2005 5 May12005 2 Studies in Qing History No12 [ ]? (early modern)?? [ ] 2004-11 - 15 [ ] [ ] 81
1960-1970 [ 2000 ] [ 2000 ] J1 K1 Fairbank M1 Mancall ( the Chinese world order) 1960 [ Fairbank ed1 1968 ; Mancall 1984 ] [ 1993 1998 ] Mancall [ 1998 ] ( ) : : 82
? [ 1997 ] [ 1996 ] [ 2001 ] [ 1994 ; 1994 ] [ 1990 ; 1997 ] [ 1988 ; 1993 ] [ 2001 ] ( [ Frank 1998 ]) 83
? [ 1987 : 185-190 ]? [ 1965 : 156-157 ] (1573-1620)? : [ 1990 : 230 ] ( ) [ 1997 : 215-238 ] [ 1939 ; 1935 ; 1954 ; 1969 ] 1980 Wallerstein Atwell ( [ 1997 : 11-72 ]) 84
[ 1996 ] Owen Lattimore reservoir reservoir [ Lattimore 1940 ] John E1 Wills J r1 [ Wills 1979 ] Lattimore Wills 1683 1630 80 Wills ( ) Anthony Reid Reid ( Reid ( ) absolutist states ) Aceh Banten Makas2 sar Toungoo Ayutthaya : (1) (2) (3) [ Reid 1993 ] (peripheral history) 1603 85
[ 1998 ; 2003 ] [ 2001b ] ( [ Toby 1984 ; 1987 ]) ( Manchuness) [ Rawski 1996 ] Mark Elliott 1980 [ Elliott 2001 : 32 ] : ( Sinicization School) ( ) ( ) [ Crossley 1999 ; Elliott 2001 : 16-17 ]? 86
Elliott [ Elliott 2001 ] ( ) ( ) : ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ 1996 ; 2001 ] [ 1950 : 3 ]? ( )? [ 2002 ] ( [ 1998 ] ) 87
[ 2001c ] Wills [ 2001 ; 2001b ] [ Wills 1979 : 210 ] Wills ( [ 1996 ]) : ( 1987 : 279) 88
( ( [ 1956 ]) ) Pomeranz Califor2 nia School [ Pomeranz 2000 ] ( [ 1998 : 355-385 ]) [ 1997 ]?? [ 1998 ]?? 1630 1680 ( [ Atwell 1986 ; Reid 1990 ]) 1683 89
[ 2002 ] [ 1994 ] ( ) ( ) [ 1994 ; 2001 ] 1940 [ 1994 ] [ 1947-8 ; 1949 ] [ 1998 ]? [ 2002 ]??? [ 2002 : 18-19 ] :??? 90
??? 11 1998 21 1987 181 1998 1 31Atwell William S1 19861 Some Observations of the Seventeenth - Century Crisis in China and Japan Journal of Asian Studies Vol145 No12. 41 1996 2001 ( 149 ) 51 1994 g g g g g g 211 1997 9 1 2002 61Crossley Pamera 19991 A Translucent Mirror : His2 tory and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology1 University of California Press. 71 19691 g g ƒ g 2 1 81Elliott Mark 20011 The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China1 Stanford University Press. 91Fairbank John K1 ed1 19681 The Chinese World Or2 der : Traditional China s Foreign Relations1 Harvard U2 niversity Press. 101Frank A1 G1 19981 ReOrient : The Silver Age in Asia and the World Economy1 University of California Press. 111 1990 Years of Foreign Policy1 The Free Press. 1997 g g ƒ g g g g 121 2001 g g g 1500-1900 131 1993 g g g 141 20001 151 2001 g g 311 1994 g g g 3 161 1998 321 1987 171 1996 191 1947-48 201 1998 52 1 g g ƒ g 221 2002 19 231 1994 241 2000 g g g 251 1939 6 2 ( ) 261Lattimore Owen 19401 Inner Asian Frontiers of China1 National Geographic Society. 271Mancall Mark 19841 China at the Center : 300 281 1965 1990 14 291 1994 g g g g g g 6 301 1950 91
331 1935 107 19 ( 7 2001a ) 341 1988 g g g 10 1993 2001c 351 1949 83 1 2003 gg g g g g 361 2000 g g g ( ) 371 2001 17-19 11 g g g g 381 1954 ( ) 461 1998 391Pomeranz Kenneth 20001 The Great Divergence : China Europe and the Making of the Modern World E2 conomy1 Princeton University Press. 401Rawski Evelyn S1 19961 Reenvisioning the Qing : The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History Journal of Asian Studies Vol155 No14. 411Reid Anthony 1988 19931 Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-16801 2 vols1 Yale Universi2 ty Press. 19901 The Seventeenth - Century Cri2 sis in Southeast Asia Modern Asian Studies Vol124 No14. 421 1956 13 g g g g g g 1 431 1994 511 2002 g g g 16 2001b 62 1 451 1997 g g g g 471Toby Ronald P1 19841 State and Diplomacy in Ear2 ly Modern Japan1 Princeton University Press. 481Wills John E1 J r1 19791 Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang : Themes in Peripheral Histo2 ry In Jonathan D1 Spence and John E1 Wills J r1 eds1 From Ming to Ch ing : Conquest Region and Continu2 ity in Seventeenth - Century China Yale University Press. 491 2003 501 1998 441 1998 ( ) 92