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1 第 15 讲非谓语动词 ( 一 ) 不定式 (1) 英语动词有两种基本形式, 即谓语形式和非谓语形式, 亦称限定动词和非限定动词它们的主要区别是 : 动词的谓语形式 : 在句子中可以单独作谓语, 并有人称和数的变化动词的非谓语形式 : 在句子中不能单独作谓语, 没有人称和数的变化英语动词有三种非谓语形式 ( 或称非谓语动词 ):1 动词不定式,2 动名词,3 分词非谓语动词虽然不能单独用作谓语, 但它们仍然具有动词的某些特征, 如它们可以有自己的宾语和状语, 并有语态和时态的变化在句子中充当主语定语或状语等 (2) 这一讲, 我们主要讲解动词不定式动词不定式的形式特征和作用不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式, 它一般由虚词 ( 或称不定式符号 )to 作为标记, 如 to study, to work 等, 但在某些情况下也可以不带 to 不定式可以有自己的宾语或状语带有宾语或状语的不定式叫不定式短语 I want to study English with them. 我要和他们一起学英语 ( 在这个不定式短语中, English 作宾语,with them 作状语 ) 动词不定式在句中虽不能作谓语, 但可作主语表语宾语宾语补语状语和定语 (3) 动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语一定要带 to, 谓语动词要用单数 To finish the work in two hours is very difficult. 两小时内完成这工作很困难 To talk in the reading room is not right. 在阅览室里交谈是不对的为了避免句子头重脚轻, 英语中往往用 it 代替不定式, 作先行主语 ( 形式主语 ), 将动词不定式后置例如 : To study foreign languages is very important. 学习外语很重要 It is very important to study foreign languages. 1

2 (4) 用作形式主语的 it 只是一个引导词, 没有具体词义 it 在以下句型中也用作形式主语 : It takes (sb.) + 时间词 + 不定式花费 ( 某人 ) 多少时间做某事 It took her three years to learn Chinese. 她花了三年的时间学习中文 It will take me two hours to finish my homework. 完成家庭作业将要花费我两个小时 How long did it take you to get there? 去那里花费了你多少时间? 注意 : 当动词不定式作主语时, 如果是疑问句, 通常用 it 作形式主语例如 : Does it cost you a lot of money to collect stamps? 集邮要花去你很多钱吗? Is it easy to answer this question in English? 用英语回答这个问题容易吗? (5) 不定式作表语不定式用于 be 动词后作表语 My wish is to become a scientist. 我的愿望是成为科学家 Our plan is to finish the work before Friday. 我们的计划是在星期五以前完成这工作 My job is to teach them English. 我的工作是教他们英语注意 : 不定式作表语,to 有时省略例如 : All I did was (to) press this button. 我所做的只是按这个电钮 (6) 不定式用作动词宾语不是所有的动词后面都能用不定式作宾语在英语中, 常用不定式作宾语的动词有 : hope( 希望 ),wish( 希望 ),learn( 学习 ),like( 想 ),want( 想要 ),try( 试图, 努力 ),ask( 请 ),plan( 打算 ),decide( 决定 ),start( 开始 ),begin( 开始 ),manage( 设法 ), agree( 同意 ), intend( 意欲 ) 等 It started to rain when we got home. 当我们到家时, 天开始下雨了 We hope to be back home at 6 o clock. 我希望六点钟到家 He tried to move the table but couldn t. 他试图搬动那张桌子, 但搬不动 (7) 2 He used to go to school by bus. 他以前乘公共汽车上学注意 : 上句中的 used to go 不能理解为不定式 to go 作 used 的宾语事实上,used to+

