2005 5,,,, ;;,, ( 1964,1982 1983, 1983, 1988 1989, 1992, 2001), +,,,,,,,,, : (1): : : : : :,, (), ( ) () :,(2) () :,(3) 11
() : (),(4) ():,(5) (2) (3) (4) (5),,,,,??, ( canonical word order)(peripheral word order),, ( SO),, (OS) ; ( S ), (S) ; (O ), (O ),, ( ), (),,,,,, () S, S;O, O(), - (O),,, :,, (),,,,,,( S =, =, O =, X =,, A =) : : S SX S : O OS OX; O OS OX : X X XX : A 2. 1 S: S,,:,(1) SX:, S,,:, S,:,(2) 12
S:, S,: (6),, S(),,: (7) 2. 2 O: O,,:,(1) OS:, O,,: (8), O,: (9) OX:, O,:, (3), O,: (10) O:, O,,: (11), O,: (12) OS:, O,:, O,: (13) OX:, O,:, O,: (14) 2. 3 X:, X,: (15) (4) X,,, X,: (16) X:, X,,:,(1),, X,: (17) 13
XX: X,(5) : (18) (1), A,,,,, S O OS OX;, X X XX;, S SX O OS OX,,,,, S O X X, S O X,S O XX,,, S O,,O + S O + X S + X, OS OX SX +, S O, SO, SO,,,, S O (), SO, SO (P), X S SX OS OX ( Pinker 1999,2004) 3. 1 OS OX XX, S O X X O OS : (19) a. ] [ ] b. ] [ ] c. ] [ ] d. [ ] ] [ [ ] ] e. [ [ ] ] ] [ 0 [ ] ] f. [ 0 [ ] ] ] [ [ ] [ ] ] g. [ ] ] [ [ ] ] h. [ [ ] ] ] [ 0 [ ] ] i. [ 0 [ ] ] ] [ [ [ ] [ ] ] [ ] ] (19) (Chom sky 1995: 189-190) ], =, = : (20) OS(O), :=, =;=,=, (20),, (W illiam s 1981, D i Sciullo & W illiam s 1987, Katamba 1993), 14
,, (21) a. b. OX(O ) O S(O ) OX( ) XX(X ) S X (22) a. S(, S ) X(, X ) b. S(S) X(X) O X (23) O(O) X(X), (23), (20) (22),(),,,(20) - (23) : (); () ; ()+ ( S ) (O ), (1),(P), : 15
(24) a. P b. P P P (24) a, b? Pinker (1999), :,,,,,,,, ( S ) (O ),,S O,(6) (11) ; XX,(1) (15) ; A,(1),, : (25) a. b. c. S X d. X( = ) A O( ) ( ) (25) a c,c; b d, d,,,,,,(1997),,,, +, SX OS OX SX OS OX, SX OS OX,:( SX) (OS) (OX),,, S + X O + S O + X +,, : (26) 16 S(, S ) X(, X ) X(, X )
(26)+ S + X O + S O + X SO(P), S O, SX (2), OS (9), OX (3) (27) OS: (28) OX: (29) SX: P P P (26) - (28) P (24) b, ( ) =, (P) =( 29) P (24) a, (P) =, () = (26) - (29) P,,+,Pinker ( 1999),, ( 2001 ), ( 2004), O + S,S, S + XO + X, ( 2) - ( 3), SX OX,,, -,OS OS,: (30) OS: OS: : / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 OS,,(21) b, - ; OS +, P,(27),-, OSO ( =),, O + S+, OS -,: (31) O,(30)OSP,(31)OS ;, (31) - ;, (31) O : (32) OS: OX: O,,( 21) b (32) (O ), +,,,,,,,O +O + S, O = P;,,O + + S, ==,(21) b, OS -, : 17
(33) P,, P, (,, ), (33), O,,(O) O,,, ( The Uniform Theta A ssignment Hypothesis, Baker 1988: 46, 1997: 74), : (34) a. b. P P P (34) a, b,<, >,,: /,,: : (35) <, > <, > <, > <, >,,,,,,, : (36) S X (36)(21) a,,? SX, SX,: +,:, 18
,,,, P,,(28),,,,, ( double expericer) (37) S:, S, S, SS?,,,,(38) a,,, S,S =,(38) b (38) a. b. (38) b (22) a (26),,, ( 1) :,, : (39),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, : (40)+: (41)+: (42)+: 19
,(1),,, ( Cl - ) (O ), (1998) ;,, ( - Cl) (O ),, O (25) c, : (43) C l,,,, :,,S O OS OX,,,,, ( S ) (O ),; (P),, +,,,, S O,, (),,,, (1)(),,,,,,,,,,, ( Pinker 1999: 298-299) ( ) : (),, ; (), 2001, 2 1998, 3 20
2004, 3 1992 (), 1983 ( ), 1964, 2001, 1988 :,, 1989,, 1982, 1983, Baker, M. 1988Incorporation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Baker, M. 1997Thematic Roles and Syntactic Structure. of Generative Gramm ar. 73-138. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Chom sky,. 1995The M inim alist Program. Cambridge, MA: M IT Press. In L. Haegeman ( ed. ) Elem ents of Gramm ar: Handbook Chom sky,. 2000 ew Horizons in the S tudy of L anguage and M ind. Cambridge: CUP. D i Sciullo, A. M. &W illiam s, E. 1987O n the D efinition of W ord. Cambridge, MA: M IT Press. Feng, Shengli() 1997 Prosodic Structure and Compound Words in Classical Chinese. In J. L. Packard ( ed. ) ew A pproaches to ChineseW ord Form ation: M orphology, Phonology and the L exicon in M odern and A ncient Chinese. Katamba, F. Pinker, S. 197-260. Berlin & ew York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1993M orphology. London: The MacM illan Press. 1999W ords and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. London: Pheonix. W illiam s, E. 1981On the otionslexically RelatedandHead of a Word, L inguistic Inquiry 12, 234-74. Rea l and Pseudo Syn thetic Com pounds in Ch inese AbstractIt is a well2known observation across languages that the canonical word order in morphology m irrors that of syntax. This is also true in Chinese, as reflected in its genuine synthetic compounds. B ut Chinese also has a good portion of synthetic compounds that appear to have the syn2 tactic word order, which app lies to either the whole or part of a compound. Such syntactic word or2 dering in compounds has thus led to the belief that Chinese compounds would be constructed under syntactic rules. In this paper we have shown, first, the word order of genuine Chinese synthetic compounds m irrors exactly that of syntax; secondly, p seudo compounds superficially of the syntactic word order are either root words that have evolved from syntactic constructs, or lexico2syntactic hy2 brids in which the syntactic part is a P. These findings thus collectively argue against the m isper2 cep tion that Chinese synthetic compounds are generated by syntactic rules. Further investigation in thematic structures of synthetic compounds also supports this conclusion. And we believe that the current findings are also in agreement w ith relevant p redictions from language acquisition and neuro2 linguistic studies. Key wordssynthetic compounds in Chinese; Chinese morphology; generative grammar ( ) ( ) ( ) 21