SEX RATIO in the General Population 总人口性别比 World Men normally have higher mortality rates than women throughout life, and age-specific sex ratio decli

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1 SEX RATIO Facts and Figures 2007 性别比 事实与数据2007 The demographic structure of population, particularly age and sex, has profound consequences for harmonious and sustainable social and economic development. Furthermore, analyzing sex ratios of population is important in analyzing the status of women and girls. 人口结构 特别是年龄和性别结构 对社会经济的协调和可续发展具有深远影响 对人口性别比的分析在研究妇女 和女孩地位中尤为重要 Definitions Sex ratio refers to the ratio between males and females in a population. In this regard, it is useful to differentiate between the following: Sex ratio in the general population refers to the number of males per 100 females in the general population. Sex ratio at birth (SRB) refers to the number of male live births per 100 female live births. Sex ratio by birth order refers to sex ratio at birth disaggregated by birth order (first, second, third etc.). Sex ratio of children under five years old refers to the number of male children under five years old per 100 female children of the same age group. In addition, an important index measuring gender difference in child survival is the sex ratio of under five mortality rates which refers to the ratios of male to female mortality of those under 5 years of age (usually by age 1, 2, etc). Data sources The data in the following are all from official sources, in particular the National Bureau of Statistics of China and the UN Population Division. Sex ratio at birth data are not readily available in many countries, and where available, there are many factors which may affect accuracy of data, e.g. underreporting. 释义 性别比 通常指人口中男性和女性人数之比 应该对下 列几种性别比加以区别 总人口性别比 总人口中每百名女性对应的男性人数 出生性别比 每百名活产女婴对应的活产男婴数 分孩次出生性别比 按出生孩次划分的出生性别比 第 一 第二 第三孩出生性别比等 5岁以下儿童性别比 每百名5岁以下女孩所对应的同年 龄段男孩数 另外 作为衡量儿童生存性别差异的重要指标 5岁以 下儿童死亡率性别比是5岁以下男性和女性死亡率的比 值 通常为单岁组 数据来源 以下内容中的数据均为官方数据 特别是中国国家统计 局和联合国人口司数据 许多国家缺乏方便获得的出生 性别比的数据 即使有数据的国家 数据的准确性也会 受到如漏报等诸多因素的影响 1

2 SEX RATIO in the General Population 总人口性别比 World Men normally have higher mortality rates than women throughout life, and age-specific sex ratio declines gradually as age increases. Therefore, in most countries in the world there are more women than men and normal sex ratio in the general population is around or below 100. In 2005, in North and South America, Africa, Europe and Oceania, sex ratio in the general population was around 100 or lower. However, in a handful of countries, sex ratio in the general population in 2005 was high, e.g. Afghanistan (106.5), China (105.6), Bangladesh (104.5), India (105.2), Pakistan (106.0), and Sri Lanka (103.3). This results in a sex ratio for Asia at For the world as a whole there are 35 million more men than women1. 世界在正常情况下, 由于男性在整个生命周期中的死亡率高于女性, 按龄性别比随年龄增加而逐渐下降, 因此在大多数国家, 女性人口多于男性, 总人口性别比的正常值应该基本等于或低于 年南 北美洲, 非洲, 欧洲和大洋洲的总人口性别比基本等于或低于 100 然而, 部分国家 2005 年的总人口性别比偏高, 如阿富汗 (106.5), 中国 (105.6), 孟加拉国 (104.5), 印度 ( ), 巴基斯坦 ( ) 以及斯里兰卡 (103.3), 这导致亚洲总体性别比水平处于 全世界男性人口比女性人口多三千五百万人 1 Figure 1 China Sex Ratio in the General Population 图 1 中国总人口性别比 ( ) Number of Population (ten thousand) Sex Ratio YEAR Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Surveys2. 数据来源 : 中国人口普查和 1% 人口抽样调查 2 China According to the five censuses and three 1% population sample surveys, as shown in Figure 1, sex ratio in the general population has been high throughout the last 50 years. 中国图 1 中五次全国人口普查和三次全国 1% 人口抽样调查资料显示, 中国总人口性别比在过去 50 余年中呈相对稳定偏高的态势 2