3 动词原形 ( 过去经常 ), 是英语中的一种特定结构, 用于表示过去经常而现在不再有的习惯例如 : My father used to smoke a lot, but he doesn t now. 我父亲以前抽烟很多, 但现在不抽了而 be used to+ 动词 -ing 则表示习惯于例如 : He is used to getting up early. 他已习惯于早起 The boy is used to sleeping alone. 那男孩习惯于独自一人睡另外, happen to+ 动词原形 ( 碰巧 ), 表示偶然发生如 : I happened to see him in the street. 我碰巧在街上看到了他 It happened that I saw him in the street. ( 注意句子结构不同 ) (8) know 接不定式作宾语需采用疑问词 + 不定式的结构英语中, 有些动词后面不能用不定式作宾语, 但可以用疑问词 + 不定式的结构作宾语如 : He doesn t know what to do. 他不知道该做什么 He doesn t know how to do it. 他不知道该怎么做这个动词 show, tell, teach, wonder 可以用疑问词 + 不定式作直接宾语 The teacher showed us how to use a computer. 教师教我们如何使用计算机 ( 作直接宾语 ) Did they tell you where to go? 他们告诉你去哪儿吗?( 作直接宾语 ) Can you tell me which way to go? 你能告诉我走哪条路吗? He is teaching me how to say it in English. 他正教我如何用英语来说这个 I wondered how/when/where to get in touch with them. 我不知道如何 / 何时 / 在何地同他们联系 (9) 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语也可以用疑问词 + 不定式作宾语 We have decided to hold the English Evening. 我们已决定举行英语晚会 We haven t decided when to hold the English Evening. 我们还没有决定什么时候举行 3

4 英语晚会疑问词 + 不定式的结构大都可以扩展为从句, 如 : I don t know where to find her. I don t know where I can find her. She didn t tell me what to do next. She didn t tell me what I should do next. 我不知道哪里能找到她她没告诉我下一步该怎么做 (10) 不定式用作宾语补足语不定式用作宾语补足语时, 前面一定要有一个宾语, 宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语它们大都是主谓关系 He asked me to turn down the radio. 他叫我把收音机开得轻一点宾语宾语补足语复合宾语 I told them to go there by bus. 我告诉他们乘车去那里 I wish you to go. 我要你去 I hope you to go. (hope 不能用不定式作宾补,suggest 也如此 ) 不定式作宾语补足语常用在下列谓语动词之后,want( 想要 ),tell( 吩咐 ),ask( 要请 ), invite( 邀请 ),order( 命令 ),allow( 允许 ),expect( 期望 ),require( 要求 ),advise( 劝建议 ), warn( 警告 ) 等 (11) 注意 : 不定式作宾语补足语在下列两种情况下, 不能带 to: 1 谓语动词是使役动词 make, let, have( 当这三个动词后接不定式作宾补时, 都表示使, 让的意思 ) The sun makes everything grow. 太阳使万物生长 Let me try. 让我试试 Have him do it. 叫他去做吧 She should make them behave themselves. 她应该让他们规矩点 4 注意 : make+ 反身代词 + 过去分词表示让别人例如 :

5 She couldn t make herself understood. 她无法让别人明白她的意思 He tried to make himself heard. 他设法让别人听见他说的话 (12) 2 谓语动词是感官动词 see, watch, hear, notice, feel,listen to, look at, observe( 观察 ) 等 I saw the man come out of the office. 我看见那人从办公室里走出来 I heard her shut the front door. 我听见她关前门 I felt the table move. 我感觉桌子在动注意 : 谓语动词是 help, 作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可省略 to 例如 : Can anyone help me (to) fill in the form? 有谁能帮我填写这张表格吗? Everyone in the village helped (to) build the school. 村里的每个人都曾帮助建造了这学校 (13) 不定式用作主语补语都要带 to They made him leave his own country. 他们迫使他离开自己的国家 ( 不定式作宾补 ) He was made to leave his our country. 他被迫离开了自己的国家 ( 不定式作主补 ) Someone saw him enter the room. 有人看见他进了房间 ( 不定式作宾补 ) He was seen to enter the room. ( 不定式作主补 ) 他被人看见走进了房间 (14) 不定式用作定语不定式作定语要放在被修饰语之后 Do you have anything to say? 你有什么话要说吗? I have a question to ask. 我有一个问题要问 There is no time to lose. 机不可失 He is always the first to get to the classroom. 他总是第一个到教室 ( 名词 classroom 前面的 to 是介词 ) 注意 : 不定式作定语时, 如是不及物动词, 一般应带有相应的介词, 才能使意思完整 5

