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1 ACTA METEOROLO GICA SIN ICA Vol. 65, No. 3 J une 2007 Ξ ,, ,LASG, ,,100081,, : 79 %, % % ; (45. 5 %), (34. 1 %), ;, ;,, ;, ;,, (3 km ), 4. 5 km,, ( g/ m 3 ) 4 5 km, ( g/ m 3 ) 4 km ;,3, TRMM :,,,, 1, [122 ],,,, ;,,,,,, (DMSP) SSM/ I ( ),, [3210 ] ( TRMM) DMSP [11 ], : ( PR) ( TM I) / (V IRS) (L IS) (CERES ), TRMM ; : 350 km ( Ξ : ; : : (2004CB418304) ( ZKCX22SW2210) ( ) ( ) :, edu. cn
2 3 : km), TRMM, [12223 ], [24 ] TRMM, ,, 2 1B01 1B11 2A25 2A12 TRMM V IRS TM I PR, [ ] 1B01, 2 km 1B11,, 85 GHz 5 km, GHz 40 km, 996 hpa ;8 9 2A25 20 km, 4. 5 km, 250 m 2A12 TM I 5 ( GHz, GHz, 4 ), ( Goddard ), GPROF ( Goddard Profiling Algorithm) Wilheit [28 ], ( TO GA COARE),, (Bayesian),,,, GPROF 5,,, 4 :, GPROF 14, 7 km 5 km [27 ] TRMM PR TMI VIRS,,, 1B01 1B11 2A25 2A12, 2A25, PR PR,, PR, ; (U TC), ; , m/ s, 950 hpa, TR2 MM 8, :39 U TC :53 U TC :24 U TC 3, TRMM m GHz m 230 K,,,,, :24 U TC GHz ( 1), ( 1), 2 NDD ( ) PD 19 (19. 4 GHz ) PCT 85 (85. 5 GHz ), : N
3 E ( NDD ), N E ( PD 19 ), N E( PCT 85 ),, 3, TM I GHz,, ; 85 GHz,, [29230 ], GHz,,, GHz 258 K 85 GHz 225 K,, 1, PR 3 3 PR 220 km, 3 1 V IRS TM I 3 3, ( :24 ) 1 3, TRMM m GHz ( ) Fig. 1 Infrared temperature at channel m, microwave brightness temperatures of horizontal polarization at channels GHz and GHz at 8 :24 U TC on 8-10 Aug, 2004 displayed from left to right panel, respectively
4 3 : NDD PD 19 PCT :24 (U TC) Fig. 2 The center position of typhoon Ranan at 8 :24 U TC on 10 Aug, 2004 from left to right panel given by methods of NDD, PD 19 and PCT 85, respectively 3 PR (a b c) Fig. 3 Distributions of rain rate near sea surface derived from PR observations at 08 :39 U TC on 8 August (a), 15 :53 U TC on 9 August (b), and 08 :24 U TC on 10 August (c), 2004, respectively, [31 ], 4 ( 3 AB ) 4a AB,, (Storm Top) 15 km, 5 km,, ;,, ( 10 km ) ( 4b),, AB,, 4c 4d, 70 %, 80 %, [31 ] ; 40 % 60 %,, 74 %,, 1. 6 m,,
5 ( 128 E 125 E ) (3. 75 m) (10. 8 m 12 m),,, ( ),,,, 4 ( 3 AB ) (a), AB (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 4 Height2distance cross2section of rain rate (a) along AB line as shown in Fig. 3, near surface rain rate (b) and corresponding albedo (c), infrared temperatures (d), microwave brightness temperatures (e) along the line TMI ( 22 GHz ) 4e, GHz, ;, GHz, GHz ;22 GHz, ;37 GHz,,,, ( ) ; 85 GHz,,,, 3. 2 King [32 ] m m,, m ( 5), ( ),, TRMM PR
6 3 : 321 5, m m [32 ] Fig. 5 Theoretical relationship of brightness temperature differences between m and m as a function of the corresponding brightness temperature at m for high2level (cirrus) spherical ice crystal clouds, effective radius, and optical thickness [32 ], TRMM PR V IRS TRMM PR, m, 5, 6 ( y ) m ( x ),, 6a b 8 8 :39 U TC, 6c d 6, 6, T B ( 1), 1 T B 4 ( T B = T B T B12 ), 6c (79 %) ( ), ( ) % % 6d %, 6 ( y ) ( x ) (a c,b d,a b :39 U TC,c d 6 ) Fig. 6 Pixel distributions as a function of the brightness temperature difference (the ordinate) between channels m and 12 m and the brightness temperature at channel m (the abscissa) for precipitating clouds (a,c) and non2precipitating clouds (b,d) ( The contours indicate the quantity of pixels)
