A Study on the Recovery and Management Mechanism of the Food Waste in TaiwanThe Case of Formosa Corporation Recovery System
food waste 20~30 composting I
A Study on the Recovery and Management Mechanism of the Food Waste in TaiwanThe Case of Formosa Corporation Recovery System Abstract Followed by the rapid development in economy and the centralization of the urban population, the amount of garbage in Taiwan has increased amazingly. However, the NIBYNever In My Backyardsyndrome always results in protests when new incinerators or landfills are planning for installation. And even we can use incinerator to dispose the food waste, its high-water content and oily ingredient will reduce the efficiency of the incinerator and produce some foul smell and germ as well. Hence, how to efficiently reduce and recovery the garbage has become an eminent issue. Among all kinds of garbage, food waste is one of the most promising garbage to be recovered. Food waste is consisted of 20~30among all the garbage and trash in Taiwan. Through composting, food wastes can be transformed into organic fertilizer, and it can reduce not only the garbage but enrich the meager soil. Actually, food waste is resource, and only if we can handle and facilitate the food waste in a proper way, all the food waste would inevitably be turned into useless trash. It is found that the composting and recycling system for food waste at Mai-Liao country, operated by the Sixth Naphtha Plant of Formosa Corporation, has done a good job in food waste recycling. In this system, Formosa Corporation collected and recycled all the food waste in the Mai-Liao. The system successfully eliminates the stinking situation and creates economic benefits by producing organic fertilizer. The research aims to investigate whether the Mai-Liao s mechanism can be applied to elsewhere of the island other than Mai-Liao. A questionnaire was made and distributed to the residents in Mai-Liao to survey their satisfactory about the system. The results showed that Mai-Liao system could be a promising way of treating the food waste in Taiwan. Key Wordsfood waste, composting, recovery, organic waste, Formosa corporation II
..I.II...i..v vii 1 1 2 2 5 5..6..8 12 12 13 14..14..16..19 19 20 21..23 i
23 24 24 26..28..28..29 30 30 31..38 38 40 41 41..42 42 43..44 44 45..47..47 47 48 ii
50 50..51...51 52...53..56...57 58 63..68..68..68 69 69 70 71 71 71..73 73 73 74..75 75 iii
77 77 89...93..93 93 94..97 98....107....122 iv
1.1 4 2.1 2000 16 2.2 2000 18 4.1..49 4.2..62 4.3..62 4.4..67 4.5..67 5.1..70 5.2..78 5.3..78 5.4..79 5.5..79 5.6..79 5.7..79 5.8..80 5.9..80 5.10 80 5.11 80 5.12 81 5.13 81 5.14 81 5.15 81 5.16 82 v