6 I need a room to work in. 我需要一个工作的房间 He wants a small room to live in. 他需要一间居住的小房间 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么值得担心的 Bring me a chair to sit on. 给我拿一把椅子来坐 (15) 不定式作状语 1) 表示目的 : 通常放在句末, 如要加强语气也可放在句首 I got up early to catch the bus. 我早起为了赶车 To catch the bus, I got up early. 为赶车, 我起得很早 He came here just to ask me some questions. 他来这里只是为了问我几个问题 I m going to the bookstore to buy a book. 我将去书店买书注意 : 不定式表示目的, 可以用 in oder to, so as to 但 so as to 不能用于句首 I went there to/in order to/so as to study English. 我去那里学英语 (16) 2) 表示结果 : 一般用 enough to( 足够以致能 ),too to 太 ( 以致 ) 不能等结构, 如 : She was too excited to say a word. 她太激动了, 一句话也说不出 She was so excited that she couldn t say a word. He ran fast enough to catch up with them. 他跑得很快, 赶上了他们 He ran so fast that he caught up with them. He is too young to go to school. 他年龄太小, 不能上学 He is not old enough to go to school. 注意 :enough 要放在形容词或副词的后面 (17) 3) 表示原因 : 常用 be+ 形容词 + 不定式结构, 如 : 6 I m glad to meet you. 我很高兴见到你 We are sorry to hear that. 听到这个我们很遗憾 He was surprised to find us here. 看到我们在这里他感到惊奇

7 注意 : 不定式表示原因时一般由人作主语另请注意主语 +be+ 形容词 + 不定式用于下列两个句子的意思 Would you be so kind as to mail the letter for me? 劳驾你帮我寄这封信好吗? Would you be kind enough to mail the letter for me? ( 译文同上 ) (18) 动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式为 :not+ 不定式 The teacher asked us not to be late again. 老师要我们不要再迟到 Tell them not to come. 告诉他们别来了 They came here not to learn Chinese. 他们不是来这儿学中文的 I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby. 为了不惊醒宝宝, 我轻轻地关上门注意 : 如表示较强的否定意义时, 可用 never+ 不定式 I told him never to be late again. 我告诉他再也不要迟到了 (19) for sb. to do sth. 是不定式复合结构 for sb. to do sth. 这种复合结构主要用以说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的试比较 : It is important to learn a foreign language. 学习一门外语是重要的 It is important for us to learn a foreign language. 对我们来说, 学习一门外语是重要的 There are a lot of things to do today. 今天有许多事情要做 There are a lot of things for you to do today. 今天你们有许多事情要做 The tea is too hot for me to drink. 茶太热, 我喝不了 (20) 注意 : 英语中, 当 it 作形式主语时, 也有用 of sb. to do sth. 的情况, 试比较 : It is good for you to take exercises every day. 每天锻炼对你是有好处的 It is good of you to come to see me. 你来看我真好 for sb. to do sth. 表示做某件事对某人怎么样 : 而 of sb. to do sth. 则是用形容 7

8 词来说明人物性格特征, 表示某人怎么样常用的形容词有 :good, kind, nice, clever, silly, foolish 等 It is very kind of you to lend me your car. (=You are very kind to lend me your car.) 你把车借给我真是太好了 ( 表示你这人真好 ) It was silly of us to believe him. (=We are silly to believe him.) 我们相信了他, 真愚蠢注意 :of sb. to do sth. 句型一般都可以转换成一个不定式作状语的句子, 而 for sb. to do sth. 句型则不能 (21) 8

9 第 15 讲非谓语动词 ( 二 ) 动名词 (1) 这一讲我们要讲动名词, 并且我们还要将动名词的用法与不定式的用法做一比较我们要记住的是 : 动名词是动词 -ing 形式动名词相当于名词, 因而在句中主要用作主语和宾语, 但也可用作表语和定语动名词作主语 Fishing is his hobby. 钓鱼是他的爱好 Running machines is not difficult. 开机器还是不难的注意 : 动名词作主语时, 有时可用 it 作形式主语, 而把真正的主语放在句末但这种情况与不定式相比要少得多常用在 no good( 没好处 ), no use( 没用 ),a waste( 浪费 ), foolish( 愚蠢 ) 等词语作表语的句子中 Learning without practice is no use. 学而不实践是无用的 It is no use learning without practice. It s foolish behaving like that. 那样做是愚蠢的 It s no good smoking. 抽烟没好处 It is a waste of time/money doing the experiment again. 再做一遍实验是浪费时间 / 金钱 (2) 动名词作宾语 1) 有些谓语动词需用动词 -ing 来作宾语, 不能用不定式如 : enjoy ( 喜欢 ), mind ( 介意 ),keep(on) ( 继续 ),finish ( 完成 ),practise ( 练习 ),consider ( 考虑 ),avoid ( 避免 ),suggest ( 建议 ),deny ( 否认 ),imagine ( 想象 ),appreciate ( 感谢 ),dislike ( 不喜欢 ),risk ( 冒险 ), understand ( 理解 ), delay ( 耽搁 ), admit ( 承认 ) 等 The old man enjoys watching TV. 那老人喜欢看电视 I don t mind getting up early in the morning. 我不在乎早上起早 We practise speaking English every day. 我们每天练习说英语 He will finish writing the letter within half an hour. 他将在半小时内把信写完 They suggest cleaning the laboratory after class. 他们建议课后打扫实验室 We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 我们将乐于再听到你的消息 (3) 9

