458 materialistic incentive solidary incentive idealistic incentive Wilson, 1995 community-based resource management Berkes, 2006 Elinor Ostrom Leach

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1 102/9, pp C * 湯京平簡秀昭張華 ethno-eco-tourism

2 458 materialistic incentive solidary incentive idealistic incentive Wilson, 1995 community-based resource management Berkes, 2006 Elinor Ostrom Leach et al., 1999 Li, 2002; Berkes and Folke eds., 1998; Gibson et al. eds., 2000; Tai, Tang and Tang, 2010; 2001 Hardin 1968 Agyeman et al. eds just sustainability Agrawal and Gibson, 1999; Berkes,

3 ethno-tourism ecotourism Burns and Novelli eds., 2008 non-exclusive exhaustible common pool resources public goods

4 460 Berkes and Folke eds., 1998 Rangan and Lane, 2001 deadweight loss New Public Management New Managerialism Lynn, 1998; Desai and Imrie, 1998

5 461

6 462 principle of subsidiarity MacCormick, 1997 Agrawal and Ostrom, 2001 self-interest rightly understood Cruikshank, 1993

7 463 Cash and Moser,

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23 479 A (Gu, Jiarong, 2010, The Change of Aoyao People s Society: A Case Study in Xiaguchen Village, Jinxiu County, Guangxi, China. Kunming: Yunnan People s Publishing House.) : (Horng, Goang-jih and Chun-chiang Lin, 2004, Tourism Landscape, Qalang and Nagsal: A Study of the Relationships between Culture and Common-pool Resource Management at Smangus, Hsin-Chu, Journal of Geographical Science 37: ) 2004 (Chung, Ting-mao and Shiou-ju Tsai, 2004, The Research of the Ecotourism Operated by the Cooperative Operating System in Northern Tapajen Mountain, Research Report for Shei-Pa National Park Headquarters, Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior.) : (Yen, Ai-ching and Da-wei Kuan, 2004, Traditional Institution and the Institutional Choice: Two CPR Self Governing Cases of Atayal Tribe in Taiwan Indigenes, Journal of Geographical Science 37: )

24 480 B. Agrawal, Arun and Clark Gibson 1999 Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation, World Development 27(4): Agrawal, Arun and Elinor Ostrom 2001 Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal, Politics and Society 29(4): Agyeman, J., R. Bullard, and B. Evans (eds.) 2013 Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Berkes, Fikret 2004 Rethinking Community-based Conservation, Conservation Biology 18(3): From Community-based Resource Management to Complex Systems, Ecology and Society 11(1): 45. Retrieved June 10, 2012, from org/vol11/iss1/art45/ Berkes, F. and C. Folke (eds.) 1998 Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Burns, P. and M. Novelli (eds.) 2008 Tourism Development: Growth, Myths, and Inequalities. Wallingford, UK: CABI. Cash, D. W. and S. C. Moser 2000 Linking Global and Local Scales: Designing Dynamic Assessment and Management Processes, Global Environmental Change 10(2): Cruikshank, Barbara 1993 Revolutions Within: Self-government and Self-esteem, Economy and Society 22(3): Desai, Vandana and Rob Imrie 1998 The New Managerialism in Local Governance: North-South Dimensions, Third World Quarterly 19(4): Gibson, Clark, Margaret McKean, and Elinor Ostrom (eds.) 2000 People and Forests: Communities, Institutions, and Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hardin, Garrett 1968 The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 162(3859): Leach, M., R. Mearns, and I. Scoones 1999 Environmental Entitlements: Dynamics and Institutions in Community-based Natural Resource Management, World Development 27(2): Li, Tania-Murray 2002 Engaging Simplifications: Community-based Resource Management, Market Processes and State Agendas in Upland Southeast Asia, World Development 30(2):

25 481 Lynn, Laurence E., Jr The New Public Management: How to Transform a Theme into a Legacy, Public Administration Review 58(3): MacCormick, Neil 1997 Democracy, Subsidiarity, and Citizenship in the European Commonwealth, Law and Philosophy 16(4): Rangan, H. and M. B. Lane 2001 Indigenous Peoples and Forest Management: Comparative Analysis of Institutional Approaches in Australia and India, Society & Natural Resources 14(2): Tai, Hsing-sheng 2007 Development through Conservation: An Institutional Analysis of Indigenous Community-based Conservation in Taiwan, World Development 35(7): Tang, Ching-ping and Shui-yan Tang 2001 Negotiated Autonomy: Transforming Self-governing Institutions for Local Common-pool Resources in Two Tribal Villages in Taiwan, Human Ecology 29(1): Institutional Adaptation and Community-based Conservation of Natural Resources: The Cases of the Tao and Atayal in Taiwan, Human Ecology 38(1): Wilson, James Q Political Organizations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

26 482 Participatory Governance and Just Sustainability: Institutional Innovation and Developmental Policies in Taiwan and China Ching-ping Tang Distinguished Professor Department of Political Science, National Chengchi University Hsiu-chao Chien Chief Collection Section Taiwan Historica Hua Zhang Associate Professor School of Management, Guangxi University for Nationalities ABSTRACT Tribal minorities remote areas are usually in an inferior economic status and thus need a greater push for their development. Nevertheless, their location in ecologically sensitive regions prevents them from conducting developmental projects that usually result in heavy social costs. The dilemma can be solved by ethno-eco-tourism that has been popular in recent years. Tourism turns the natural resources to pubic goods that will not diminish with the increase of consumption. The public goods, however, might be destroyed by free-riders who maximize individual interests at the cost of collective ones. Managing collective actions in such a developmental process is therefore a critical task for these minorities. This study contrasts two alternative solutions adopted by China and Taiwan respectively. In China, the Communist regime rode on the tide of managerialism and adopted a capitalist solution by setting up a chartered company to run the tourist businesses, to provide infrastructure, and to manage the free-riding problem. Ironically, the anti-communist regime in Taiwan actually encouraged the tribal folks to develop a commune in which participants

27 483 share incomes and labor in running tourism businesses. While their respective strengths and drawbacks are discussed, essential policy implications for just sustainability are the main focus of scrutiny. Key Words: ethno-tourism, ecotourism, managerialism, common pool resources

9330.doc

9330.doc The research of the ecotourism operated by the cooperative operating system in northern Tapajen Mountain The research of the ecotourism operated by the cooperative operating system in northern Tapajen