5.17 82 5.18 82 5.19 82 5.20 83 5.21 83 5.22 83 5.23 83 5.24 84 5.25 84 5.26 85 5.27 85 5.28 85 5.29 85 5.30 86 5.31 86 5.32 86 5.33 86 5.34 87 5.35 87 5.36 88 5.37 88 5.38 88 5.39 88 6.1..95 vi
2.1 MSW..5 2.2 1994..7 2.3 mg/kg 10 2.4 1997 11 2.5 1989..13 2.6..15 2.7..17 2.8..22 2.9..25 2.10 26 2.11 27 3.1..33 3.2..34 3.3..35 3.4..36 3.5..38 4.1 LCA.50 4.2..51 4.3 ISO 14021 54 4.4..57 4.5..58 4.6..59 4.7...59 4.8...60 vii
4.9...60 4.10 61 4.11 61 4.12 63 4.13...63 4.14...64 4.15...64 4.16 65 4.17 65 4.18 66 5.1..68 5.2..75 5.3..76 5.4..78 viii
2002 2000 2002 2001 1
2002 1.1 2
Life Cycle AssessmentLCA 3
1.1 4
2.1 Municipal Solid Waste; MSW 2.1 MSW km 2 9,980,000 43,000 357,000 42,000 450,000 9,160,000 378,000 29 106 5.2 10 6 82 10 6 15 10 6 8.9 10 6 263 10 6 125 10 6 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 19951994 GDP 5,480 960 14,760 2,630 1,540 67,360 46,300 1994 199319941993199319941994 33.76 10 6 2.3 10 6 43.5 10 6 12.0 10 6 3.2 10 6 207 10 6 50.2 10 6 tons1992 1993 1993 1993199119931992 18 1.88 22 30 10.7 22 2 22 58 25 27 53 16 14.22 74.3 83.9 37.7 20 45 61 27 62 28.7 19.9 4.2 1.5 35-40 30 1 6.6 37.6 14.9 42.3 25.0 5
10.4 8.0 4.4 0.9 9.4 6.1 3.9 6.6 11.5 2.9 14.1 27 1.0 3.4 5.6 6-8 17.1 15.6 8.3 1-2 37-45 4-7 2-5 4-6 9.3 6.7 15.9 9.0 11.2 5.5 2.9 5.1 0.9 7.1 Sakai et. al, 1996 2.2 1994 3,558 1988 1988 8,000 1988 1988 1991 171 Eighmy and Kosson, 1996 1999 2 5 Faucette, Das and Risse, 2001 1999 118 95 9 14 Glenn and Goldstein, 1999 1999 19 6 2 Glenn and Block, 1999 6
2.2 1994 3558 Eighmy and Kosson, 1996 7265 8386 1243 17 3202 121 27 1999 Static Pile Chimney Effect CN Anaerobic condition Aerated Static Pile 7
In-Vessel System Windrow System CO 2 CH 4 CO 2 CH 4 Green Agriculture Zn150ppm Cu 50ppmNi25ppmCd0.5ppmPb50ppmHg0.5ppmMo1ppmSe0.75ppm AS5ppm F100ppm Cr50ppm 2001 30 6 8
40 Barth and Kroeger, 1998 Hjelmar, 1996 1. 2. 1 2 3 4 5 Law on the Prevention and Disposal of Waste Vehlow, 1996 1. Bioabfaelle 2. Leichtverpackung 3. Altglass 4. Problemstoffe zur Sammlung bringen 5. Restmuell 2002 9
130,000 60,000 20,000 Hartln, 1996 2.3 2.3 mg/kg 50 50 50 50 Cd 1.25 1.5 1 0.7 Cr 75 140 50 50 Cu 75 180 60 25 Hg 0.75 1.5 0.3 0.2 Ni 30 30 20 10 Pb 100 120 100 65 Zn 300 560 200 75 As 15 10 15 5 van der Sloot, 1996 10
30 2002 1960 1970 1990 70 Gale, 1997 1994 65,000 1997 300,000 50 2.4 1997 Holland and Proffitt, 1998 2.4 1997 / 14,360 24,810 165,895 15,800 19,350 73,000 313,215 Holland and Proffitt, 1998 11
1992 5.89 385,000 6.56 413,000 7.01 315,000 98,000 Sawell, Hetherington and Chandler, 1996 Rochfort, 1998 100,000 Line, 1999 2000 60 2010 95,000 17 5 2002 12
2.5 30 Sakai, 1996 2.5 1989 Sapporo Tokyo Yokohama Osaka 25.2 44.5 40.0 35.7 46.6 31.3 9.8 6.5 2.4 3.9 4.2 5.9 1.7 6.1 5.8 5.2 12.5 7.8 14.8 20.3 0.2 3.7 1.2 5.7 5.3 7.1 1.1 13.2 7.1 0.1 2.7 0.8 6.5 3.8 Sakai, 1996 280 60 1.32 0.62 0.65 5.47 95 2.5 1990 1979 13