3 Sex Ratio at Birth 出生性别比 World Normal sex ratio at birth is in general between 103 and 107 male live births per 100 female live births. Countries that are known to have or have had sex ratio at birth higher than this include South Korea (peak of in 19943), India (112 in 20004) and China (120.5 in 2005). 世界出生性别比的正常范围是每 100 名活产女婴对应 名活产男婴 目前所知出生性别比高于或曾经高于这一正常范围的国家包括 : 韩国 (1994 年达到 ), 印度 (2000 年出生性别比达到 1124) 以及中国 (120.5) Figure 2 Sex Ratio at Birth in China, Urban and Rural Areas 图 2 中国出生性别比和分城乡出生性别比 ( ) Sex Ratio YEAR Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Surveys5. 数据来源 : 中国人口普查和 1% 人口抽样调查 5 China As can be seen in Figure 2, sex ratio at birth in China has increased over the past two decades, from in 1982 to in Urban-rural differences in sex ratio at birth exist, with that of rural areas significantly higher than that of urban areas. In 2005, sex ratio at birth of rural areas reached Sex ratio at birth of urban areas however has also increased dramatically, from in 1990 to in In China, urban areas include both cities and towns. Given that sex ratio in towns is closer to that of rural areas than to cities, the real difference between urban areas excluding towns and rural areas should be larger than what s described in Figure 2, i.e. the urban (cities only) sex ratio at birth is lower. 中国如图 2 所示, 中国出生性别比在过去 20 余年中持续上升, 从 1982 年的 上升至 2005 年的 中国的出生性别比存在城乡差异, 农村地区显著高于城镇地区, 2005 年农村地区出生性别比达到 但是城镇地区出生性别比也上升很快, 从 1990 年的 上升到 2005 年的 事实上, 这里的城镇地区包括了更接近农村地区的镇在内, 如果考虑到这一事实, 实际的城乡差异比图 2 描述的还要更大 3

4 SEX RATIO at Birth by Birth Order 分孩次出生性别比 World Sex ratio at birth by birth order will usually be around the normal overall sex ratio at birth regardless of birth order. However, in countries with imbalance in sex ratio at birth, the imbalance increases remarkably with the rise in birth order. In South Korea in 1994, sex ratio at birth for the first birth was normal at 106.1, but increased to for the second and for the third birth3. Sex ratio at birth for the first birth was 111 for India in 2001, and 112 for the second and up to 116 for the third birth4. 世界正常情况下, 分孩次出生性别比在任何孩次都接近于正常的总出生性别比 但这一比率在出生性别比失衡的国家, 却随孩次显著升高 1994 年韩国第一孩出生性别比处于 的正常水平, 但第二孩升至 114.3, 第三孩更达到 年印度第一孩出生性别比为 111, 第二孩升至 112, 第三孩高达 1164 Sex Ratio Figure 3 Sex Ratio at Birth by Birth Order 图 3 中国分孩次出生性别比 ( ) Birth Order Source: For 1982: National Fertility Sample Survey6; For : China Population Censuses and % Population Sample Surveys5. 数据来源 :1982 年 : 全国生育节育抽样调查 6 ; : 中国人口普查和 1% 人口抽样调查 5 China As indicated in Figure 3, in 1982 sex ratio at birth was normal for the first and second births, but slightly higher than normal for the third and above births. Since 1987, sex ratio at birth has been around the normal range for the first birth, but increased significantly for the second and above births. In 2000, sex ratio at birth was for the second birth, and above 160 for the third and fourth births. Sex ratio at birth for the second and above births in 2005 was slightly lower than that in 2000, but sex ratio at birth for the first birth has risen to 中国如图 3 所示,1982 年, 按孩次划分, 第一孩和第二孩的出生性别比正常, 第三孩及其以后孩次的出生性别比略有偏高 从 1987 年起, 第一孩的出生性别比接近正常值, 第二孩及其以后孩次的出生性别比显著上升 特别是 2000 年第二孩出生性别比达到 151.9, 第三孩和第四孩出生性别比高达 160 以上 2005 年第二孩及其以后孩次的出生性别比较 2000 年略有下降, 但第一孩的出生性别比已经达到

