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1 2016 7, 23(4): Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 研究论文 DOI: /SP.J , 唐启升 2, 韩冬 3 1,, 毛玉泽 2, 张文兵 4 1, 2, 单秀娟 1., ; 2.,, ; 3.,, ; 4.,, 摘要 : ( ), ( / / ), :,, : (1) , 439,, %,,, ( ) 71.3%, ; (2),,,, ; (3),, % % ( 35.7%, 83.0%),, ; (4),,, ( 2.35, 2.10) 4, 2, 70%,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; 中图分类号 : S96 文献标志码 : A 文章编号 : (2016) ,, 20, 30, 1986 [1], t t t, 8% 45.2% 73.5%, 30 4, [2 3],,, [3 4],, ;,, ;,, 收稿日期 : ; 修订日期 : 基金项目 : (2014-XZ-19). 作者简介 : (1943 ),,,,. ysfri@public.qd.sd.cn

2 730 23,, 2015, Science (China s aquaculture and the world s wild fisheries) [5],,, [6], ( ),,, 25% 60% [7 8],,,, ,, , 14, ; , 12,,, 5, ( )73 ( 37, 36 ) ( ) [2] ( ) (FAO) [9] [2],,,, , FAO, [2], 540 ( 267, 273 ) FAO [2], FAO [2] FAO : (1), (2), (3), (4), 5, ( ) [2], 1023 ( 509, 514 ), ( (2015) [2], 1),,, [2], 1.1.3,,,, 85% (1) [2] ( ) 37, : 25 5 (4 1 ) 3 1 3, 95.4% (2013 ), 97.4% (2009 ), 1 [2],, 3%~5%,

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4 (2) [2] ( ) 36, : (4 2 ) 10 ( ) 3, 88.6%(2006 ), 91.1% (2010 ), 2 [2],, 9%~12%, (H ) (dm) (J ) (D), [14], (FAO) ( ) [9] NF k =Y nfk /Y k, NF k k, Y nfk k, Y k k,, Y nfk,,,, : n TL 1 DC TL i ij j j 1, TL i i, DC ij j i, TL j j, : ( ), 1 1 (TL=1), ( ), 2 (TL=2), 3 ( ), 3 (TL=3), [15 17], : TL ai =1 + TL aif, TL ai ai, TL aif ai f, TL aif, 1,, 2,,,, (1.3) : m TL TL Y / Y k ai aik k i 1, TL k k, TL ai ai, Y aik ai k, Y k k m, k m, m ( ) (1) [18], % 2009, [2] [19], ( 1) (2) [20 22],,

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6 [19] [2], ( 2) 1.3.2,, ( 3~4), 0~3%, (1) : , 8%~32% 1.5%~10% 鮰 %~ 21% %~10% %~ 53.5% %~38%, , 53%~58.5%; (2) : %~42% %~29% 10%~16% % %; (3) : 50%~60%, % % (1) :, 20%~25%, 1%~ 2%, 60% % (2) : 20 80, 20%, 90, 45% 21, 1.0,, 30%, %~39% (3) :, 60%~ 65% 7%,, % % % 37% 鲀, 40%~50% (4) :, 3%~6%, 0~0.5% ) [23] [24] [26], (1) : 25, ( ) 1.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, ( ) ( ) 2.0, 3.0, [23], 1.20 [23 25] 1.77 [23] (2) :, 1.2 [23] ;, 1.8 [24] (3) :,, 1.25 [26] [17] 2) 5;, 2.34 [23] ; 3.59 [17]

7 4 : 735 6; 鳀, 3.59 [17] ; 2; 1, 2.1 ( 1~6) ,,, 80 [2 3, 9 10, 12 13] 21,, 1~2, 296 ( 25 [11] ) 143 ( [11] ), 439, 500, ,,,, : 189, 63.9%; 54, 18.2%; 21, 7.1%; 15, 5.1%; 17, 5.7% :, 86.8%~55.3%,, 12.5%~36.1% 0.1%~9.3% 0.1%~8.4% 0.1%~ 2.0%, ;,, %~55.3% 28.3%~33.1% 5.7%~8.4% 4.0%~4.6% 1.3%~ 2.0% t, 57.3% 28.3% 8.4% 4.2% 1.8%,,,, Fig. 1 1 (A) (B) [2, 9]. Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in Chinese aquaculture production by species group Basic data in the figure were from references [2, 9]. (1) 135 ( 19 [11] 5 ) 79 ( 74 5 [11] ), 214 : 113, 83.7%; 7, 5.2%; 6, 4.5%; 1, 0.7%; 8, 5.9%( 1) 2, :, 100%~88.7%,, 0~8.7% 0~0.9% 0.0 0~1.7%;