600,000 1996 3 Biocycle, 1999 Taki, 2001 2002 90 29.1 12.8 3.7 1997 12,949 9.6 Kim et. al, 1999 1997 650 2800 2002 2.6 20 81 5 25 14
2.6 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1.73 1.55 0.80 0.88 1.08 1.13 0.83 0.60 1.35 82.94 82.94 86.99 84.63 84.49 87.50 86.58 90.17 87.34 24.86 27.84 29.98 32.17 30.95 29.13 32.77 35.83 26.37 3.97 5.13 4.81 6.21 5.05 5.80 5.27 5.20 6.06 5.06 5.79 4.69 5.82 5.89 4.86 4.81 4.89 3.36 25.73 23.47 23.50 17.94 18.97 24.90 18.29 21.83 27.76 19.14 18.01 18.90 18.27 17.83 19.57 20.14 19.85 22.00 2.45 1.15 4.31 3.34 4.72 2.11 4.54 1.97 0.44 17.07 17.05 13.02 15.39 15.52 12.50 13.42 9.83 12.66 7.07 7.65 5.78 6.05 6.28 5.33 5.66 3.80 3.73 7.69 7.44 4.94 5.59 5.67 4.95 5.84 4.99 7.31 0.83 0.92 0.98 1.64 1.56 1.26 0.71 0.51 0.295 mm 1.48 1.04 1.32 2.11 2.01 0.96 1.21 0.53 1.33 2002 2.1 2000 27.76 3.36 31.12 2002 15
2000 2.1 2000 2002 2.7 90 90 87 1.24 90 16 7.21 16
2.7 78 88.98 30.38 58.61 1.36 0.20-9.45 60.17 79 88.04 29.90 58.14 1.14 1.65-9.17 60.93 80 93.01 33.28 59.72 0.40 0.08-6.52 60.20 81 90.44 26.86 63.59 3.19 0.10-6.27 66.88 82 91.76 29.81 61.95 3.03 - - 5.21 64.98 83 89.88 24.24 65.64 4.86 0.02-5.25 70.52 84 79.24 29.14 50.10 14.94 0.07-5.74 65.11 85 79.15 23.93 55.22 15.62 0.03-5.20 70.87 86 75.06 17.30 57.76 19.05 0.16-5.73 76.97 87 306.17 1.24 74.37 12.11 62.25 19.36 0.00 3.30 1.73 82.86 88 410.62 1.72 71.41 9.84 61.58 23.18 0.22 2.81 0.64 86.71 89 938.17 3.94 59.97 7.28 52.69 33.90 0.00 2.13 0.06 90.53 89 1,305.62 5.72 54.07 8.34 45.73 38.70 0.04 1.42 0.06 90.18 90 1~6 1,560.11 7.21 46.65 6.11 40.54 44.85 0.00 1.15 0.14 92.60 90 95 100 1 BOT/BOO 100 90 2 87 88 89 3 100 489 88 7 89 6 89 89 1 12 2002 85 90 90 17
2.2 2000 2002 54.07 38.70 5.72 0.04 2000 2.2 2000 2002 2001 18
Coker, 2000 1956 22 1997 19
food waste biomass 2001 2002 1998 Rynk, 2000 2001 2000 1. 2. 20
3. 1. 2. 3. 2.8 21
2.8 1,500 1,800 2,000 1,100 712 5 110 665 77.5 450 150 31 19 21 20 50 150 8 500 22
90 2002 2001 1 1.5 2-6 2000a 2000 2001 23
180 2001 PEPSPP PS B 2000 24
2000b 2000 2000c 1998 1.8 9,500 2003 9.1 2001 U.S. Grains Council Kitch, 2001 2.9 2002 2.9 2002 25
2000d Mater-Bi 50 50~60 85~90 13 54.6 35 49.1 46.2 ph 9.02 7.24 10.7ms/cm 13.7ms/cm 2.10 2.11 2.10 N P K Ca Mg 1.23 0.92 1.28 3.38 0.39 1.17 0.89 1.24 2.98 0.39 1.77 1.84 1.38 4.31 0.61 2000d 26
2.11 Fe Cr Cu Mn Zn Cd Pb Ni ppm 2,691 3.77 92.9 189 255 0.77 3.1 4.3 2,583 3.73 89.3 185 245 0.87 4.1 4.4 4,188 8.57 208 311 740 1.17 8.8 7.4 2000d 27
28
1980 1996 1998 廐 1581 9 1696 9 1817 14 1826 9 1988 29
window composting (,1994) 1999 1980 compost composting humus 1999 Farrell, 2002 1999 1991 N P K 2000 30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marion, 2000 1 2 55~65 3 4 5 6 Goldstein, 2002 1. 1997 1 2 3 4 2. 2.5~7.5 31
