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1 第 13 讲状语从句 ( 一 ) (1) 在复合句中, 用一个分句来充当另一个分句 ( 主句 ) 宾语的叫宾语从句 ; 那么用一个分句来做主句状语的就是状语从句状语从句修饰主句中的动词形容词副词, 有的修饰整个句子按照表达的意思的不同, 状语从句可划分为时间原因目的结果条件让步状语从句等状语从句具有以下一些特征 : 1 状语从句通常由一个连词或起连词作用的词组引导 ; 2 不同的状语从句要用相应的连接词 ; 3 状语从句在主句前, 一般要与主句用逗号分开 ; 状语从句在主句后, 一般不用逗号例如 : When he came to see me, it was raining. It was raining when he came to see me. (2) 虽然状语从句种类繁多, 但要学好状语从句并不困难, 我们需牢记以下 3 点 : 1. 熟记不同状语从句的引导词 ; 2. 注意同一个连词可引导不同的状语从句, 如 since, as 等 ; 3. 牢记每一种状语从句的难点 (3) 时间状语从句的引导词英语中, 时间状语从句常由以下连词引导 :when( 当时 ),as( 当时 ; 一边一边 ),while( 当的时候 ),after( 在之后 ),before( 在之前 ),since( 自从以来 ), till/until( 直到 ; 直到才 ),as soon as( 一就 ) 等如 : While we were watching TV, he was doing his homework. 我们在看电视的时候, 他在做回家作业 When spring comes, there are flowers everywhere. 当春天来临时, 到处是鲜花 Great changes have taken place since you left. 自你离开后, 发生了巨大变化 It began to rain as soon as I got there. 我一到那里, 天就开始下雨了 She danced as she sang. 她一边唱歌一边跳舞 (4) 时间状语从句的几个要点 1

2 1) while 比 when 更强调同时性, 但在 while 引导的时间状语从句中, 不能用终止性动词, 如 come, stop, start, finish 等 When we got home, it was already dark. 我们到家的时候天已经黑了 ( 不能用 while) 2) 时间状语从句中, 不能用 will 表示将来, 通常用一般现在时来代替一般将来时 Please tell me when he comes. 他来的时候请告诉我一声 I ll write to you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到北京就写信给你 (5) 3) 如果强调主句与从句动作发生的时间有先后, 较早发生的动作一般要用过去完成时来表示, 如 : When he came, I had cleaned the classroom. 当他来的时候, 我已把教室打扫好了 I told them after you had left. 你走后我就告诉他们了 We had already had lunch when he got up. 他起床的时候, 我们已经吃过午餐了 (had had 是 have 的过去完成时, 这里 have 不表示有 ) 注意 : 发生在过去的两个动作有先后时, 更早发生的动作并非一定要用过去完成时来表示如果这两个动作是紧接着发生, 或两个先后发生的动作之间有某种逻辑顺序就不需要用过去完成时如 : After he cleaned the classroom, he went home. 打扫完教室后他就回家了 (6) 4) till/until 表示直到才的意思时, 主句一定要用否定形式, 试比较 : I will wait till/until he comes. 我要等到他来 I won t leave until he comes. 直到他来我才离开注意 : 强调句或倒装句中用 until 不能用 till The first communication satellite didn t go up until/till 直到 1962 年, 第一颗通信卫星才上天 It was not until 1962 that the first communication satellite went up. ( 强调句中不用 till) Not until 1962 did the first communication satellite go up. (7) 5) no sooner than, hardly(scarcely) when ( 一就 ) 一般只用于叙述过去的事情, 前句用过去完成时 as soon as( 一就 ) 既可表示过去的情况, 也能表示将来的情况 2 He had no sooner returned than he bought a fine house. (=As soon as he had returned )

3 他刚回来就买了一套很好的房子 He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house. 他还未来得及定居下来就把房子卖掉了 The fans cheered as soon as the movie star walked out of the hall. 电影明星一走出大厅, 影迷们就欢呼起来 We will set off, as soon as he comes. 他一来我们就出发 (8) 6) since 引导从句表示时间时, 主句一般要用现在完成时, 或完成进行时 She has lived in this city since she was born. 自从她出生以来一直住在这个城市 I have been looking for you everywhere since he came. 自他来后, 我到处找你 7) It s (It s been)+ 时间词 +since 的句子结构用以说明某事发生以来至今的时间长度 It has been two years since we first met. 自从我们第一次见面以来已有两年了 8) while 可用来表示对比意义,when 则不能 Tom is tall while John is short. 汤姆个高, 而约翰个子矮 Some people waste food while others haven t enough. 有人浪费粮食, 有人却挨饿 (9) 原因状语从句引导词的区别 1) 下列情况要用 because: 1 对 why 的问题作出回答 ; 2 表示必然的因果关系 ; 3 用于强调句结构 Why did you come? 你怎么来了? Because I wanted to see you. 因为我想见你 He didn t go to school because he was ill. 他没有去上学, 因为生病了 3