5 Geographical Variation of Sex Ratio at Birth in China 中国出生性别比地区差异 Figure 4 Sex Ratio at Birth Per Province, China, 2000 and 2005 图4中国分省出生性别比 2000和2005年 Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Surveys in 数据来源 中国人口普查和 2005年1 人口抽样调查 Missing data Sex ratio at birth exhibits great discrepancies among provinces in 2005, as seen in Figure 4 and Table 1. The highest sex ratio at birth was recorded in Jiangxi (137.31), and the lowest in Tibet (105.15). 如图4和表1所示 2005年各省的出生性别比显示出巨大的差 异 江西省最高 而西藏最低 Table 1 Change of SRB and Its Rank by Province during 2000 and 2005 in China 表1中国分省出生性别比及其序次的变动 2000和2005年 2005 Area Name SRB Rank 地区 出生性别比 序次 Jiangxi 江 西 Anhui 安 徽 Shaanxi 陕 西 Hubei 湖 北 Hunan 湖 南 Guizhou 贵 州 Jiangsu 江 苏 Fujian 福 建 Henan 河 南 Hainan 海 南 Shanghai 上 海 Guangdong 广 东 Tianjin 天 津 Guangxi 广 西 Hebei 河 北 Beijing 北 京 2000 Change in SRB SRB Rank 出生性别比 序次 出生性别比 变动 Area Name SRB Rank 地区 出生性别比 序次 Inner Mongolia 内蒙古 Qinghai 青 海 Shanxi 山 西 Sichuan 四 川 Gansu 甘 肃 Shandong 山 东 Zhejiang 浙 江 Yunnan 云 南 Chongqing 重 庆 Ningxia 宁 夏 Heilongjiang 黑龙江 Liaoning 辽 宁 Xinjiang 新 疆 Jilin 吉 林 Tibet 西 藏 Nationalaverage 平均值 2000 Change in SRB SRB Rank 出生性别比 序次 出生性别比 变动 Source: China 2000 Population Census and 1% Population Sample Survey in 数据来源 中国2000年人口普查和2005年1%人口抽样调查5 Compared with 2000, sex ratio at birth in most provinces has increased. Noticeably, in some western regions it has increased rapidly. For instance, in Qinghai and Guizhou it has increased by more than 10 and 20 respectively. The imbalanced sex ratio at birth also spread in geographical coverage. Actually, except for Tibet, sex ratio at birth in all provinces deviates from the normal. Even though it is more severe in rural areas, but in comparison with 2000, sex ratio at birth in big cities such as Beijing (117.81), Tianjin (119.81) and Shanghai (120.05), has also increased in 与2000年相比 2005年出生性别比在绝大部分省份上 升 值得注意的是 部分西部省份出生性别比上升的 幅度较大 如青海省和贵州省升高的幅度分别超过了10 和20个点 同时出生性别比失衡的地域也在扩展 事实 上 除了西藏之外 所有省份的出生性别比都不正常 尽管出生性别比失衡在农村地区较为严重 但与2000年 相比 2005年出生性别比在大城市如北京 天津 和上海 都有所上升 5

6 Geographical Variation of Sex Ratio at Birth in China 中国出生性别比地区差异 Worth noting is that sex ratio at birth in several provinces declined markedly, such as in Hainan from in 2000 to in 2005 and in Guangdong from in 2000 to in Exact reasons for the decline however need be studied. 同样值得注意的是, 个别省份的出生性别比显著下降, 如海南省和广东省的出生性别比分别自 2000 年的 和 下降至 2005 年的 和 不过, 这些地区性别比下降的原因仍然需要研究 SEX RATIO of Under Five Mortality Rate 五岁以下儿童死亡率性别比 World In the world as a whole, male mortality rates of all age groups are higher than those of females because of biological factors. Normally, the male to female ratio of mortality rate for children under 5 years old is higher than 1. Some countries with high sex ratio in the general population are however witnessing lower than normal values in the sex ratios of under 5 mortality rate. In India in 1998, the sex ratio of mortality rate for age 1 to 4 was In Pakistan, the ratio for age 1 to 4 was 0.70 during 1982 and 1986, and 0.63 during 1997 and 世界在世界范围内, 正常情况下由于生理因素的影响, 各年龄段男性死亡率均高于女性, 因此 5 岁以下儿童死亡率性别比的正常值应大于 1 一些总人口性别比偏高的国家同时也出现了 5 岁以下儿童死亡率性别比低于正常值的现象 例如印度 1998 年 1-4 岁儿童死亡率性别比为 0.687, 巴基斯坦在 年间 1-4 岁儿童死亡率性别比为 0.70, 年间为 Figure 5 Sex Ratio of Under Five Mortality Rate in China 图 5 中国 5 岁以下儿童死亡率性别比 ( ) Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Survey in 数据来源 : 中国人口普查和 2005 年 1% 人口抽样调查 5 China Figure 5 indicates the sex ratios of under 5 mortality rate by single age in China for In 1982, sex ratios of mortality rate for age 1-4 were all lower than normal, with those for age 2 and age 3 much more severe. Since 1990, sex ratio of mortality rate has increased for children aged 2 to 4, slightly fluctuated for children aged 1 but declined dramatically for children aged 0. This suggests that discrimination against girls has shifted from those ages 1 to 4 to those age 0. In 2005, the ratio was basically normal for age 2 to 4, but deviated seriously from the normal for age 0 and 1, with its value at 0.80 and 0.84 respectively. 中国中国 5 岁以下按龄儿童死亡率性别比见图 年, 1-4 岁各年龄组儿童死亡率性别比都低于正常水平, 但 2 岁组和 3 岁组更为严重, 分别为 0.86 和 年后,2-4 岁组儿童死亡率性别比有所上升,1 岁组死亡率性别比略有波动, 但 0 岁组死亡率性别比大幅度下降 这些表明对女孩的歧视重心已经从 1-4 岁组逐渐转向 0 岁组 2005 年, 中国 2-4 岁组死亡率性别比基本正常, 但 0 岁组和 1 岁组死亡率性别比严重偏离了正常水平, 分别为 0.80 和