10 注意 : 下列动词也只能接动名词作宾语, 但可用不定式作宾语补足语 allow 允许 allow permit 允许 permit doing sth. sb. to do sth. forbid 禁止 forbid advise 建议 advise 2) 介词后面用动词 -ing 形式 (4) He is interested in writing letters in English. 他对用英语写信感兴趣 She is good at dancing. 她擅长于跳舞 He left without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就走了 You d better go on working. 你最好继续干下去 (5) 3) 动名词作宾语有时要用名词所有格 ( 形容词性物主代词 )+ 动名词的复合结构, 以表示这个动名词的动作是由谁做的例如 : I don t mind going there with you. 我不介意和你一起去那里 (going 的逻辑主语即为句子主语 ) I don t mind my son s going there with you. 我不介意我的儿子和你一起去那里 (going 的逻辑主语是 my son) 注意 : 动名词作宾语, 其逻辑主语也可不用所有格形式如 : I can t understand John/John s smoking so much. 我不能理解为什么约翰抽那么多烟 He doesn t mind my/me staying here. 他不介意我呆在这里 (6) 介词接动名词用作时间状语的情况动名词在句中不能用作状语, 但当动名词与某些介词 (on, before, after 等 ) 搭配时, 则能用作表示时间的状语 On hearing the news, he was very excited. (As soon as he heard the news, he was very excited.) 一听到这消息, 他非常激动 10

11 She had learned some Chinese before coming to China. (Before she came to China, she had learned some Chinese.) 在来中国之前, 她学过一些中文 After finishing the job, he went home. (After he (had) finished the job, he went home.) 完成工作后, 他就回家了 (7) 动名词不定式作宾语的用法比较 1) 在动词 begin, start, continue 等后用不定式或用动名词意思基本相同 When did you begin learning/ to learn English? 你什么时候开始学习英语的? 2) 在动词 like( 喜欢 ), hate( 恨 ), love( 爱喜欢 ) 等后面用不定式和用动名词, 含义略有不同上述动词后接动名词表示一般行为或某种习惯 ; 不定式则表示具体的特定行为 I like swimming but I don t like to swim in the river now. 我喜欢游泳, 但现在我不想在这河里游泳注意 :would like 后只跟不定式作宾语 Would you like to go there now? 你现在就想去那儿吗? (8) 3) 在动词 remember( 记得 ),forget( 忘记 ),regret( 遗憾 ) 等后跟动名词表示动作已发生了, 跟不定式则动作还未发生未发生 ) Remember to mail the letter on your way to school. 记住上学途中寄那封信 ( 动作还 I remember seeing him once somewhere. 我记得在哪里见过他 ( 动作已发生 ) He often forgets to review his lessons. 他常忘记复习功课 ( 忘记要去做某事 )( 未做 ) I forgot reading the book. 我忘记了曾读过那本书 ( 忘记做过某事 )( 曾做过 ) He will never forget visiting Beijing for the first time. 他永远不会忘记第一次访问北京这件事 ( 已做过 ) I regret to say that I can t go with you. 我很抱歉, 我不能和你一起去 ( 对要做的事遗 11

