國立中山大學學位論文典藏

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8 sex role position Randall,

9 public sphere (vanzoonen, 1991) 2

10 3 (private sphere) Benhabib, 2001 Tuchman1978

11 %

12 1-2 5

13 6 1-1) 6.16: 5 Gramsci cultural hegemony 1994

14 Millett( ) Sexual political Abbott Wallac 1995 gendered ( 1995) Kahn and Goldenburg, 1991a; Mohammadi and Ross, 1996 Ross distort 7

15 oss(1995) favored oppositional 8

16 Keane( Ross, 1995) patriarchal femininity

17 Benhabib(2001) gender blind public sphere (private sphere) van Zoonen(1994) (van Zoonen, 1994: 14) Schamber, 1989 van Zoonen,

18 Katz Lazarsfeld two-step flow (van Zoonen, 1994: 14) (male-bias) general (van Zoonen, 1994: 14) dichotomize van Zoonen (van Zoonen, 1994: 14) (van Zoonen, 1994: 15) % 66.5% 71.9% 28.1% % 38.11% 80.36% 19.64% 11

19 2000 Sapiro(1998) () Sapiro, 1998: 70 () Sapiro, 1998: Wittgenstein, Lester-Roushanzamir and Raman,

20 () canonical PlatoAristotleMarx self-evidently Sapiro, 1998: Sapiro, (van Zoonen, 1991) Habermas 13

21 disembodied Habermas ( 1995) Millett( ) Sexual political the personal is political ( 19957)

22 15 mirror (shape) (Kahn, 1994) Buonnano Fallacy of transparency encoding recording 1994 () (Yanni, 1990: 72-73) Keppeler (1986: 53 subjectification objectification

23 16 Robinson(1978) Robinson, (structural)

24 () Friedland Zhang frame supply meanings frame disputes Gitlin

25 McQuail, 1987 code sign 1995b Crafton(1993 Beck, 1998: 141) field of allowable images dilution Tuchman1978 symbolic annihilation 18

26 (van Zoonen, 1994) Gidengil and Everitt, 2000 Ross Seberny-Mohammadi and Ross, 1996: 103 Tuchman Tuchman1978 sex roles 1994 Kahn Goldenburg(1991a)

27 invisible Kahn and Goldenburg, 1991a 1994 Kahn and Goldenburg, 1991a Sreberny-Mohammadi and Ross, 1996; Crittenden, 2000 Sreberny-Mohammadi and Ross, 1996; Smith, 1997 stereotype generalization kernel of truthbabad et al., 1983: 75 Lippmann Lipmann1922 Seiter, 1986: 16 pictures in our heads Lippmann 20

28 Seiter, 1986: 16 Perkins, 1979: 154 Kahn Goldenburg1991b: Kahn, catfights 21

29 trivialize (Beck, 1998: ) event (issue) WilsonThe Women s Review of Books, 2000: 15 public identity oppositional daulisms / / / / Cirksena and Cuklanz, 1992 Beck, 1998: 140 Lester-Roushanzamir and Raman, 1999:

30 Beck, 1998: norm Jenkins, a Hall(1982: 72) Gans(1972 Gitlin, 1980) Gramsci Gramsci Marxism Marx Gramsci (hegemony) 23

31 (common sense) Hall(1979 Gitlin, 1980) Gramsci van Zoonen1994 (process) (Hall, 1979 Gitlin, 1980) Gitlin, (Gitlin, 1980) Gitlin,

32 Williams(1973 Gitlin, 1980) Gitlin, 1980 relative autonomy absolute autonomy

33 textual analysis (text) work 1997 Barthes, Lester-Roushanzamir and Raman, 1999: 703; quantitive content analysis impact Barthel, 1988 Budgeon and Currie, 1995: Hall 26

34 Lester-Roushanzamir and Raman, 1999: transmission model constructive model van Zoonen, 1994c: semiotics van Zoonen1994c74 Budgeon and Currie, 1995: Seiter, 1992 Saussure / () / signifier/signified, Saussure concept rain 27