7 SEX RATIO of Children Under Five Years Old 五岁以下儿童性别比 World Sex ratio of children under 5 years old reflects both the sex ratio at birth and the gender difference in under five mortality rate. In a normal population, the under 5 mortality rate is higher for males than for females. As a result, sex ratio of children under five years old is usually lower than sex ratio at birth. In 2000, sex ratios of children under 5 years old in North and South America, Africa, Europe and Oceania were approximately equal to or below Nevertheless, higher than normal sex ratio of children under 5 years old has also been observed in some countries with high sex ratio in the general population. In South Korea, the sex ratio for all age groups under 5 years old all exceeded in 2000, and the sex ratio of children under 5 years old was in 2001 for India9. 世界 5 岁以下儿童性别比综合反映了出生性别比和 5 岁以下儿童死亡率的性别差异 在正常的人口中, 出生性别比正常,5 岁以下儿童死亡率男性高于女性, 因此正常的 5 岁以下儿童性别比应该低于正常的出生性别比 2000 年南 北美洲, 非洲, 欧洲和大洋州的 5 岁以下儿童性别比基本等于或低于 1051 然而, 部分总人口性别比偏高的国家也出现了 5 岁以下儿童性别比偏高, 如韩国 2000 年 5 岁以下各年龄组性别比均超过 , 印度 2001 年 5 岁以下儿童性别比为 Figure 6 Sex Ratio of Children Under Five Years Old in China 图 6 中国 5 岁以下儿童性别比 ( ) Sex Ratio Source: China Population Censuses and 1% Population Sample Surveys5. 数据来源 : 中国人口普查和 1% 人口抽样调查 5 YEAR China As shown in Figure 6, sex ratio of children under 5 years old was in 1982 in China. In the last two decades, the ratio has rapidly increased, reaching in Almost no differences were observed between rural and urban areas in 1982, and small differences in 1987 and The urbanrural difference however has recorded a significant rise since 1995 with rural areas higher than urban areas. In 2005, sex ratio of children under 5 years old was in urban areas and in rural areas. Noticeably, sex ratios of children under 5 years old regardless of residence were all higher than the corresponding sex ratios at birth in 2005, indicating the existence of both prenatal and postnatal discrimination against girls. 中国图 6 显示中国 1982 年 5 岁以下儿童性别比为 107.2, 高于正常水平 在以后的 20 多年间 5 岁以下儿童性别比快速上升,2005 年高达 年 5 岁以下儿童性别比水平城乡基本相同,1987 和 1990 年略有差异, 但 1995 年后城乡差异显著, 农村地区高于城镇地区 2005 年城镇地区 5 岁以下儿童性别比为 118.4, 而农村地区高达 值得注意的是,2005 年中国及分城乡 5 岁以下儿童性别比都高于相应的出生性别比, 表明中国女孩在出生前和出生后都受到歧视 7

8 Causes of Gender Imbalance 性别失衡的原因 The main causes for the imbalanced sex ratios in China are complicated and show different manifestations in different periods and areas. 导致中国性别比失常的原因是比较复杂的, 在不同的时间和地区也有不同的表现 A patrilineal family system has been practiced throughout Chinese history as well as in contemporary China, resulting in men s dominant status in property inheritance, residential arrangement, family succession, and family power structure and women s lower status in family and society. Moreover, patrilocal marriage has been the traditional and dominant marriage pattern in China, which determines that sons, not daughters, are the real provider of parents old-age support. This is especially true in the rural areas of China. In addition, the Chinese Confucianism-based traditional culture stresses the importance of having sons for a family. All these constitute the fundamental root of son preference in Chinese families. 