8 : 91.4%~ 88.0% 6.0%~9.1% 0.9%~1.1% 0.02%~0.04% 1.5%~1.8% t, : 88.7% 8.7% 0.9% 0.02% 1.7%; 100 t,, 69.6%; 50 ~100 t,, 13.7%; 10 ~ 50 t 鮰,, 12.1% % ( %),, (2) 166 ( 6 [11] 5 ) 64 [11], 230 : 80, 48.2%; 48, 28.9%; 9, 5.4%; 20, 12.1%; 9, 5.4%( 2), :, 100%~54.1%,, 0~ 37.8% 0~11.6% 0~6.6% 0~1.8% %, ;, Fig. 2 2 (A) (B) [2, 9]. Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in Chinese freshwater aquaculture production by species group Basic data in the figure were from references [2, 9]. Fig. 3 3 (A) (B) [2, 9]. Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in Chinese mariculture production by species group Basic data in the figure were from references [2, 9].

9 4 : %~78.6% 10.3%~11.1% 5.3%~7.9% 4.1%~6.6% 0.9%~2.2% t, 72.6% 11.1% 7.9% 6.6% 1.8%; 100 t,, 62.5%; 50 ~100 t,, 13.6%; 10 ~50 t 鲹,, 12.3% % ( %), [4, 27], (14 ) [9] (7 ) [9],, ( 3) (H ),, ( 4), (, ), 4,, 16, 3,,,, Tab. 3 表 3 养殖种类生物多样性指数 Biodiversity index of aquaculture species country 1 /t production species H dm J D region 2 China Korea Japan Indonesia Viet Nam Bangladesh Thailand Myanmar India Philippines Egypt USA Canada Chile Brazil Norway Spain Italy France UK Australia Russia : 1: FAO 2013 [9]; 2: [9] ; 3:. Note: 1: Aquaculture species and production cited from FAO statistics data in : Farmed food fish production by top 15 producers. 3: Regionally representative producers from different continent.

10 (H') [9]. Fig. 4 Clustering analysis of Shannon-Wiener index (H') of the main aquaculture producers in the world Basic data in the figure were from reference [9]. 5 (H') 5. [9]. Fig. 5 Changes in Shannon-Wiener index (H') in the main aquaculture producers in the world Basic data in the figure were from reference [9]. H, : 1995 H, 1980 ; 1995 H',,,

11 4 : ,,, 96.7%~100%;,, % %, 3, (53.4%~54.2%), %( 6), (33.3%, 2010) [28], Fig. 6 6 (A) (B) Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in non-fed rate of Chinese aquaculture ( 6),, 1990,, 100%,, % %, 3 (33.7%~34.7%), %;, , 5.0%~ 8.5%,, 20%, %;, 98%~100%,, 100% ;,,, % %, ( 6),,, (1) ,, 100%,, % %, 3 (34.8%~35.8%), %( 7), 7 1, (1) :, 1990, 100%,,,, %, %,, % % 100%, 鮠鲀 2011, % %, 3 (35.2%~

12 %), % (2) : ,, 0.0~ 15.0% 2000,, 2013 ; 80% ; 2009,, %~10% ;, 60%, %~ 35.7%, %; 100% ;, 2000, 60%, 2013, % (2) ,, 100%, %~ 97.8%, %, 3 (83.0%~83.7%), % ( 8) Fig. 7 7 (A) (B) Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in non-fed rate of Chinese freshwater aquaculture Fig. 8 8 (A) (B) Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in non-fed rate of Chinese mariculture