1997 1. 1999 seeding 1~5 2002 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. 40~65 50~60 32
12~15 1999 3. C/N 30 3.1 1999 3.1 C/N 43 3.0 14.3 34 4.2 8.1 51 2.7 18.8 53 0.7 76.0 53 0.6 88.3 45 0.7 64.3 55 1.2 45.8 1999 33
4. 4.2Kcal 70 60 50 2~3 60 73~75 3.2 3.3 1999 3.4 2001 3.2 50 11-14 60 2 Digitaria adscendens 96 0 74 Penicum villosum 72 0 87 Cyperus microiria 56 0 30 Cheopodium album 26 0 16 Portulaca oleracea 85 0 91 Amaranthus blitum 68 0 70 Acalypha australis 7 0 51 Oryza sativa 75 0 98 Hordeum vulgare 16 0 96 1999 34
3.3 Paramyxovirus Coronavirus Herpesvirus Herpesvirus 56 6hrs 56 15min 30 5min 60 5min or Poxvirus 60 8min Orthomyxovirus IBDV 56 30min 56 hrs or Picornavirus 70 15sec or Herpesvirus 70 5min Togavirus 60 10min Coronavirus Mycoplasm 45 45min 56 30min Salmonella 60 5min Haemophilus Pasteurella Staphylococcus 55 6min 60 30min 60 60min Erysipelothrix 56 10min Coccidia 45 24hrs Ascarids 54 5min 45 24hrs 60 12hrs 1999 35
3.4 Bacillus acidocaldarius 70 B. brevis 60 B. coagulans 60 B. stearothermophilus 70 Clostridium tartarivorum 60 C. thrmoaceticum 60 C. thermosaccharolyticum 60 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 70 Lactobacillus thermophilus 65 Micromonospora vulgaris 62 Micropolyspora caesia 65 M. faeni 65 Pseudonocardia thermophila Streptococcus thermophilus 55 Streptomyces thermoviolaces 60 S. rectus 60 Thermoactinomyces sacchari 70 T. vulgaris 70 Thermomonospora curvata 65 Thermoplasma acidophila 65 Thiobacillus thermophilica 75 2001 5. ph alkalinity ph 7~8 ph 5~8 2~3 ph 5 8.5 ph ph 8.5 NH 3 36
6. 1999 50 7. 1. 1996 2. 37
Brinton, 2001 3.5 1999 1. 35 2. 3. 1. 3.5 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 20 2. 20 3. 3. 1. 1. 2. 1999 ( 1994) 1999 38
1999 70~80 5g 100c.c. 5 80 10c.c. 50 20 100 0.5 1g 100c.c.0.1N 39
1. 60~90 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 70 7. 6~7 8.pH 8~9 9.COD 85 10. 25 11. 60~70 12.C/N 10~20 2~2.5 2 1~2 40
2ppm 5ppm 25ppm 50ppm 150ppm 150ppm 150ppm 500ppm 41
U.S. EPA530-F-97-043, 1997 U.S. EPA530-F-97-045, 1997 U.S. EPA530-F-97-046, 1997 U.S. EPA530-F-97-042, 1997 1 2 3 4 U.S. EPA530-F-97-044, 1997 biomass 2001 2001 42
1994 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 43
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C H O N P K 44
Ca Mg S B Fe Mn Zn Mo Cu Cl 1997 C/N 60 20 45
46
Life Cycle AssessmentLCA stressors Boustead R. F. Weston ChemSystems LIMS EMPA EcoPro PIRA International Charlimers Industriteknik Environmental Conscious Design Support System Pre SimaPro 1998 1997 6 ISO 14040 1998a 47
4.1 1999 Goal and Scope Definition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Life Cycle InventoryLCI Life Cycle Impact AssessmentLCIA 48