12 憾 )( 未做 ) They regret ordering these goods from abroad. 他们后悔从国外订购了这些货物 ( 对做过的事后悔 )( 已做 ) (9) 4) 下列动词语义差别更明显 1 stop to do 停下来以便做 stop doing 停止做 She stopped to say hello to the teacher. It will stop raining soon. 雨马上就会停了她停下来向老师问好 2 go on to do 接着做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事 He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. 他对新生表示欢迎, 接下去就解释学院的规章制度了 He went on talking for two hours. 他连续说了两小时 (10) 3try to do sth. 努力 ( 企图 ) 做某事 try doing sth. 试着 ( 尝试 ) 做某事 You should try to be more careful. 你应多加小心 I shall try to answer all these questions. 我将尽力回答所有这些问题 Next time I will try going there by bus. 下次我试试坐公交车去那里 They tried making a model plane. 他们试着做一个模型飞机 4mean to do sth. 打算 ( 想 ) 做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 I meant to go, but he would not allow me to. 我想去, 但他不让我去 To do it means wasting time and money. 做这件事意味浪费时间和金钱 (11) 5 prefer 后跟动名词或不定式作宾语, 结构不同 I prefer to stay home rather than go to the cinema. 我宁愿呆在家里而不愿去看电影 12

13 She prefers walking to cycling. 她喜爱步行胜过骑自行车 6 need, require 后跟动名词或不定式作宾语, 结构也不同 He needs encouraging. He needs to be encouraged. 他需要鼓励 The classroom needs cleaning. The classroom needs to be cleaned. 教室需打扫 (12) 动名词作表语和定语 My favorite summer sport is swimming. 夏天我最喜欢的运动是游泳 ( 作表语 ) His job is repairing houses. 他的工作是修房子 ( 作表语 ) This is a good working method. 这是一个好的工作方法 ( 作定语 ) They built a swimming pool last spring. 他们在去年春天造了一个游泳池 ( 作定语 ) (13) 下列结构必须接动名词 can t help 禁不住 be worth 值得 can t stand 不能忍受 feel like 想 be busy 忙于 have much difficulty 做有许多困难 have some trouble 做有些困难例如 : The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得读 She can t stand being kept waiting. 她不能忍受久等 (being kept 是动名词被动结构 ) He has much difficulty (in) understanding spoken English. 他听英语口语有许多困难 I don t feel like going anywhere today. 我今天什么地方都不想去 (14) 另外, 动词 go 后面接动名词是习惯用法, 如 : go fishing/ swimming/ shopping/ hunting/ dancing/ sailing 等注意 : 动词 do 后接动名词时需用限定词, 如 the, one s, all, some, more 等如 : 13

14 do the cooking( 做饭 ), do more reading( 读更多的书 ), do some shopping( 买些东西 ) 注意 :to 如是介词, 后接动词 -ing 例如 : I m looking forward to hearing from you. 我盼望你的来信 He objected to smoking in the classroom. 他反对在教室里抽烟 (15) 14

15 第 15 讲非谓语动词 ( 三 ) 分词 (1) 英语分词有两种形式 : 动词 -ing 和动词 -ed 形式, 分别叫作现在分词和过去分词分词在句中做表语定语状语和补语, 不能用作主语和宾语, 因而用作主语宾语的动词 -ing 只能是动名词分词作表语分词作表语相当于形容词一般而言, 如是无生命意义的名词作主语, 用作表语的分词要用动词 -ing 形式 ; 如是有生命意义的名词作主语, 作表语的分词大都用动词 -ed 形式 The news he told us is surprising. 他告诉我们的消息令人惊奇 Most of the students are surprised. 大多数学生都感到吃惊 The film is exciting. 电影令人激动 We are excited. 我们非常激动 (2) 现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别发生作定语时, 现在分词表示主动正在进行, 而过去分词则一般表示被动已经 boiling water 正在煮沸的水 ( 正在进行 ) boiled water 已煮沸的水 ( 已经完成 ) driving wheels 主动轮 ( 主动意义 ) driven wheels 被动轮 ( 被动意义 ) 不及物动词的过去分词形式表示完成但不含被动意义 a retired worker 一个退休工人 fallen leaves 落叶 (3) Most of the students studying in the school are young people. 在这个学校里学习的大多数学生是年轻人 ( 现在分词作定语表示主动, 同时 ) We have read many stories written by this author. 我们读过许多这位作家写的故事 ( 过去分词作定语表示完成, 被动 ) 15