中国历史上一直实行父系家庭体系, 使男性在财产继承 居住安排 家庭延续 家庭权力上占据主导地位, 女性家庭和社会地位低下 ; 而且从夫居传统上是占绝对主导地位的婚姻形式, 使得在中国尤其是农村地区, 是儿子而不是女儿为老年人提供根本性的养老支持 另外, 中国以儒家思想为基础的传统文化, 也非常强调生育儿子的重要性 这些都构成了中国家庭偏好男孩的根本基础 Some important demographic and socioeconomic factors have also stimulated and intensified son preference. During the last 20 years, China s fertility has rapidly declined and the total fertility rate has dropped to below replacement level. In populations with strong son preference, a major drop in fertility is often followed by a rise in sex ratio at birth. Further, China s economy has been rapidly growing in the last 20 years and the stratification of Chinese society has been accelerating, but China remains a developing country in its transitional stage, with the social security system not fully developed in urban areas and even less developed in rural areas. Currently, while policies protecting rights of women exist, implementation varies. Women do not enjoy equal opportunities as men in education, employment and participation in political affairs. The gender aspect is often missing or neglected in the formulation and implementation of policies for socioeconomic development. All these factors contribute to the lower social, economic and political status of Chinese women. These factors also contribute to son preference in China. Another contributing factor sometimes cited is the government-guided family planning policy and program. However data showing to what extent this has contributed to the rise in sex ratio at birth is not available. 一些重要的人口和社会经济因素在一定条件下也刺激和强化了男孩偏好 最近二十多年来中国的生育率快速下降, 总和生育率已经远低于更替水平 在存在强烈男孩偏好的人口中, 生育率的显著下降往往伴随出生性别比的上升 中国 20 多年来经济高速增长, 社会分层加快, 但总体上还处于欠发达的转型社会, 城市的社会保障体系还不健全, 在农村几乎是空白 另外, 虽然目前已经有保护妇女参与和发展的各种政策, 但执行情况差异很大 中国妇女在教育 就业和参政等方面同男性相比存在比较大的差距, 同时一些经济和社会发展政策的制定和实施缺乏性别平等的视角, 使得妇女总体上在社会 经济和政治上地位不高 这些因素构成了中国家庭偏好男孩的客观条件 另外一个时有提及的因素是政府主导的计划生育政策 但没有数据表明这一因素在多大程度上带来了出生性别比的升高 Since the 1980s, ultra-sound B machine has gradually become accessible and affordable to Chinese families, making it possible to identify the sex of the fetus. While sex selection for non medical reasons was made illegal by law since 1994, it continues to be used. This has directly led to increasing number of sex-selective induced abortions, and consequently resulted in a rising high sex ratio at birth. Meanwhile, discriminatory treatment against girls, especially in curative medical care, also contributed to the excess female child mortality in China. 上世纪八十年代开始,B 超在中国逐渐普及, 胎儿性别鉴定变为可能 尽管 1994 年后法律规定非医学原因的性别选择为非法, 但性别选择仍然发生在一些家庭, 使得性别选择性人工流产大量增多, 直接导致出生性别比上升 同时, 对女孩的歧视, 特别是在疾病治疗方面的歧视性待遇, 也直接导致女孩偏高的死亡水平 8

9 Consequences of Gender Imbalance 性别失衡的后果 Abnormally high sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality lead directly to the female deficit and the imbalance of sex structure of a population, which will cast significant impacts on critical population and social issues such as population size, sex and age structure, population ageing, and marriage market balance. 