35 Seiter, 1992 Seiter, 1992; van Zoonen, () / syntagm/paradigm Saussure Seiter, 1992 (Seiter, a 28

36 Pierce / / symbol, icon, index Pierce( van Zoonen, 1994c) Berger, 1982 van Zoonen, 1994: 75 Seiter, 1992 Bathes / denotation, connotation Barthes Seiter, Saussure 29

37 Barthes myth Barthes1972 message discursive form Bathes ( Currie, 1994) Saussure / Barthes 1996 Fiske & Hartley ideology Fiske & Hartley( van Zoonen, 1994c) Barthes --- Saussure Bathes Fiske & Hartley 2-3 O Sullivan, 1989 van Zoonen, 1994:77 30

38 31 6

39 Lester-Roushanzamir and Raman,

40 family ties 33

42 family ties

45 / / / Kahn Goldenberg (1991b181) (Kahn and Goldenberg, 1991b )

46 2-1 Saussure ( ) 39

47 Pozner

49 2-8 / / / /

52 masculine Demonization Rhode,

53 / / Purnick2000, July 3 Hillary Colinton 46

54 the Women s Leadership Fund Pozner, Women s Executive Leadership and the Press 47

55 object (thing)yanni,1990 Sreberny-Mohammadi Ross(1996) politician--- (professional) Purnick,

56 / / Crittenden, 2000; Frisken, 2000; Jenkins, 2000; Kahn and Goldenberg, 1991;Pozner, 2001; Smith, 1997; Rhode, 1995; Robinson, 1978; Ross, 1995; Sreberny-Mohammadi and Ross,

57 50

58 3-3a 3-3b 3-3c 3-3d 3-3a / / 51

59 / / 3-6

60 Ferraro Purnick, 2000

63 1987 proper place Pingree and Hawkins,

64 2000 Hall Hall () () 57

65 () 1995 gender (sex) () ( 1994) 1996a 58

66 1996b 8 Sreberny-MohammadiRose(1996)Crittenden(2000) 1987 Benhabib, 2001; van Zoonen, 1994 Gidengil and Everitt,

67 / Lacan Lacan van Zoonen, 1994a:24 Carfton, 1993 Beck, 1998 / 1991 O Sullivan et al., 1989: 109 van Zoonen1994: 23 60

68 Gramsci hegemony (process) commen sence Gramsci van Zoonen, 1994 Gitlin (1982) Gramsci Gitlin Barthes(1973 Dow, 1990) inoculation Gitlin, 1982 Dow,

69 Dow, 1990 () () Ross(1995)

70 gatekeeper 1998 () Hall, 1980 reception analysis cultural victim / idealism (Dahlgren, ) van Zoonen ( 1994) 63

71 9? / 64

72 (1996) Tong. R. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction Weedon C. Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory

73 a1996 b index=3/ /

74 ( ) (1998) / a 1995b ( ) / 67

75 1995 A

76 Babad, E. Y. et al. (1983). The Social Self: GroupIinfluences on Persona Identity. Beverly Hills, California: Sage. Benhabib, S.(2001, December, 31). From identity politics to social feminism: A plea for the nineties [On-line]. Available: Beck, D. B. (1998). The F word: How the media frame feminism. NWSA Journal, 10(1), Budgeon, S.,Currie, D. H. (1995). From feminism to postfeminism: Women s liberation in fashion magazines. Women s Studies International Forum, 18(2), Crittenden, D. (2000, November 27). Sisterhood isn t just powerful, it s mean. Wall Street Journal(N.Y.), A.38. Currie, D.(1994). Going green Mythologies of consumption in adolescent magazines. Youth & Society, 26(1), Dow, B. J. (1990). Hegemony, feminist criticism and the Mary Tyler Moore show. Critical Study in Mass Communication, 7, Frisken, A. (2000). Sex in politics: Victoria Woodhull as an American public woman, Journal of Women s History, 12(1), Gidengil, E., & Everitt, J. (2000). Filtering the female: television news coverage of the 1993 Canadian leaders debates. Women & Politics, 21(4), Gitlin, T.(1980). The whole world is watching. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/ Decoding. In Hall, S. et al (Eds.), Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Culture Studies (pp ). London: Hutchinson. Hall, S. (1982). The rediscovery of ideology. In M. Gurevitch et al (Eds.), Culture, Society, and The Media (pp ). London: Methuen. Jenkins, C. (2000). Kerry Chikarovski and the press. Hecate, 26(1),