4 It was because he was ill that he didn t go to school. (10) 2) 用 as 表示原因时, 着重点在主句, 原因只作附带说明, 即表示大家都知道的原因 As you are ready, we can go at once. ( 由于 ) 你准备好了, 我们可以马上就走 You needn t go to see him today, as you are busy. 今天你不必去看他了, 你太忙了 3) since 表示明摆着的理由, 强调已知的事实一下 Since you have finished your work, you can take a rest. 既然你做完了工作, 你可以休息 Since everybody is here,let s begin. 既然大家都到了, 就让我们开始吧注意 :as, since 也能引导时间状语从句另外 as, since, because 引导原因状语从句, 不能与 so 出现在同一句中 Because he is ill, so he can t go to school. (11) 4) now that 引导的从句通常位于主句前面, 其中 that 可省去, 通常提出某一事实作为理由或原因 Now (that) you ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 你既然得到了机会, 你还是好好利用的好 Now(that) the rain has stopped, we can leave. 既然雨停了, 我们就可以走了 5) for 表示原因时, 只是一种补充说明另外,for 是个并列连接词, 不能放在句首 We must start early, for we have a long way to go. 我们必须早动身, 因为我们有很远的路要走 The days are short for it is now December. 白天短了, 因为是十二月份了 (12) 条件状语从句的引导词条件状语从句常见的引导词有 :if( 如果 ),unless( 除非 ; 如果不 ), in case(that)( 如果 ), so/as long as( 只要 ), provided( 只要 ), suppose/supposing( 假如 ) 等 4 In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来了, 告诉我一声

5 As/so long as you don t lose heart, you will succeed. 只要你不灰心, 你就会成功 One cannot learn a foreign language if he doesn t study hard. 如果一个人学习不努力, 就学不会一门外语 Suppose/Supposing (that) I don t have a day off, what shall we do? 假如我没有假, 那该怎么办? (13) 条件状语从句的几个要点 If you aren t careful, you can t get a full mark. 如果你不仔细, 你就得不了满分注意 :If 引导的从句中有 not, 一般可以用 unless( 除非 ) 来替代 Unless you work hard (=If you doesn t work hard), you won t pass the exam. 除非你学习用功, 否则你就通不过考试 (14) 注意 : 条件状语从句与时间状语从句一样, 不能用 will 表示将来, 要用一般现在时来替代 If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天如果不下雨, 我们就去公园 Please tell me if he comes. 如果他来的话, 请通知我 (15) 注意 : 祈使句 +and you will 的结构, 往往隐含着一个条件句试比较 : Use your head, and you will find a better way. 动动脑筋, 你会找到更好的办法的 If you use your head, you will find a better way. (16) 另外,once 引导从句, 表示一旦, 介于时间状语和条件状语之间 Once you understand it, you will have no further difficulties. 一旦你了解了它, 你就不会再有困难请比较下列两个句子 : If you come, I shall lend you my car. ( 可能来可能不来 ) When you come, I shall lend you my car. ( 一定会来 ) (17) 5

6 第 13 讲状语从句 ( 二 ) (1) 我们在上一讲中, 主要讲了时间原因条件状语从句在本讲中我们将谈谈让步目的结果地点等状语从句的用法让步状语从句的几个要点 1) 让步状语从句常由 though,although( 虽然 ) 引导 Though it was raining, they still worked in the fields. 虽然在下雨, 但是他们仍然在地里干活 Though he is old, he works as hard as young people. 尽管他上了年纪, 他工作还是像年轻人一样努力注意 : 汉语里我们常常把虽然但是连在一起用, 但在英文里, 如果用了 though, 就不能再用 but Though it was very cold, but he didn t wear a coat. Though it was very cold, he didn t wear a coat. 天气很冷, 但他没有穿外套 It was very cold, but he didn t wear a coat. 但 yet, still 可以和 though 搭配使用, 使让步语气更强烈些 Though he is against me, I will still hold to my opinion. 虽然他反对我, 我还是要坚持自己的意见 (2) 2) even if 与 even though 同义, 但不能说 even although We won t lose courage even if/though we fail this time. 即使我们这次失败了, 我们也不丧失勇气 We won t give up even if we should fail ten times. 即使失败 10 次, 我们也不会放弃 (3) 3) 由 as 引导的让步状语从句, 语序部分倒装, 一般将表语或状语放在句首 6 Child as he is,he knows a lot of things. 他虽然是个孩子, 却知道很多事情 (=Though he

