) * l,w h ( y), τ=0.01 j,j=1 2 99, 99,, {Y h i,w h i,z i} h i=1, nh, δ^ (τj )h ;, {Y l i,w l i,z i} l i=1, nl, δ^ (τj )l, {W i δ^ h (τj )h } i=1,,n h ; j=1,,99 {W i δ^ l (τj )l } i=1,,n l ; j=1,,99, F δ (U) h,w h ( y) F δ (U) l,w l ( y); {W i δ^(τj h )l } i=1,,n h ; j=1,,99 F δ(u) * l,w h ( y) : W i y, 1 1 F δ (U),W (y W i )= 1(W iδ(τ) y )dτ 1(W iδ^(τ) y )dτ 0 0 J 1 J 1(W ) iδ^(τj y)= F^δ(U),W (y W i ), j=1 F δ (U),W (y)= Fδ (U),W (y w)df W (w) F^δ(U),W (y w)df^w (w) n n J 1 i=1 J j=1 1(W iδ^(τj ) y)= F^Y(y), Albrechtetal.(2003) Mely (2006) Dustmanetal. (2009) q,

7 1 : 237 h q(f Y (y))-q(f Y l(y))=q(f δ (U) h,w h ( y))-q(f δ(u) * l,w h ( y)) 烏烐烑 +q(f δ(u) * l,w h ( y))-q(f l( δ (U) l,w y)) +residual, (3) 烏烐烑 (3) q (F δ (U) h,w h ( y)) -q (F δ(u) * l,w h ( y)),,,,,,,,, (4), : = q (F δ (U) h,w h ( y))-q(f δ(u) * l,w h ( y)) h q(f Y (y))-q(f Y l(y)). (4) (3) q (F δ(u) * l,w h ( y)) -q (F δ (U) l,w l ( y)),,,,, (5), : = q (F δ(u) * l,w h ( y))-q(f l( δ (U) l,w y)), h q(f Y (y))-q(f Y l(y)). ( ) (ChinaEconomic,Population,Nutrition 17 CHNS

8 238 ( ) 14 andhealthsurvey, CHNS) CHNS 3, ,, CHNS , CHNS, 15 18, 19 20%, 80%,,,, CHNS 20, , 90% 20 30, 24, /100 ( ) 23,CHNS, 11.6%, (, ) ( ) , 36% 2, ; 64% ,, 19, 20,, :, +6 16, = - -6,, +6<16, = (,2009 ), CHNS,, 24,,,2011 5, 26 35

9 1 : 239 ( ) CHNS, JonesandPopkin (2010) CHNS ( ) , CHNS,,,,, 1 1 CHNS ( ) ( ) ( ) 2, 393,767, ;, ,, 2 ( : ) 0% 20% % 40% % 60% % 80% % 100% , 3, 20%, ; 20%, , ,,

10 240 ( ) (bootstrap) 95%, 1.15,, 1.05,, 1 ( ),, 3, 2.05,, 20%, 9.41% 3.05%, 22.95% 21.78%,,, 9%, 2.8%,,, 3, 25 95% (bootstrap)50

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

12 242 ( ) 14,,,, ( ),, ( ),, StockandYogo (2005) F , 10%, Chernozhukovand Hansen (2008) 26, 27, , 4 4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) IV IV IV 2SLS 2SLS 2SLS *** *** * *** *** *** (0.0327) (0.0547) (0.155) (0.0241) (0.0491) (0.0675) *** *** ** *** *** ** (0.0294) (0.0500) (0.0928) (0.0223) (0.0396) (0.0663) 2/ *** (0.140) (0.246) (0.428) (0.105) (0.188) (0.297) *** *** *** *** *** *** (0.222) (0.350) (0.812) (0.318) (0.642) (0.784) R : (1) (3), ; (4) (6), F (Kleibergen-Paaprk WaldFstatistic); *** 1% ; ** 5% ; * 10% ;, : 26 ChernozhukovandHansen(2008:p.384) R5 27 R np

13 1 : 243 2,, 2 [0.05,0.95] ,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2 ( ),