77 Janus, N. Z. (1977). Research on sex-roles in the mass media: Toward a critical approach. The Insurgent Sociologist, 7(3), Summer, Kahn, K. F. (1992). Does being male help? An investigation of the effects of candidate gender and campaign coverage on evaluation of U.S. senate candidates. The Journal of Politics, 54(2), May, Kahn, K. F., & Goldenburg, E. N. (1991a). The media: Obstacle or ally of feminist? Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, Kahn, K. F., & Goldenburg, E. N. (1991b). Women candidates in the news: An examination of gender differences in U.S. senate campaign coverage. The Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 515, May, Kappeler, S. (1986). The Pornography of Representation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Lester-Roushanzamir, E. P., & Raman, U. (1999). The global village in Atlanta: A textual analysis of Olympic news coverage for children in the Atlanta journal-constitution. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(4), McQuail, D. (1987). Mass Communication Theory: An introduction (3 rd ed.). London: Sage. Mohammadi, A.S., & Ross, K. (1996). Women MPs and the media: Representing the body politics. Parliamentary Affairs, 49(V), Perkins, T. E.(1979). Ideology and Cultural Production, London; New York: Routledge. Pozner, J. L.(2001). Cosmetic coverage. Extra!, 14(2), Purnick, J. (2000, July 3). The tightrope women walk in public life. New York Times. Randall, V. (1987). Women & Politics: An International Perspective (2 nd ed.). London: Macmillan Press. Rhode, D. L. (1995). Media images, feminist issues. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 20(31), Robinson, G. J. (1978). Women, media access and social control. Women and The 70

78 News, (pp ). New York: Hastings House. Ross, K. (1995). Gender and party politics: How the press reported the Labour leadership campaign, Media, Culture & Society, 17, Sapiro, V. (1998). Feminist studies and political science---and vice versa. Feminism and Politics (pp.67-89). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. Saucier, K. A.(1986). Healers and heartbreaker: Images of women and men in country music. Journal of Popular Culture, 23(3), Seiter, E (1992). Semiotics, structuralism, and television. In C. A. Robert (Ed), Channels of Discourse Reassembled: Television and Contemporary Culture (pp.31-36). London: Routledge. Seiter, E. (1987). Channel of Discourse. London: The University of North Carolina Press. Seiter, E. (1986). Stereotypes and the media: A re-evaluation. Journal Communication, 36(2), pp Smith, K. B. (1997). When all s fair: Signs of party in media coverage of female candidates. Political Communication, 14, Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., & Ross, K. (1996). Women MPs and the media: Representing the body politic. Parliamentary Affairs, 49, Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News, NY: Free Press. van Zoonen, L. (1994). Feminist Media Studies. London: Sage. van Zoonen, L. (1991). A tyranny of intimacy: Women, femininity and television news. In Dahlgren, P. et al (Eds.), Communication and Citizenship: Journalism And The Public Sphere (pp ). London; New York: Routledge. Yanni, D. A. (1990). The social construction of women as mediated by advertising. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 14(1),

79 From pipe dreams to pipelines. (2000). The Women s Review of Books, XVII(10-11),

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- - van Dijk 2003 Foucault 2003 2-1 van Dijk 1 2 3 1. representation 2-2 media image 1994 1. 2. 3. 1993 1996 1998 1998 1. 2. 3. 2000 1. 2. 3. 1998 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. 19982000 2-3 Stuart Hall1995 Campbell1995