13 4 : 741, 8 2, %,,,,, %~ 98.1%; 100% ; ( ) %,,, %, %~1.3%;, 0, ;,,,, 70%~80%, % %,, 97%~70% 10 ( ), % %,, % % 2.3, 9, ( ), (2.12~2.33) 3 : ; ~ 2.32 ; ( 3~4), , (2.25~2.27), , ( ), ( ) [29 31] 10A ( ), 2, 62.8%~71.3%; 3, 20.7%~27.7%; 1 4, 4.2%~8.9% 0.8%~3.4%, 3 [29], [32],,, ( 9),, 2.38~2.48: ~2.40, ,, 2.44~2.48, 2006, 3 (2.38~2.39), ,, ; 2003 Fig. 9 9 (A) (B) Decadal (A) and annual (B) changes in trophic level of Chinese aquaculture

14 Fig Changes in trophic pyramidstructure of Chinese aquaculture (0.02~0.04), 2; 1, ;, , ~ 3.03, 3, ,, (1) ~ 2.45, : ; , 2.40~2.45; 2006, 3 (2.35~2.37), % 100 t , (2.73), 5 ( ) 2.25, 10B, 2 65%, 3 35%, 100%, 1, 0.03%, 4 0 ( 4),, 2.32~2.41, : , ,, 2.40~2.41, 2006,, 3 (2.32~2.33), ;,, 1995, ; (2) 5,, : 1985,

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19 4 : ~2.00; ,, 1.95~2.13; 2009,, 2.12~2.10, % 100 t , 13.6% 50 ~100 t , (2.54), , 10C ( 5),,, 2.02~2.04, 1.00;, /, ,, ;, ,,, : (1),,,, 3 ;,,, (2),,,,,,,,,, [3], [18, 33 34],,,, (IMTA) (RAS), (EAA), [4, 29, 35 39],,,,, 致谢 : 本项研究的养殖种类确认和计算参数估算工作得到众多专家的支持和帮助, 为此向雷霁霖桂建芳麦康森马甡王印庚王清印史成银朱华刘永坚刘家寿闫喜武李健杨代勤张松张国范张素萍张涛陈四清邵庆均周小秋赵文武柯才焕柳学周姜志强袁晓初高启平常亚青温海深解绶启谭北平等学者表示衷心感谢参考文献 : [1] Standing Committee of the National People s Congress. Fisheries Law of the People s Republic of China[M]. Beijing: Chinese Democracy and Legal Press, 1986.[. [M]. :, 1986.] [2] Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture. China Fishery Statistical Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, [. [M]. :, ] [3] Task Force for Strategic Study on the Sustainable Develop-

20 ment of Chinese Aquaculture. Strategic Study on the Sustainable Development of Chinese Cultivation Industry[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2013.[. : [M]. :, 2013.] [4] Tang Q S, Ding X M, Liu S L, et al. Strategy and task for green and sustainable development of Chinese aquaculture[j]. Chinese Fisheries Economics, 2014, 32(1): 6 14.[,,,. [J]., 2014, 32(1): 6 14.] [5] Cao L, Naylor R, Henrikssion P, et al. China s aquaculture and the world s wild fisheries[j]. Science, 2015, 347: [6] Researchers: China aquaculture dangerous to wild fisheries. http: // researchers-china-aquaculture-dangerous-to-wild-fisherie s#sthash.iqykgfmr.dpuf [7] Han D, Shan X, Zhang W, et al. China aquaculture provides food for the world and then reduces the demand on wild fisheries. http: //comments.sciencemag.org/content/ / science [8] Shan X J, Han D, Zhang W B, et al. China s aquaculture reduces the demand on wild fisheries[j]. China Fisheries, 2015(6): 5 6.[,,,. [J]., 2015(6): 5 6.] [9] FAO. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. [Global capture production ] (FishStatJ). In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online or CD-ROM]. Rome. [Updated 2014]. http: // fishstatj/en [10] Ding X M. The 40 years achievement of freshwater aquaculture in China[J]. China Fisheries, 1989(6): 7 9. [. 40 [J]., 1989(6): 7 9.] [11] National Certification Committee for Aquatic Varieties. The Ministry of Agriculture of the People s Republic of China announced: aquatic varieties list ( )[M] [. : ( ) [M]. tzgg/gg/ ] [12] Lei J L(ed). Marine fish culture theory and techniques[m]. BeiJing: China Agriculture Press, 2005.[. [M]. :, 2005.] [13] Xie Y K. The aquaculture situation and development of marine molluscs in China[J]. Kexue Zhongyang, 2014(2): 7 8.[. [J]., 2014(2): 7 8. [14] Standardization Administration of the People s Republic of China. GB/T Specifications for Oceanographic Survey [S]//State Oceanic Administration. Marine Biological Survey: Part 6. Beijing: China Standard Publishing House, 2007: 75.[, GB/T [S]//. : 6. :, 2007: 75.] [15] Yang J M. A tentative analysis of the trophic levels of North Sea fish[j]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 1982(7): [16] Pauly D, Palomares M L, Froese R, et al. Fishing down Canadian aquatic food webs[j]. Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 2001, 58: [17] Zhang B, Tang Q S. Study on trophic level of important resources species at high trophic levels in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J]. Advances in Marine Science, 2004, 22(4): [,. [J]., 2004, 22(4): ] [18] Xie S Q, Liu J S, Li Z J. Evaluation of the carbon removal by fisheries and aquaculture in freshwater bodies[j]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2013, 34(1): [,,. [J]., 2013, 34(1): ] [19] China Feed Industry Association. China Feed Industry Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Commercial Publishing House, [. [M]. :, ] [20] Mai K S, Zhao X G, Tan B P, et al. Studies on the Development Strategies of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed Industry in China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University: Natural Science, 2001, 20(sup): 1 5.[,,,. [J]. :, 2001, 20( ): 1 5.] [21] Xu Q Y. Trends of research and development on fish nutrition and feeds in China[J]. Feed Industry, 2006(6): [. [J]., 2006(6): ] [22] Mai K S. Direction of research and development of aquaculture nutrition and feeds in China[J]. Feed Industry, 2010, A01: 1 9.[. [J]., 2010, A01: 1 9.] [23] Zhang T L. Life-history strategies, trophic patterns and community structure in the fishes of lake Biandantang[D]. Wuhan: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, [. [D]. :