14 244 ( ) 14, 3 [0.1,0.9] 0.01, 3, 60%,,,, 3 3 :(1)

15 1 : 245, (2),, 60% (3), 28, 20% 40%,,,,, 5,,, 40%, 20%,, 60%,,,, 80%, 60%,,,,, 80%; ( 60%),,, ( 60%) (bootstrap)

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

17 1 : 247,, 4, 3 4,,,,, 4,, ;,,,, ( ) F δ(u) * l,w h ( y),,,

18 248 ( ) 14 F δ(u) * h,w l ( y),,,,,,, 5, ;,, 5, :(1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5)

19 1 : 249 ( ),,, :,,, 2677, 6, 4, :, 6 :,,, 7,,,,,

20 250 ( ) , ,,,, 8 : 29

21 1 : 251 ( ),,,, , , ,, 9, 9 ( ),,,, 10,,,

22 252 ( ) 14,30%, 10 ( ) 6 (1) OLS (2) Heckman (3) Heckman *** *** ** ( ) ( ) (0.0110) *** *** *** ( ) ( ) ( ) *** (0.0874) ** *** *** (0.0448) (0.0484) (0.0658) *** *** ** (0.0497) (0.0529) (0.0725) *** *** *** (0.223) (0.226) (0.294) *** (0.148) R : cluster ; * 10%, ** 5%, *** 1% ;

23 1 : 253,,CHNS,,,, Heckman,, Heckman 4601,20 38, 2677,,, 6,,,, (Bj rklundandsalvanes,2011),,,,, 6,,, (Mincer, 1974;Harmonand Walker,1999;Trostel,2005;Heckmanetal.,2008),,, ( ) RIF,, Firpoetal.(2007) (recentered influencefunctionregression, RIF ) Mataand Machado (2005), RIF (detaileddecomposition)

24 254 ( ) 14, 30 RIF :, RIF ; Blinder-Oaxaca,, Firpoetal.(2009) (un- conditionalquantileregression), 20% 50% 80% 31 RIF : ; ; 7 7 RIF *** (0.118) *** (0.123) *** (0.063) *** (0.157) *** (0.060) *** (0.054) *** (0.087) *** (0.041) *** (0.038) (0.015) (0.011) ** (0.009) ** (0.111) ** (0.050) ** (0.040) ** (0.213) *** (0.128) * (0.064) (0.988) (0.890) (0.468) (0.042) ** (0.067) (0.031) (0.809) (0.751) ** (0.365) (1.331) (1.198) (0.563) : ; * 10%, ** 5%, *** 1% 7 :, RIF MM 20% 50%, 1/2, 80%, 3/4,, ;, 30,, 31 RIF Firpoetal.(2009) (2010) (2011)

25 1 : 255 RIF,, 7,, 7,,,, 2677,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

26 256 ( ) 14,,,,,,,, : [1] Albrecht,J.,A.Bjorklund,andS.Vroman, IsThereaGlassCeilinginSweden,Journalof Labor Economics,2003,21(1), [2] Bj rklund,a.,andk.salvanes, EducationandFamilyBackground:MechanismsandPolicies, in Hanushek,E.,S.Machin,andL.Woessmann(eds.),Handbookofthe Economicsof Educa- tion,elsevier,2011. [3] Bj rklund,a.,and M.J nti, IntergenerationalIncome MobilityandtheRoleofFamilyBack- ground,inalverda,w.,b.nolan,andt.smeeding(eds.),handbookof EconomicInequali- ty,oxford:oxforduniversitypress,2009. [4] Black,S.,andP.Devereux, RecentDevelopmentsinIntergenerational Mobility,in Ashen- felter,o.,andd.card(eds.),handbookof Labor Economics,Elsevier,2011. [5] Bowles,S.,andH.Gintis, TheInheritanceofInequality,Journalof Economic Perspectives, 2002,16(3),3 30. [6] Chernozhukov,V.,andC.Hansen, InstrumentalVariableQuantileRegression:A RobustInfer- enceapproach,journalof Econometrics,2008,142(1), [7] Dahl,G.,andL.Lochner, TheImpactofFamilyIncomeonChildAchievement:Evidencefrom theearnedincometaxcredit,american Economic Review,2012,102(5), [8] Dustman,C.,J.Ludsteck,andU.Schoenberg, RevisitingtheGerman WageStructure,Quar- terly Journalof Economics,2009,124(2), [9] Firpo,S.,N.Fortin,andT.Lemieux, Decomposing WageDistributionUsingRecenteredInflu- encefunctionregression,mimeo,universityofbritishcolumbia,2007. [10]Firpo,S.,N.Fortin,and T.Lemieux, UnconditionalQuantile Regression,Econometrica, 2009,77(3), [11]Friedman,M.,andR.Friedman,Freeto Choose.New York,B.J.Harcourt,1980. [12]Ge,Y.,andX.Zeng, TheEfectofMarkerDiscriminationonGenderWageGapinUrbanChi- na,economic Research Journal,2011,6,45 92.(inChinese) [13]Guo,J.,L.Jiang,andL.Lu, Decomposition MethodsforWageDiferentials:ASurvey,China Economic Quarterly,2011,10(2), (inChinese) [14]Harmon,C.,andI.Walker, TheMarginalandAverageReturntoSchoolingintheUK,Euro- pean Economic Review,1999,43(4 6),