16 注意 : 有时单一过去分词作定语后置, 相当于被动式定语从句的省略形式 I have answered all the letters received (which have been received). 我给所有的来信写了回信 The problems discussed (which were discussed) were very important. 被讨论的问题很重要 (4) 分词 ( 分词短语 ) 作状语分词 ( 分词短语 ) 作状语, 可以表示时间原因条件让步伴随情况或方式等除伴随情况与方式没有相当的状语从句外, 其余在作用上都相当于一个状语从句 Driving home, we saw a traffic accident. (When we were driving home, we saw a traffic accident.) 开车回家时, 我们看到了一起交通事故 ( 时间 ) Being tired out, he could not walk any farther. (As he was tired out, he could not walk any farther.) 因累极了, 他不能再走了 ( 原因 ) Heating water, you can change it into steam. (If you heat water, you can change it into steam.) 要是给水加热, 你就能使它变为蒸汽 ( 条件 ) Knowing he would probably fail in that examination, he still decided to have a try. (Though he knew he would probably fail in that examination, he still decided to have a try.) 虽然他知道那次考试也许会失败, 但他还是决定试一试 ( 让步 ) They stood on the playground, watching a football match. 他们站在操场上, 看足球比赛 ( 伴随情况或方式 ) 分词短语表示伴随情况或方式没有相当的状语从句 (5) 在上述例句中, 用作状语的分词 ( 分词短语 ) 与句子的主语是主动关系, 因而要用现在分词, 即动词 -ing 注意 : 分词 ( 分词短语 ) 作状语时, 如果句子的主语与其是被动关系, 要用过去分词 Given more time and money, we will succeed. 如果给我们更多的时间和钱, 我们会成功的 Encouraged by his words, she promised to try again. 受到他的话的鼓舞, 她许诺再试一次 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看, 这座城市更美 16

17 丽 (6) 分词用作补足语感官动词, 如 see, find, hear, feel, watch, notice, catch ( 发觉 ) 等可以用分词作宾补或主补如 : I saw some children playing basketball. 我看见一些儿童有打篮球 ( 作宾补 ) We heard the girl singing in the classroom. 我们听见女孩在教室唱歌 ( 作宾补 ) I caught the boys stealing apples from my garden. 我撞见那些孩子偷我园中的苹果 The teacher find him smoking in the classroom. 老师发现他在教室里抽烟 ( 作宾补 ) I saw him taken away by the police. 我看到他被警察带走了 ( 过去分词作宾补 ) (7) 请注意 : 宾语与补语是主动关系 ( 主谓关系 ) 的用动词 -ing; 如是被动关系的则用动词 -ed She was seen going up stairs. 有人看见她上楼 ( 作主补 ) He was found lying in the snow. 人们发现他躺在雪里 ( 作主补 ) The old man was found buried in the snow. 有人发现那老人埋在雪地里 ( 过去分词作主补 ) 当句子主语与补语是主动关系 ( 主谓关系 ) 的用动词 -ing; 如是被动关系的则用动词 -ed (8) 注意 : 动词 -ing 和不定式都可用作感官动词的宾语补足语, 但在意义上是有所区别的请看下面两组例句 : We saw the man swimming across the river. 我们看见那人正在游过河去 ( 说话时, 动作正在进行 ) We saw the man swim across the river. 我们看见那人游过了河 ( 说话时, 动作已完成 ) They were seen waiting for the bus. 他们被看见在等候公共汽车 ( 进行中的动作 ) They were seen to climb throw the window. 他们被看见爬过窗户 ( 已完成的动作 ) 17

18 除感官动词外, 个别做谓语的动词也可用动词 -ing 形式作宾补, 如 : He kept us waiting for twenty minutes. 他使我们一直等了二十分钟 (9) get/have sth.+ 过去分词的含义英语中,get/have sth.+ 过去分词可以用来表示叫 ( 让 ) 某人做某事的意思, 如 : I will get/have the radio repaired this afternoon. (=I will ask/get someone to repair the radio this afternoon.) (=I will have someone repair the radio this afternoon.) 我今天下午请人把收音机修理一下 (10) 注意 : 此种结构也能表示我们无法控制的意外事故自然灾害, 或表示过去的行为现已产生的结果例如 : She had her house destroyed in an earthquake. 地震时, 她的房子塌了 ( 自然灾害 ) He had his bike stolen yesterday. 昨天他的自行车被偷了 ( 意外事故 ) We now have the problem solved. 我们现已把这个问题解决了 ( 现已产生的结果 ) (11) having+ 过去分词与 having been+ 过去分词的含义如果作状语的分词 ( 短语 ) 表示先于谓语的动作而发生, 就需用 having+ 过去分词的形式如 : Having finished the job, he went to take a bath. 他干完活后, 去洗了个澡 Not having received any answer, he wrote her another letter. 因为没有得到答复, 他便又写了一封信给她 (not 加分词短语是其否定结构 ) Not having tried his best, he failed the exam. 由于没有尽最大努力, 他这次考试没能通过当作状语的分词 ( 短语 ) 与句子主语是被动关系, 并且表示先于谓语的动作而发生, 就需用 having been+ 过去分司的形式如 : 18