21 4 : 749, 2005.] [24] Ye S W. Studies on fish communities and trophic network model of shallow lakes along the middle reach of the Yangtze River[D]. Wuhan: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007.[. [D]. :, 2007.] [25] Cremer M C, Smitherman R O. Food habits and growth of silver and bighead carp in cages and ponds[j]. Aquaculture, 1980, 20: [26] Liu X Q. Food composition and food webs of zoobenthos in yangtze lakes[d]. Wuhan: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006.[. [D]. :, 2006.] [27] Sun J, Liu D Y. The application of diversity indices in marine phytoplankton studies[j]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2004, 26(1): [,. [J]., 2004, 26(1): ] [28] FAO. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012[M]. Rome: FAO, [29] Tacon A G, Metian M, Turchini G M, et al.responsible aquaculture and trophic level implications to global fish supply[j]. Rev Fish Sci, 2010, 18(1): [30] Powell M. Personal communication, [31] Olsen Y. Resources for fish feed in future mariculture[j]. Aqu Environ Inter, 2011(1): [32] Tang Q S, Guo X W, Sun Y, et al. Ecological conversion efficiency and its influencers in twelve species of fish in the Yellow Sea Ecosystem[J]. J Mar Ecosyst, 2007, 67: [33] Tang Q S, Zhang J H, Fang J G. Shellfish and seaweed mariculture increase atmospheric CO 2 absorption by coastal ecosystems[j]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 2011, 424: [34] Tang Q S, Liu H, Fang J G, et al. Strategic studies on the amplification of biological carbon sink: amplification of ocean biological carbon sink[m]. Beijing: Science Press, [,,,. : [M]. :, 2015.] [35] Tang Q S, Lin H R, Xu X, et al. Scientific questions regarding sustainable mariculture and enhanced product quality[j]. Briefing on the Xiangshan Science Conferences, 2009, 330: [,,,. [J]., 2009, 330: 1 12.] [36] Chopin T, Cooper J A, Reid G, et al. Open-water integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: environmental biomitigation and economic diversication of fed aquaculture by extractive aquaculture[j]. Rev Aqu, 2012(4): [37] Nebri A, Nobre A M. Relationship between trophic level and economics in aquaculture[j]. Aqua Econom Manag, 2012, 16(1): [38] Tang Q S, Fang J G. Review of climate change effects in the Yellow Sea large marine ecosystem and adaptive actions in ecosystem based management[c]//sherman K, McGovern G (eds.) Frontline observations on climate change and sustainability of large marine ecosystem. Large Marine Ecosystem, 2012(17): New York: Graphies Service Bureau, Inc.. [39] Tang Q S, Ying Y P, Wu Q. The biomass yields and management challenges for the Yellow sea large marine ecosystem[j]. Environmental Development, 2016(17): (