27 1 : 257 [15]Heckman,J.,L.Lochner,andP.Todd, EarningsFunctionsandRatesofReturn,Journalof Human Capital,2008,2(1),1 31. [16]Han,J.,andZ.Long, StudyofQuantileRegressionofIntergenerationalIncomeMobilityinRu- ralchinabasedon MultipleBiases,ChineseJournalof Population Science,2011,5,26 35.(in Chinese) [17]Jones,S.,and M.Popkin, UnderstandingCommunityContextandAdultHealthChangesinChi- na:developmentofanurbanicityscale,socialscience & Medicine,2010,71(8), [18]Lee,S., EndogeneityinQuantileRegression Models:A ControlFunctionApproach,Journalof Econometrics,2007,141, [19]Lefgren,L.,M.Lindquist,andD.Sims, RichDad,SmartDad:DecomposingtheIntergenera- tionaltransmissionofincome,journalof PoliticalEconomy,2012,120(2), [20]Li,H.,L.Meng,X.Shi,andB.Wu, ParentalPoliticalCapitalandChildren slabor Market Performance:EvidenceformtheFirstJobOfersofChineseColegeGraduate,China Economic Quarterly,2012,11(3), (inChinese) [21]Mata,J.,andJ.Machado, CounterfactualDecompositionofChangesin WageDistributionsusing QuantileRegression,Journalof Applied Econometrics,2005,20(4), [22]Mayer,S., TheInfluenceofParentalIncomeonChildren soutcomes,reporttothenewzeal- and MinistryofSocialDevelopment,2002. [23]Mely,B.,Applied Quantile Regression.Dissertation.UniversityofSt.Galen,2006. [24]Mincer,J.,Schooling,Experience,and Earnings.New York:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1974. [25]Nguyen,T.,J.Albrecht,S.Vroman,and W.Daniel, A QuantileRegressionDecompositionof Urban-RuralInequality in Vietnam,Journalof Development Economics,2007,83 (2), [26]Oaxaca,R., MaleandFemale WageDiferentialsin UrbanLabor Market,InternationalEco- nomic Review,1973,14(3), [27]Qing,S.,andJ.Zheng, UnequalPayorUnequalJob:EfectofHierarchicalSegregationonGen- derearningdiferentials,china Economic Quarterly,2013,12(2), (inChinese) [28]Shea,J., DoesParentsMoney Mater,Journalof Public Economics,2000,77(2), [29]Solon,G., Cross-countryDiferencesinIntergenerationalEarnings Mobility,Journalof Eco- nomic Perspectives,2002,16(3), [30]Solon,G., IntergenerationalIncomeMobilityintheUnitedStates,American Economic Review, 1992,82(3), [31]Solon,G., IntergenerationalMobilityintheLabor Market,Handbookof Labor Economics, Vol.3,1999. [32]Stock,J.,and M.Yogo, TestingforWeakInstrumentsInLinearIV Regression,inAndrews, D.,andJ.Stock (eds.),identificationand Inferencefor Econometric Models:Essaysin Honor of Thomas Rothenberg,Cambridge,2005, [33]Sun,S.,W.Huang,andJ.Hong, WhyFreeLaborMigrationIsSoImportant Basedonthe PerspectiveofIntergenerationalIncome Mobility,Economic Research Journal,2012,5, (inChinese) [34]Trostel,P., NonlinearityintheReturntoEducation,Journalof Applied Economics,2005,8 (1), [35]Wang,H., IntergenerationalMobilityofChineseResidents IncomeDistribution,EconomicSci- ence,2005,2,18 25.(inChinese) [36]Xu,S., TechnicalProgress,ReturntoEducationandIncomeInequalityinChina,Economic Re- search Journal,2010,9, (inChinese)