偏高的出生性别比和女孩死亡水平, 直接导致女性数量短缺, 引起人口的性别结构失衡, 从而对人口规模 性别和年龄结构 人口老龄化 婚姻市场平衡等重要人口和社会问题产生重大影响 The enormous female deficit due to the abnormally high sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality may impact further the security and safety of women, and the girl child s right to life, participation and development may be denied. Imbalanced sex ratio may stimulate sexual violence, abduction and rise in the trafficking of women and girls. It is also predicted that tens of millions of men in China may fail to get married due to shortage of women in the foreseeable future. As a result, marriageable men in the poor rural areas, who are in a disadvantaged position for spouse selection, could also suffer consequences of the imbalance of sex structure in China s population. Dissatisfaction in that group will not be conducive to the principle of a harmonious society. 中国巨大的女性数量缺失将进一步影响妇女的安全和保障, 损害女孩的生存 参与和发展的权利 性别失衡可能会增加各种性犯罪以及拐卖妇女和女孩现象的发生 由于女性数量短缺, 预计未来将有几千万男性不能结婚, 从而将使贫困农村地区的男性婚龄人群体作为择偶中的弱势群体, 可能成为中国人口性别结构失衡对婚姻影响的直接受害者 这些都不利于 和谐社会 的建设 9

10 National Response in China 中国政府的回应 The issue of sex ratio imbalance has received increasing attention in China. Chinese government has adopted and carried out a series of policies, laws and strategic actions to address the issue of abnormally high sex ratio at birth in order to improve girl children s survival, increase women s status, and promote gender equality. 中国的性别比失衡问题已经日益得到关注, 中国政府采取了一系列的政策 法律和战略行动, 积极综合治理高出生性别比问题, 改善女孩生存, 提高妇女地位, 促进性别平等 As early as in 1986, the National Family Planning Commission and the Ministry of Health of the People s Republic of China issued a joint Notice on Prohibition of Arbitrary Fetal Sex Identification, which put the issue of abnormal sex ratio at birth on the agenda of the Chinese government. After 1990, the National Population and Family Planning Commission, the Ministry of Health, the State Food and Drug Administration and other ministries of the People s Republic of China, either independently or jointly, promulgated a series of administrative regulations to prohibit fetal sex identification and sex-selective pregnancy termination for non-medical purposes. More importantly, in Law of the People s Republic of China on Maternal and Infant Health Care (1994) and Population and Family Planning Law of the People s Republic of China (2001) passed by the National People s Congress of the People s Republic of China, it has been prescribed that fetal sex identification and sex-selective pregnancy termination for non-medical purposes are illegal. Recently in 2005, the State Council of the People s Republic of China issued the Action Plan for Extensively Unfolding of the Care for Girls Action and Comprehensively Addressing the Issue of Abnormally High SRB, and in 2006, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council of People s Republic of China promulgated the Decision on Fully Enhancing Population and Family Planning Programme and Comprehensively Addressing Population Issues. These two documents mark a new stage in which the Chinese government addresses the issue of sex ratio at birth in a comprehensive manner. 早在 1986 年, 国家计划生育委员会和卫生部就联合下发了 关于不得任意进行胎儿性别预测的通知, 将出生性别比问题提上了议事日程 1990 年以来, 国家人口和计划生育委员会 卫生部 药监局等一些国家部委, 分别或联合下发了一系列的禁止非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠的行政规定 全国人大于 1994 年颁布的 中华人民共和国母婴保健法 和 2001 年颁布的 中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法 中, 更是以法律的形式明确规定非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠属违法行为 2005 年, 国务院发布了 关于广泛开展关爱女孩行动综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题的行动计划, 2006 年, 中共中央 国务院发布了 关于全面加强人口和计划生育工作统筹解决人口问题的决定 以这两个文件为标志, 中国政府综合治理高出生性别比的工作进入了新的阶段 Since 2000, the Chinese government has been implementing the Care for Girls Strategic Action to intervene in and address the major issues related to sex ratio imbalance. This started as a pilot and has