7 ( ) Table 1 Percentages and sample numbers in bracket of the three types of T B K precipitating and non2precipitating clouds 250 K < T B K 270 K < T B K 79 % % % (11951) (1607) (1564) 295 K < T B % % % 3. 7 % (18926) (9248) (25204) (2067) %,, % ;, 3. 7 %,, ( 85 GHz, 6 T B 6 K; T B 8 K, T B King, T B,,,,,,, GHz 85 GHz ( 7a) GHz 85 GHz, GHz ( ),85 GHz ( ),,, ) ( 7b),3, 3 : ( ),19. 4 GHz,85 GHz,, Fu Liu [12 ] ;, GHz, 85 GHz,, 7 (a) (b) GHz 85 GHz ( ; ; ) Fig. 7 Relationships of microwave brightness temperature between GHz and 85 GHz for precipitating clouds (a) and non2precipitating clouds (b) for high ( ), moderate ( ) and low ( ) clouds 3 8,, (3 km ), 4. 5 km, 1. 5 / d,, ;, Tao [33 ], 4 km 1. 5 km,
8 3 : km 1. 5 / d, 3,,,,,3, 3 km,, 1,, Goddard 8 (a) (b) Fig. 8 Latent heat profiles of non2precipitating clouds (a) and precipitating clouds (b) for high, moderate and low clouds, respectively Rodgers [34235 ] SSM/ I Opal,,,,, TM I 8 9 (, ), ( 4 / d ),, 9, ( 9 TMI 8 Fig. 9 Distributions of the typhoon latent heat at 8 cases retrieved from the TMI observation data
9 ),,, ( 8 12, ), ( 2005 ),,, 10 6,, ( ),, Rodgers, 10 (a) (b) Fig. 10 Radial distributions of rain rate (a) and total latent heat in air column (b) averaged over the concentric annulus from the typhoon center 3. 3 Cecil [36237 ] 45, 2003,, 11 6,, (8 7 ), 120 g/ m g/ m 2 ; ( 40 km 140 km ), 200 g/ m g/ m 2 ; 300 km 340 km, 40 g/ m 2 11 (b) (a) Fig. 11 Radial distribution of cloud ice (a) and cloud water paths in air column (b) averaged over the concentric annulus from the typhoon center
10 3 : ,,,,, 12 13,, 4 5 km ( g/ m 3 ),, ; 5 km, g/ m 3, 4 km,,,,3,, g/ m 3, 2 3 km, Goddard ( 13) ( 8 km ), (0. 03 g/ m 3 ) 9 km ;,, 9 km, g/ m 3 ;,, TRMM 6 km,3 3,, 12 (a.,b. ) Fig. 12 Mean vertical profiles of cloud water content for non2precipitation clouds (a) and precipitation clouds (b) for high, moderate, and low clouds, respectively 13 (a.,b. ) Fig. 13 Mean vertical profiles of cloud ice content for non2precipitation clouds (a) and precipitation clouds (b) for high, moderate, and low clouds, respectively
11 326 65, ( g/ m 3 ) 12 13, Goddard,, 4 TRMM 1B01 1B11 2A25 2A12,, TRMM PR, ,,,,, ;, 70 %, 80 %, ; 40 % 60 %, ;, 1. 6 m, (3. 75 m) (10. 8 m 12 m) ;, ; GHz,22 GHz,,, (79 %), % %; %, %,, %;,,, ;,,,,, ;,, 120 g/ m g/ m 2 ;,, 200 g/ m g/ m 2 ;, 40 g/ m 2,,,, (3 km ), 4. 5 km, 1. 5 / d,, ;, 4 km 1. 5 km, 1. 5 km 1. 5 / d,, ( g/ m 3 ) 4 5 km,, ; 5 km, g/ m 3, 4 km,,,, Goddard, 3 Goddard [ 1 ],,.., 2004, 62 (5) : [2 ],.., 2001, 25 (3) : [3 ] Shi J J, Chang S, Raman S. Impact of assimilations of dropwind2 sonde data and SSM/ I rain rates on numerical predictions of hurricane Florence(1988). Mon Wea Rev, 1996, 124 (7) : [ 4 ] Krishnamurti T N, Bedi H S, Ingles K. Physical Initialization Using SSM/ I Rain Rates. Tellus, 1993, 45A(4) : [5 ] Rao G V. Some characteristics of typhoons as revealed by the recent SSM/ I microwave radiometry. Natural Hazards, 1994, 9 (122) :
12 3 : 327 [6 ] Alliss R J, Sandlin G D, Chang S W, Raman S. Applications of SSM/ I data in the analysis of hurricane Florence ( 1988). J Appl Meteor, 1993, 32 (10) : [7 ] Liu G, Curry J A, Weadon M. Atmospheric water2balance in ty2 phoon Nina as determined from SSM/ I satellite data. Meteor Atmos Phys, 1994, 54 (124) : [ 8 ] Peng M S, Chang S W. Impacts of SSM/ I retrieved rainfall rates on numerical prediction of a tropical cyclone. Mon Wea Rev, 1996, 124 (6) : [ 9 ] Jung T, Ruprecht E, Wagner F. Determination of cloud liquid water path over the oceans from Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager (SSM/ I) data using neural networks. J Appl Meteor,1998, 37 (8) : [10 ],,. SSM/ I., 2002, 60 (4) : [11 ] Simpon J, Adler R F, North G R. A proposed tropical rainfall mea2 suring mission ( TRMM) satellite. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 1988, 69 : [12 ] Fu Y, Liu G. The variability of tropical precipitation profiles and its impact on microwave brightness temperatures as inferred from TR2 MM data. J Appl Meteor, 2001, 40 : [13 ] Liu G, Fu Y. The characteristics of tropical precipitation profiles as inferred from satellite radar measurements. J Meteor Soc Japan, 2001, 79 : [14 ] Fu Y, Liu G. Precipitations in mid2latitude East Asia as observed by TRMM PR and TMI, J Meteor Soc Japan, 2003, 81 (6) : [15 ] Fu Y, Lin Y, Liu G, et al. Seasonal characteristics of precipitation in 1998 over East Asia as derived from TRMM PR. Adv Atmos Sci, 2003, 20 : [16 ],,. TRMM., 2003, 61 (4) : [17 ],,. TRMM/ TMI HUBEX., 2003,61 (1) : [18 ],,. TRMM., 2003,14 ( ) :19226 [19 ],. GMS5 TRMM.,2003,19 ( ) :74280 [20 ],,.., 2004, 62 (6) : [21 ],,. 97/ 98 El Nino., 2005, 29 (2) : [22 ],. GPCP TRMM PR., 2005, 63 (2) : [23 ] Li R, Fu Y. Tropical precipitation estimated by GPCP and TRMM PR observations. Adv Atmos Sci, 2005, 22 : [24 ],,. TMI.,2005,64 (4) : [ 25 ] Iguchi T, Meneghini R. Intercomparison of single2frequency methods for retrieving a vertical rain profile from airborne or spaceborne radar data. J Atmos Oceanic Tech, 1994, 11 : [ 26 ] Awaka J, Iguchi T, Okamoto K. Early results on rain type clas2 sification by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ( TRMM) precipitation radar. Pro. 8th URSI Commission F Open Symp. 1998, Averior, Portugal, [ 27 ] Kummerow C, Barnes W, et al. The Tropical Rainfall Measur2 ing Mission ( TRMM) sensor package. J Atmos Ocean Tech, 1998, 15 : [ 28 ] Wilheit T T, Chang A T C, Rao M S V, et al. Satellite tech2 nique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over oceans. J Appl Meteor, 1977, 16 : [ 29 ] Petty G W. Physical retrievals of over2ocean rain rate from mul2 tichannel microwave imagery. Part I : Theoretical characteristics of normalized polarization and scattering indexes. Meteor Atmos Phys, 1994, 54 (124) :79299 [ 30 ] Petty G W. Physical retrievals of over2ocean rain rate from mul2 tichannel microwave imagery. Part II : Algorithm implementa2 tion. Meteor Atmos Phys, 1994, 54 (124) : [ 31 ],,.. :, 2003 :421pp [ 32 ] King M D, Kaufman Y J, Menzel W P, et al. Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol and water vapor properties from Moderate Res2 olution Imaging Spectrometer ( MODIS). IEEE Trans. Geo2 science and Remote Sensing, 1992, 30 : 2227 [ 33 ] Tao W K, Simpson J, Adler R F. Retrieval algorithms for esti2 mating the vertical profiles of latent heat release : Their applica2 tions for TRMM. J Meteor Soc Japan, 1993, 71 : [ 34 ] Rodgers E B, Olson W S, Karyampudi V M, et al. Satellite2derived latent heating distribution and environmental influences in hurricane Opal (1995). Mon Wea Rev, 1998, 126 (5) : [35 ] Olson W S, Kummerow C D, Hong Y, et al. Atmospheric la2 tent heating distributions in the tropics derived from satellite pas2 sive microwave radiometer measurements. J Appl Meteor, 1999, 38 (6) : [ 36 ] Cecil D J, Zipser E J. Reflectivity, ice scattering, and lightning characteristics of hurricane eyewalls and rainbands. Part II : In2 tercomparison of observations. Mon Wea Rev, 2002, 130 (4) : [ 37 ] Cecil D J, Goodman S J, Boccippio D J, et al. Three years of TR2 MM precipitation features. Part I : Radar, radiometric, and lightning characteristics. Mon Wea Rev, 2005, 133 (3) :
