1997 1 2 3 1 Javier Corrales, Presidents Without Parties: the Politics of Economic Reform in Argentina and Venezuela in the 1990s, (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), p. 79. 2 Roberts, Kenneth M. Neoliberalism and Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case, World Politics 48:1 (October, 1995): 82-116. 3 Javier Corrales, Presidents Without Parties, p. 79. 1
Adeco administration Perez administration 4 softer formula of corporatism Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela Fedecamaras Punto-Fijo Pact of 1958 5 6 7 4 Javier Corrales, Presidents Without Parties: the Politics of Economic Reform in Argentina and Venezuela in the 1990s, (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), p. 79. 5 Ibid., p. 80. 6 Damarys Canache, Venezuela: Public Opinion and Protest in a Fragrance Democracy (North-South Center Press at the University of Miami, 2002), 150. 7 Ibid. 2
8 9 10 Ayacucho 150 Juan Velasco Alvarado 11 12 13 1992 14 (Partido de la Revolución, PRV) 15 Causa RadicalBandera Roja(Red Flag)Liga Socialista(Socialist 8 Richard Gott, In the Shadow of the Liberator, (New York: Verso, 2000), p. 36. 9 93 8 17 10 Richard Gott, In the Shadow of the Liberator, (New York: Verso, 2000), p. 37. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid., p. 40. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid., p. 42. 15 1960 3
16 League) 17 1994 3 Caldera (the Bolivarianos) 18 19 (El Pueblo) PPT Proyecto Venezuela 20 16 Margarita López Maya, Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency, in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era, ed. Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, (London: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 75. 17 18 Margarita López Maya, Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency, in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era, ed. Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, (London: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 80. 19 Ibid., 83 20 Ibid., 84 4
21 22 23 85% 40% 24 government alliance 125 6 25 21 Margarita López Maya, Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency, in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era, ed. Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, (London: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 84. 22 23 Damarys Canache, Venezuela: Public Opinion and Protest in a Fragrance Democracy (North-South Center Press at the University of Miami, 2002), 150. 24 Larry Rohter, 85% of Vote Reported to Back Rewrite of Venezuela s Charter, New York Times, April 26, 1999; Larry Rohter, Venezolanos dijeron Sí a la Constituyente con abstención de 60.9%, El Nacional, April 26, 1999. 25 Margarita López Maya, Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency,, 85. 5
(Citizen Power) 26 (Electoral Power) (Article 203, 236) (Article 67) 92 6 3 7 108 CIA, The World Factbook 2004. 33 6 5 13 57 CIA, The World Factbook 2004. 26 Margarita López Maya, Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency, in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era, ed. Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, (London: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 85. 6
236 18 301 302 Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A 303 20012007 49 27 28 29 30 27 (2004 8 ) 28 29 30 7
31 32 33 34 31 32 33 34 93 8 17 8
35 Fedecameras Lucas Rincon Romero Pedro Carmona Estanga 38 35 Deboran L. Norden, Democracy in Uniform: Chávez and the Venezuelan Armed Forces, in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era, ed. Steve Ellner and Daniel Hellinger, (London: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 100-103. 36 37 38 9
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 10
46 47 48 49 50 51 46 47 48 49 50 51 11
52 53 54 Human Rights Watch José Miguel Vivanco 55 56 52 53 Juan Forero, Venesuela Chief Signs Press Law Some See as Aimed at His Critics, New York Times, 9 December 2004. 54 Ibid.. 55 Ibid. 56 12
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