7 is a child ) ( 表语 Child 放在句首, 不用冠词 a) Fast as you read, you can t finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快, 但两天内总不能读完这本书 Much as I d like to help, there isn t a lot I can do. 虽然我很乐意帮忙, 但没有多少我能出力的事 (4) 4) wh-words+ever 等同于 no matter+wh-words Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. (=No matter when we met with difficulties, ) 不管我们什么时候遇到困难, 他们都来帮助我们 Whatever dictionary you have, lend it to me. (=No matter what dictionary you have, ) 不管你有什么词典, 借给我 (whatever 修饰名词 dictionary) However hard I try, I can t finish the work in time.(=no matter how hard I try, ) 我尽管费了好大的劲, 还是不可能完成这项工作注意 : 由 however (no matter how) 引导的从句, 其后面须紧跟形容词或副词此外, wh 连接词 +ever 即可用于状语从句也可用于名词性从句, 但 no matter+wh 连接词则只能引导状语从句试比较 : Whoever (No matter who) you are, you must obey the school regulations. 不管是谁, 都必须遵守校规 ( 引导状语从句 ) Whoever wants the book may have it. 谁要这本书都可以拿 ( 引导主语从句, 不能用 no matter who) (5) 结果状语从句的用法形容词 (nice) 1) so+ +that 副词 (quickly) He became so angry that he couldn t speak. 他气得说不出话来 He ran so fast that no one could catch up with him. 他跑得这么快, 没有人能赶上他 2)such+( 形容词 ) 不可数名词 (weather) 可数名词复数 (books) +that It s such nice weather that nobody wants to stay home. 天气这么好, 没人想呆在家里 These are such nice books that I want to buy all of them. 这些都是这么好的书, 我想把它们全部买下 (6) 7

8 3) such+a/an+ 形容词 + 可数名词单数 +that so+ 形容词 +a/an 这本书这么有趣, It is such an interesting book that everybody wants to read it. 人人都想读一读 It is so interesting a book that everybody wants to read it. (7) 4) so little water ( 不可数名词 ) many books ( 可数名词复数 ) +that 注意 : 名词前有 little,few,many,much 表示数量用 so He has got so little education that he can t find a good job in the city. 他受的教育这么少, 结果在城市里找不到一个好工作 There are so many people in front of me that I can t see what is happening. 前面有这么多人, 我看不清发生了什么事 (8) 目的状语从句的几个要点 1) so that, in order that, that( 为了, 以便 ) 引导的目的状语从句中一般需用情态动词 may, might, can, could 加动词原形 He said loudly so that everybody could hear him. 他大声说以便每个人能听到 2) lest( 以免 ),for fear that( 唯恐 ) 引导的从句常用 shoud+ 动词原形, 或直接用动词原形 He ran away lest he (should) be caught. 他生怕被抓住, 跑了 I left the room quietly for fear that I (should/might) wake him up. 我悄悄地离开了房间唯恐把他弄醒 (9) 3) in case(that) 引导的从句可以表示目的 ( 免得, 以防 ), 也可以表示条件 ( 如果 ), 如 : In case you meet him, please give him my regards. 如果见到他, 请代我向他致以问候 (in case 表示条件 = if) You d better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 你最好多带衣服, 以防天气变冷 8

9 注意 :in case 引出目的状语从句时, 有时也用 should+ 动词原形的结构 Take your umbrella with you in case it should rain. 带把伞以防下雨 (10) so that 表示结果与表示目的的区别英语中,so that 除表示结果外, 还能表示目的, 试比较 : I got up early, so that I caught the bus. 我早起, 赶上了车 ( 表示结果 ) I got up early so that (=in order that) I could catch the bus. 我早起以便赶车 ( 表示目的 ) 注意 :so that 引导从句表示目的, 通常需用情态动词 can/could, may/might 等, 而引导结果状语从句则不用情态动词, 主句和从句之间一般加逗号但最主要的区别方法是根据上下文 (11) where 和 wherever 引导地点状语从句 wherever 和 where 引导的地点状语从句如果位于主句之前, 则语气较强 You must stay where you are. 你必须留在你现在所在的地方 The church was built where there had once been a theater. 教堂建在曾是一个戏院的地方 Wherever you go, I go too. 你去哪儿, 我也去哪儿 (12) Where there is water, there is life. 凡是有水的地方, 就有生命 Where there be, there be ( 哪里有, 哪里就有 ) 这一句型还可用来表示某种抽象概念, 如 : Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成 ( 此时兼有条件意义 ) (13) 方式状语从句的用法 1) as 引导方式状语从句 Please do it as I told you. 请按照我讲的去做 (=in the way I told you) State the facts as they are. 如实地陈述事实 Why didn t you catch the last bus as I told you to. 你怎么不听我的话, 赶乘末班公共汽 9

10 车呢? (14) 2) as if 或 as though 引导的从句里可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况, 但大都用虚拟语气表示与事实不符的情况如 : He treats the girl as if she were his daughter. 他对待这个女孩仿佛她是他的女儿 ( 事实上她不是他的女儿 ) He talks as if he knew all about it. 他说话的口气好像这件事他全都知道 ( 事实上他不全都知道 ) (15) 注意 :as if/as though 也可以用于表语从句例如 : It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去好像要下雨了 ( 表示可能的情况 ) It looks as if the weather may pick up soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来 ( 表示可能性 ) 试比较 : He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻 ( 事实上他很年轻 ) He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻 ( 事实上他不年轻 ) 用虚拟语气表示与事实不符 (16) 10

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit English for Study in Australia 留学澳洲英语讲座 Lesson 3: Make yourself at home 第三课 : 宾至如归 L1 Male: 各位朋友好, 欢迎您收听留学澳洲英语讲座节目, 我是澳大利亚澳洲广播电台的节目主持人陈昊 L1 Female: 各位