been taken to scale nationwide. During , the government of Chaohu city in Anhui province carried out the Chaohu Experimental Zone for Improving Girl Child Survival Environment Project to explore and innovate for the Care for Girls Action. During the same period, the National Population and Family Planning Commission of the People s Republic of China piloted the Care for Girls Action in 24 counties (districts) with extremely high sex ratio at birth in 24 provinces of the country. The intervention was focused on six key areas, i.e., fighting against illegal fetal sex identification, sex-selective induced abortion, as well as infanticide and abandonment of girls; providing quality integrated family planning and maternal health services; advocacy; improved social policies; and improving management and capacity of local leaders. In 2006, the State Council of the People s Republic of China officially launched the Nationwide Care for Girls Action, introducing and implementing a series of innovative initiatives to improve the environment for girls survival and restore the normal sex ratio at birth in China. 与此同时,2000 年后中国政府还分阶段实施了国家 关爱女孩 战略性专项行动, 针对导致出生性别比失衡的主要问题加以干预和治理 2000 年到 2003 年, 安徽巢湖市人民政府实施了 巢湖改善女孩生活环境实验区 项目, 为国家 关爱女孩 行动进行探索和创新 2003 年到 2005 年, 国家人口和计划生育委员会在全国 24 个省的 24 个高出生性别比县区, 开展了国家 关爱女孩行动 试点, 通过查处 两非 ( 即非医学需要的胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠行为 ) 全程服务 宣传倡导 利益导向 管理评估 组织领导等六个关键领域的工作, 对试点县区的出生性别比问题进行干预与治理 2006 年, 国务院正式启动全国性 关爱女孩行动, 通过建立一系列行为约束机制 利益导向机制和制度创新机制等自主创新行动, 促使女孩生存环境得以改善和出生性别比趋于正常 The Chinese government has established strategic goals and plans for addressing SRB from 2006 to 2020, with each five years being a key strategic stage. The three stages are to curb, to bring about a decline and finally to stabilize SRB at a normal range. It is expected that these strategic goals and plans will fundamentally address the issue of imbalanced sex ratio at birth and promote gender equality in China. 中国政府业已制定了从 2006 到 2020 年的战略目标和规划, 预期以每 5 年为一个阶段, 力争通过遏制 下降和稳定三个阶段, 以根本治理出生性别比失衡问题, 促进性别平等 10

11 UNFPA Position on Sex Ratio Imbalance 联合国人口基金关于性别比失衡的观点 UNFPA recognizes this issue through the demographic implications of sex selection as well as the gender inequality dimension. UNFPA s priority is to help build the evidence base on the issue, promote gender equality and non-discrimination and address the inherent low status of women and girls that makes girls unwanted. At the same time, UNFPA recognizes the need to work with men and boys in preventing sex selection, thus research on male attitudes to the practice and their potential role in curbing it is an area of priority. UNFPA facilitates advocacy on the issue to be led by local communities and civil society. UNFPA supports governments for the effective implementation of laws and regulatory frameworks to address this issue while also advocating at the regional level to create political will and ensuring urgent and continued government attention through sub-regional and regional approaches/interventions which can mitigate the cross-regional challenges concerning sex selection. 联合国人口基金从性别选择的人口后果和性别不平等的角度认识性别比失衡这一问题 联合国人口基金的首要任务是帮助建立关于这一问题的事实基础, 促进性别平等和反性别歧视, 以及解决固有的导致女孩不受欢迎的妇女和女孩地位低下的问题 与此同时, 联合国人口基金认识到需要同男人和男孩一同努力来防止性别选择, 因此, 研究男性对性别选择所持的态度和他们在这一问题上所可能发挥的作用是重点工作领域 联合国人口基金推动由地方团体和民间组织对这一问题的倡导 联合国人口基金支持政府有效地执行法律和规章制度来解决性别比失衡这个问题 ; 与此同时, 在区域层面进行倡导, 通过次区域性和区域性的手段和干预, 创造政治意愿来确保紧迫和持续的政府关注, 以期减少性别选择跨区域的挑战 UNFPA Response in China 联合国人口基金在中国的行动 The analysis of sex ratio falls well within the three core mandates of UNFPA. As such UNFPA is supporting interventions from the demographic perspective, through the gender and rights based angle as well as from the reproductive health service delivery perspective. 