13 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATING AND NON2PRECIPITATING CLOUDS IN TYPHOON RANAN AS VIEWED BY TRMM COMBINED MEASUREMENTS Fu Yunfei 1,2 Liu Dong 1 Wang Yu 1 Yu Rucong 3 Xu Youping 2 Cheng Rui 2 1 School of Earth and S pace Sciences, U niversity of Science and Technology of China, Hef ei Institute of A t mospheric Physics, CA S, Beijing China Meteorological A dminist ration, Beijing Abstract Characteristics of inf rared temperat ures, microwave bright ness temperat ures, cloud ice/ liquid water, rain water and latent heat for precipitating and non2precipitating clouds in t yphoon Ranan occurred in t he nort hwest Pacific Ocean in August 2004 is investigated t hrough matching and merging data measured by TRMM PR, TM I and V IRS. Statistics show that precipitating clouds of higher top ( T B K), moderate top (250 K < T B K) and lower top (295 K < T B10. 8 ) occupy about 79 %, % and %, respectively, in total precipitating pixels in contrast to %,16. 7 % and % of corresponding the three cloud tops for non2pre2 cipitating clouds. Based on the relationship of both and m channels, results indicate dominant much large size cloud droplets in precipitating clouds. On the contrary, the effective radius of cloud droplets in non2 precipitating clouds ranges in a much wider size spectrum. The relationship between TM I GHz and 85 GHz suggest s t hat cloud ice content is proportional to cloud liquid water content wit hin deeper precipitating clouds. Wit hin moderate precipitating clouds, cloud ice content is relatively stable but cloud liquid water content varies greatly. While wit hin deeper and moderate non2precipitating clouds, cloud ice content shows inverse proportion to cloud liquid water content. By analyzing on rain rate, column latent heating, column cloud water and ice wa2 ter along radial of the typhoon, it is found that rain rate and total latent heat in column in the vicinity of depres2 sion center are greater before the depression development into typhoon, which suggests an important role of the latent heat release in Ranan typhoon coming into being. During development of t he typhoon, rain rate and total latent heat in column decrease from the eye2wall towards the outer along radial. After the mature stage of ty2 phoon, both of them become stable along the radial. Moreover, latent heating profiles display that the latent heat wit hin deeper precipitating clouds releases in t he middle and up t roposphere above 3 km. The maximum la2 tent heating level is at 4. 5 km height. Analysis of cloud ice content and cloud liquid water content profiles for precipitating clouds indicates similar profiles of cloud water content between moderate and deeper precipitating clouds. The maximum cloud water content is about g/ m 3 located at 4-5 km altitude. While it is about g/ m 3 located at 4 km for low precipitating clouds. For non2precipitating clouds no matter how difference of t heir tops, it is found profile similarities of latent heat, cloud ice content and cloud liquid water content among them, which reflects a shortage of TRMM retrieval algorithm for these parameters. Key words : Typhoon Ranan, TRMM, Precipitating cloud, Non2precipitating cloud, Latent heat.
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