28 258 ( ) 14 [37]Xia,Q.,S.Li,L.Song,andS.Appleton, EfectofChangesin WageStructureandEmploy- mentsharesofstate-ownedunitsonincomedistribution: ,Economic Research Jour- nal,2012,6, (inChinese) [38]Xing,C., IntergenerationalMobilityofOf-farmJob OpportunitiesinRuralChina,Economic Research Journal,2006,9, (inChinese) [39]Xing,C., Migration,Self-Selection,andIncomeDistribution:Evidencefrom Ruraland Urban China,China Economic Quarterly,2010,9(2), (inChinese) [40]Cheng,Y.,andZ.Lei. ParentalIncomeandReturntoColegeEducationinUrbanChina,Eco- nomic Research Journal,2009,5,42 51.(inChinese) [41]Zimmerman,D., Regressiontoward MediocrityinEconomicStature,American Economic Re- view,1992,82(3), [42]Zhang,S.,andS.Lv, InfluenceofFamily EducationalBackgroundonIndividualReturnsto SchoolingandEarnings,Population Journal,2008,196(3),4 53.(inChinese) [43]Zhao,J.,and M.Lu, ThecontributionofGuanxitoIncomeInequalityin RuralChinaanda Cross-regionalComparison:a Regression-based Decomposition,China Economic Quarterly, 2009,9(1), (inChinese) RichDad,PoorDadandOffspring IncomeInequality RENYU LI ZAICHAO DU * QIANG GONG (Southwestern Universityof Financeand Economics) QINYING HE (South China Normal University) Abstract Inthispaperweevaluatetheefectofpaternalincomeonchildren sincomein- equality.weconstructthecounterfactualincomeofchildrenfrompoorfamilyiftheyhavethe samecovariatesaschildrenfromrichfamily.wethendecomposetherichdadefectonin- comeinequalityintoincomestructureefectandcompositionefect.wesolvetheendogeneity problembyusingtheinstrumentalvariablequantileregressionmethod.wefindthatcomposi- tionefectisthemajorsourceoftheincomediferencebetweenchildrenfromrichfamiliesand frompoorfamilies.however,theincomestructureefectcontributestotheincomegapfor low-incomechildren. JELClasification D31,E24,J62 * CorrespondingAuthor:Zaichao He,ResearchInstituteofEconomicsand Management,Southwestern UniversityofFinanceandEconomics,Chengdu,Sichuan,611130,China;Tel: ; duzc@swufe.edu.cn

66 ( ) 14 ( ; ChenandCowel2013; ) Dengetal.(2013) BeckerandTomes(1979) ( ) BeckerandTomes(1985) ( ) 3 MayerandLopoo (2008) (CH

66 ( ) 14 ( ; ChenandCowel2013; ) Dengetal.(2013) BeckerandTomes(1979) ( ) BeckerandTomes(1985) ( ) 3 MayerandLopoo (2008) (CH 14 1 2014 10 ( ) ChinaEconomicQuarterly Vol.14No.1 October2014 * ; BeckerandTomes(1979) 2013 0.473 XieandZhou (2014) 0.53 0.55 ; * : 5 100871; :15801363830;E-mail:zhouguangsu@126.com (Kxjc-jc-2011003)