1. classification 2. characterization 3. valuation Interpretation 4.1 Graedel, 1998 49
4.1 LCA 1998b 4.1 LCA LCI, LCAs, PLAs 1998b 4.2 1996 50
4.2 1996 1997 80 51
1996 150 150 16 300 300 16 50 300 300 50 300 300 50 2001 ISO 14851ISO 14852 ISO 14855 50 52
1998 Compostable International Biodegradable 53
Products Institute, BPI U.S. Composting Council, USCC 2001 1990 ISO 14851ISO 14852ISO 14855 2001 COMPOSTABLE OK compost DIN CERTCO GreenPla ISO 14021 ISO 14000 ISO 14021 4.3 1998 4.3 ISO 14021 1. ISO 1 2 2. 3 DIS 14855 2. 3. 54
1 2 3 3. 1 2 4. 1 2 5. 6. 1 2 7. 55
/ 1. 1. 1. / 2. 2. ISO DIN14851 2. 3. 14852 3. ISO/CD14853 4. 1998 2003 LCA LCA LCA (Streamlined LCA, SLCA) (Matrix scoring system) SLCA 56
environmentally responsible productserps ATT 1998 4.4 5 5 25 0 4 4 0 Graedel 4.4 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Graedel, 1998 57
1901 1982 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.5 1996 58
4.6 1,1 1 1,2 2 1,3 2 1,4 2 1,5 1 1,1 4 1,2 2 1,3 4 1,4 2 1,5 3 4.7 2,1 1 2,2 1 2,3 3 2,4 2 2,5 2 2,1 4 2,2 1 2,3 4 2,4 4 2,5 2 59
4.8 3,1 3,2 1 3,3 4 3,4 4 3,5 2 3,1 4 3,2 1 3,3 4 3,4 4 3,5 2 4.9 4,1 1 4,2 4 4,3 4 4,4 4 4,5 3 4,1 4 4,2 4 4,3 4 4,4 4 4,5 4 60
4.10 5,1 1 5,2 4 5,3 1 5,4 4 5,5 2 5,1 4 5,2 4 5,3 4 5,4 4 5,5 4 4.11 1 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 3 8/20 15/20 1 4 1 1 3 4 2 4 2 2 9/20 15/20 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 2 2 15/20 15/20 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 16/20 20/20 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 2 4 12/20 20/20 8/20 20/20 12/20 12/20 20/20 16/20 18/20 10/20 15/20 60/100 85/100 14/20 4.2 4.3 61
4 1 0 2 3 4.2 4 3 2 1 0 4.3 62
4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.12 2002 4.13 1,1 1 1,2 2 1,3 2 1,4 2 1,5 1 1,1 4 1,2 3 1,3 4 1,4 3 1,5 3 63
4.14 2,1 1 2,2 1 2,3 3 2,4 2 2,5 2 2,1 4 2,2 1 2,3 4 2,4 2 2,5 2 4.15 3,1 1 3,2 3 3,3 2 3,4 4 3,5 2 3,1 4 3,2 3 3,3 4 3,4 4 3,5 2 64
4.16 4,1 4 4,2 4 4,3 4 4,4 4 4,5 4 4,1 4 4,2 4 4,3 4 4,4 4 4,5 4 4.17 5,1 1 5,22 5,3 0 5,4 4 5,5 0 5,1 4 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 65
4.18 1 4 2 3 2 4 2 3 1 3 8/20 17/20 1 4 1 1 3 4 2 2 2 2 9/20 13/20 1 4 3 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 12/20 17/20 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 20/20 20/20 1 4 2 4 0 4 4 4 0 4 7/20 20/20 8/20 20/20 12/20 15/20 11/20 20/20 16/20 17/20 9/20 15/20 56/100 87/100 4.4 4.5 66
4 3 2 1 0 4.4 4 3 2 1 0 4.5 67
1986 1991 4,000 1998 8 4 2,600 2,096 5.1 748 4,000 18 2001 5.1 506.0 125.3 113.5 3.7 748.5 748.5 4,000 18 2001 68
2002 3,000kg 91 8 5,000kg 3,000kg 6M 880 69
2000 8 ~2000 12 30,000kg/day 20T 1. 15 2. PH 65% 90 6-8 25 20-30 5 3-6 5.1 70
60 C/N 301 1. 60 5~6 2. 65~75 14 3. 5 ph 6~8 0.2~0.3NM 3 /M 2 4 / 100 0.3NM 3 /M 2 99 38~43 45~55 70 5 9 3 71