22 Species composition, non-fed rate and trophic level of Chinese aquaculture TANG Qisheng 1, 2, HAN Dong 3, MAO Yuze 1, 2, ZHANG Wenbing 4, SHAN Xiujuan 1, 2 1. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao , China; 2. Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao , China; 3. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan , China; 4. Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture; Ocean University of China, Qingdao , China Abstract: Based on Chinese aquaculture (including species and species group) statistics and investigation data during , combined with the estimate on the feeding rate in aquaculture, the percentage of fishmeal and fish oil of compound aquafeed, the trophic level of all kinds of diet (compound aquafeed, trash fish/low-valued molluscs/live fish, natural diet, etc.), the characteristics and changes of species composition, biodiversity, non-fed rate and trophic level in Chinese aquaculture were analyzed. The results were as follows: Chinese aquaculture structure was relatively stable, just less changes during the past decades, and was distinctively characterized by species-rich diversity, dominant species concentration, multi-trophic levels, lower trophic level, high eco-efficiency and more yields. The details were: (1) A total of 439 species and varieties in Chinese aquaculture, including 296 aquaculture species and 143 varieties. Species composition significantly varied with regional differences, and fish were the absolutely dominant species in freshwater aquaculture, e.g. in 2014, the top 6 species (grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp and tilapia) yields accounted for 69.6% of total yields in freshwater aquaculture, followed by crustaceans, others, molluscs and algae. However, molluscs and algae were the dominant species in mariculture, e.g. the top 6 species (oyster, clam, scallop, kelp, mussel and razor clam) yields accounted for 71.3% of total mariculture yields in 2014, followed by crustaceans, fish and others. (2) Biodiversity was characterized by species-rich diversity, high richness and evenness, not a paralleled aquaculture countries have been found in the world, meanwhile, Chinese aquaculture showed a better development trend. (3) The non-fed rate of Chinese aquaculture showed an obvious decreasing trend, and varied markedly during the different aquaculture development period. The higher non-fed rates were found before the 1990s, were about 96.7% 100%, which was mainly attributed to aquaculture model with natural diet. Meanwhile, with the aquaculture models from natural farm to feeding farm, the non-fed rate greatly decreased from 90.5% in 1995 to 53.8% in 2014 (35.7% for freshwater aquaculture and 83.0% for mariculture in 2014), which still remained the higher level when compared with the average non-fed rate of the other countries in the world. (4) The trophic level of Chinese aquaculture was lower and more stable (range from 2.12 to 2.33). There were three periods in the trophic level changes of Chinese aquaculture: the trophic level decreased from 2.33 to 2.12 during , then showed an increase decrease increase changing trend (range from ) until 2005, and slightly decreased since 2005 for the popularization of compound aquafeed and the percentage decrease of fishmeal and fish oil of compound aquafeed, e.g. the trophic level was 2.32 in 2005, and decreased to 2.25 (2.35 for freshwater aquaculture and 2.10 for mariculture) in The trophic level pyramid of Chinese aquaculture was composed of 4 levels, and dominated by trophic level 2 (accounted for 70% of total yields in recent years), which means the more yields in Chinese aquaculture ecosystem. In the future, the development of Chinese aquaculture orientates by green, sustainable and environment-friendly development concept, develop the new aquaculture model with suitable and different characteristics, combine with the ecosystem-based aquaculture management based on carrying capacity, and finally realize the environment-friendly aquaculture. Chinese aquaculture is destined to greatly contribute the national food security and ecological civilization construction. Key words: species composition; diversity; non-fed rate; trophic level; aquaculture; China Corresponding author: TANG Qisheng. ysfri@public.qd.sd.cn

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畜牧动物医学蚕蜂

畜牧动物医学蚕蜂中国农学通报 2015,31(20):181-185 Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 老河口市砂梨花期的物候特点分析邓环 1 马德栗 1 徐洪海 2 洪国平 1 2 武汉区域气候中心武汉 430074 老河口气象局湖北老河口 441800 1 摘要为掌握湖北省老河口市砂梨花期的物候规律利用老河口市 20 年的砂梨裂蕾期初花期和盛花期 4