19 Having been given a wrong address, he din t find us. 由于给了个错误的地址, 他没有找到我们 Having been translated into foreign languages, the novel became famous in the world. 该小说因被译成多种文字而闻名于世 (12) 不定式的时态与语态动词不定式一般是由不定式符号加动词原形构成常用的不定式有 5 种形式, 以动词 do 为例列表如下 : 主动语态被动语态一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 1) 不定式的时态 (13) 1 当不定式所表示的动作发生在句子谓语动作之前, 不定式要用完成式 He seems to have heard of the news. 他似乎已听说了这消息 I m sorry to have taken up so much of your time. 对不起, 占用了你这么多时间 2 当不定式所表示的动作是与句子谓语动作同时进行, 不定式要用进行式 She seems to be waiting for somebody. 她好像在等人 When he came to see me, I happened to be watching TV. 他来看我的时候, 我碰巧在看电视 3 当不定式所表示的动作发生在句子谓语动作之后, 不定式要用一般式 I want to go there with you. 我想和你一起去那里 (14) 2) 不定式的语态 19

20 形式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式通常用被动 These books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room. 不允许将这些书拿出阅览室 The method needs to be improved. 这种方法需要改进试比较 : The book is said to be published. 据说这本书将要出版 ( 不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后 ) The book is said to have been published. 据说这本书已经出版 ( 不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前 ) (15) 动名词的时态和语态动名词是由动词原形后面加 -ing 构成动名词共有 4 种形式, 以动词 do 为例列表如下 : 主动语态被动语态现在式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done (16) 1) 动名词的时态由于动名词的词性接近名词, 动名词的一般时几乎无时间界限但如果强调动作发生于谓语动作之前, 目的在于突出动作完成的意义时, 须用动名词的完成时 He denied having met her. 他否认见到过她 Thank you for having given my son so much help. 谢谢你给了我儿子这么多帮助 He thought himself lucky in having found a job. 他觉得自己找到了工作很幸运 2) 动名词的语态当动名词的逻辑主语是其动作对象时, 动名词一般用被动形式 She went to the party without being invited. 她没有被邀请就参加了晚会 I don t mind being laughed at. 我并不介意被人嘲笑 He is proud of having been elected model workers. 他为被当选为模范工作者而感到自 20

21 豪 (17) 带有连词的分词短语作状语分词 ( 短语 ) 做状语时, 可以在它的前面加上某些连接词, 起强调作用, 如 when, while, if, unless, though, once 等, 其作用相当于省略了一定成分的时间条件让步状语从句 1) 连接词 + 过去分词 When (she was) asked to make a speech, she said she would be glad to do so. 请她演讲时, 她说她很乐意讲一讲 Water will be harmful to human life if (it is) polluted. 如果水被污染, 就会对人有害 Though (he was) defeated in the election, Lincoln became famous for his speeches against slavery. 尽管林肯落选, 但他却因其反对奴隶制度的演讲而出了名 2) 连接词 + 现在分词 While (I was) reading, I fell asleep. 我一面看着书, 一面就睡着了 Be careful when (you are) crossing the street. 过马路, 要小心 (18) 注意 : 连接词后应该用过去分词还是现在分词取决于分词与句子主语的逻辑关系一般而言, 当分词 ( 短语 ) 所表示的动作由句子的主语发出 ( 主动关系 ) 时, 要用现在分词当分词 ( 短语 ) 与句子主语是被动关系时, 则要用过去分词 21

第1讲

第1讲第 15 讲非谓语动词 ( 二 ) 动名词动名词作主语 Fishing is his hobby. 钓鱼是他的爱好 Running machines is not difficult. 开机器还是丌难的 Learning without practice is no use. 学而丌实践是无用的 It is no use learning without practice. 丌实践的学习是没用的