5 30 1.7 2.3 2.0 2~2.5 11 72
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 73
1. 1. 2. 1. 74
5.2 115 2,869 10,672 2002 5.3 210 4,930 14,774 2002 5.2 7,811 29,059 15,670 13,389 15 339 1,165 659 506 23 684 2,601 1,321 1,280 10 190 628 362 266 34 717 2,487 1,403 1,084 21 472 1,714 888 826 20 504 1,966 1,046 920 12 262 893 479 414 37 1,128 4,394 2,355 2,039 9 229 805 453 352 75
29 682 2,675 1,403 1,272 17 384 1,389 755 634 13 385 1,400 737 663 22 680 2,798 1,508 1,290 24 538 2,146 1,169 977 29 617 1,998 1,132 866 2002 5.3 10,575 32,588 17,501 15,087 16 1,023 3,078 1,673 1,405 14 567 1,823 1,015 808 13 895 2,979 1,584 1,395 20 953 3,081 1,672 1,409 12 656 1,936 1,034 902 14 802 2,492 1,368 1,124 26 1,188 3,518 1,871 1,647 33 1,605 4,655 2,389 2,266 10 329 1,095 599 496 14 627 1,966 1,079 887 20 1,184 3,520 1,877 1,643 18 746 2,445 1,340 1,105 2002 90 2001 76
0.1/1.96 2 P1-P/n n P P P0.5 P0.5 0.1/1.96 2 0.51-0.5/n n0.51-0.5/0.1/1.96 2 n96 n96 96 100 200 200 4.49 4.92 5.4 77
5.4 52 52 53 53 48 48 47 47 15~19 1 1 6 6 20~29 14 14 17 17 30~39 10 10 23 23 40~49 20 20 24 24 50~59 24 24 17 17 60 31 31 13 13 10 10 21 21 25 25 37 37 22 22 22 22 23 23 15 15 20 20 5 5 100 2 1 97 5.2 100 2 2 96 5.3 5.2 5.3 78
66.7 33.3 5.4 100 0 5.5 5.4 5.5 50 5.6 50 5.7 5.6 5.7 79
100 2 9 10 79 5.8 100 7 16 11 66 5.9 5.8 5.9 78 17 5 0 0 5.10 56 31 8 5 0 5.11 5.10 5.11 80
87 13 5.12 93 7 5.13 5.12 5.13 31 49 9 9 2 5.14 26 56 7 6 5 5.15 5.14 5.15 81
24 39 22 11 4 5.16 17 35 40 7 1 5.17 5.16 5.17 0 0 79 19 2 5.18 5 0 78 16 1 5.19 5.18 5.19 82
60 33 7 0 0 5.20 40 41 17 2 0 5.21 5.20 5.21 41 49 5 5 5.22 47 51 2 5.23 5.22 5.23 83
2 2 0 90 6 5.24 7 4 6 82 1 5.25 5.24 5.25 84 3 13 0 5.26 79 9 12 0 5.27 84
5.26 5.27 24 68 8 5.28 29 59 12 5.29 5.28 5.29 27 72 1 5.30 85
31 67 2 5.31 5.30 5.31 14 61 16 4 2 3 5.32 13 52 28 5 1 1 5.33 5.32 5.33 86
1 38 26 31 1 3 5.34 5 32 38 23 1 1 5.35 5.34 5.35 衆 3 衆 21 16 16 17 8 19 3 5.36 衆 27 21 17 13 13 8 1 5.37 87
5.36 5.37 6 43 42 4 2 3 5.38 9 33 52 3 2 1 5.39 5.38 5.39 1. 88
2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 79 66 89
78 56 63 52 90 82 90
1. 50 2. 3. 20 20~40 4. 87 93 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 67 100 2. 60 33 41 40 91
3. 衆 4. 43 42 52 33 92
93
2002 policy-making constraints efficiency criteria deliberative institutions policy incentives policy-making context institutional capacity 94
6.1 6.1 2000 95
1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 96
1. 2. 3. 2002 97
1. 1998a 96-112 2. 1998b 5-6 3. 2001 1-8 4. 1998 ISO 14021 9-12 5. 2002 2002.5.21 21 6. 1999 39-48 7. 1996-21-24 8. 2001 227-237 9. 1998 10. 1998 11. 1996-123-127 12. 2001 2-7 13. 1998 4-7 98