对于性别比问题进行研究完全符合联合国人口基金的三项主要职责 因此, 联合国人口基金从人口学 社会性别和权利视角以及提供生殖健康服务的角度来支持干预活动 Within the demographic aspect, emphasis is on collection of data as well as supporting further research related to the issue which can identify implementation strategies to reverse the practice. A key area of UNFPA intervention is to promote Gender equality and equity and the human rights based approach, so UNFPA is advocating on the issue within these frameworks and the existing legislative measures which make the practice illegal. Lastly, raising awareness of key stakeholders is a powerful means for eventual normalizing of the sex ratio imbalances. Thus empowering local communities and supporting pilot interventions is a priority. 在人口学方面, 联合国人口基金的工作重点是收集数据和支持相关的研究, 以便进一步研究这一问题, 来确定转变性别比失衡所需要的实施策略 在社会性别和权利方面, 联合国人口基金的一个重点干预领域是推进性别平等和公平, 以及以人权为基础的战略路径, 所以, 联合国人口基金在这些框架和现有的禁止侵犯人权和损害性别平等的法律原则基础上, 倡导解决性别比失衡问题 最后, 开展针对主要责任方的宣传倡导活动是最终消除性别比失衡的有力措施 因此, 赋予地方团体权利和支持试点干预是首要任务 11

12 References 1. UN Population Division World Population Prospect. 联合国人口司 世界人口预测 2. State Statistical Bureau, People s Republic of China. Communiques on Censuses of National Bureau of Statistics. 中国国家统计局. 历次人口普查公报 3. Korea National Statistical Office 韩国国家统计局办公室 Sample Registration System (SRS) Office of the Registrar General of India 印度总统计长抽样登记系统办公室 For 1982: Population Census Office under the State Council, and Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau, People s Republic of China Population Census of China (Results of Computer Tabulation). China Statistical Publishing House 年 : 国务院人口普查办公室, 国家统计局人口统计司编 中国 1982 年人口普查资料 ( 电子计算机汇总 ). 中国统计出版社 ; for 1987: Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau Tabulation of China 1% Population Sample Survey in 1987(National Volume). China Statistical Publishing House 年 : 国家统计局人口统计司编 中国 1987 年 1% 人口抽样调查资料 ( 全国分册 ). 中国统计出版社 ; for 1990: Population Census Office under the State Council, and Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau, People s Republic of China Tabulation on the 1990 Population Census of the People s Republic of China. China Statistical Publishing House 年 : 国务院人口普查办公室, 国家统计局人口统计司编 中国 1990 人口普查资料. 中国统计出版社 ; for 1995: (China) National Sample Survey Office Tabulation of China 1% Population Sample Survey in China Statistical Publishing House 年 : ( 中国 ) 全国人口抽样调查办公室编 全国 1% 人口抽样调查资料. 中国统计出版社 ; for 2000: Population Census Office under the State Council, and Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China Tabulation on the 2000 Population Census of the People s Republic of China. China Statistics Press 年 : 国务院人口普查办公室, 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 中国 2000 年人口普查资料. 中国统计出版社 for 2005: National 1% Sample Survey Leading Office under the State Council, and Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China Tabulation of China 1% Population Sample Survey in China Statistics Press 年 : 国务院全国 1% 人口抽样调查领导小组办公室, 国家统计局人口和就业统计司编 年全国 1% 人口抽样调查资料. 中国统计出版社 For 1982: National Family Planning Commission, People s Republic of China Tabulation on National Fertility Sample Survey(National volume), China Population Publishing House 年 : 中国国家计划生育委员会 全国生育节育抽样调查全国数据卷. 中国人口出版社 7. National Family Health Survey, India 印度国家家庭健康调查 Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey 巴基斯坦生殖健康与家庭计划调查 Census of India 印度 2001 年人口普查 12