14. 1997 24-28 15. 2000 20-21 16. 2000 20-32 17. 1998 113-140 18. 1998 19. 1999 1-6 20. 2000 21. 2001 39-43 22. 1999 49-58 23. 1999 107-142 24. 1994 25. 1999-103-122 26. 1999 99
27. 28. 2001 23-33 29. 2000 25-26 30. 2001 61-65 31. 2002 1-7 32. 1999 16-20 33. 2000 27-31 34. 2003-175-204 35. 2001 - DIY 34-38 36. 2001 37. 1980 38. 2001 39. 1991 28 40. 1997 41. 1996-100
12-15 42. 1982 43. 1997 44. 2002 - / 1112-1117 - 45. 2002 1-24 46. 2001 2-6 47. 2002 189-194 48. 2002 49. 2000 44 3 50. 1996 51. 2002 (Biomass) 158-159 52. 2000 18-19 53. 2001-5-8 101
54. 2002 44-45 55. 56. 57. 2000a 33-44 58. 2000b 51-55 59. 2000c - 45-50 60. 2000d 61. 1996 62. 2001 21-22 63. 2002 103-105 64. 2002 7 30 http//www.epa.gov.tw/statistics/ 65. 1997 295-297 66. 2001 67. 2001-66-73 68. 1999 102
59-64 69. 1980 70. 1998 ISO 14000 67-76 71. Barth, J. and B. Kroeger (1998), Composting Progress in Europe, Biocycle, April, pp65-68 72. Biocycle. (1999), Sapporo Symposium Reviews Organics Recycling Developments, Biocycle, December, pp62-64 73. Brinton, W. F. (2001), An International Look at Compost Standards, Biocycle, April, pp74-76 74. Coker, C. (2000), North Carolina Builds Organics Recycling Infrastructure, Biocycle, January, pp48-50 75. Eighmy, T. T. and D. S. Kosson (1996), U.S.A. National Overview on Waste Management, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp361-366 76. Faucette, B., K. C. Das and M. Risse (2001), University Tests In-Vessel Composting of Food Residuals, Biocycle, January, pp68-70 77. Farrell, M. (2002), Oregon Composting Project Serves Multiple Purposes, Biocycle, January, pp37-40 78. Gale, C. (1997), Organics Recycling in Britain, Biocycle, June, pp40-42 79. Graedel, T. E. (1998), Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, pp99-110 80. Glenn, J. and D. Block (1999), MSW Composting in The United States, Biocycle, November, pp42-48 103
81. Glenn, J. and N. Goldstein (1999), Food Residuals Composting in The U.S., Biocycle, August, pp30-36 82. Goldstein, N. (2002), Quick-To-Implement Odor Reduction Techniques, Biocycle, January, pp29-30 83. Hartln, J. (1996), Waste Management in Sweden, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp385-388 84. Hjelmar, O. (1996), Waste Management in Denmark, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp389-394 85. Holland, F. and A. Proffitt (1998), Overview of Composting in The U.K., Biocycle, February, pp69-71 86. Kim, Y. S., J. B. Park, S. S. Choi and S. H. Han (1999), Processing Food Residuals and Sawdust in Taejeon, Biocycle, August, pp74 87. Kitch, D. (2001), Biodegradable Polymers and Organics Recycling, Biocycle, February, pp74-75 88. Line, M. (1999), Innovative In-Vessel Composting System, Biocycle, October, pp66 89. Marion, J. (2000), Composting 12,000 Tons of Food Residuals a Year, Biocycle, May, pp30-40 90. Rochfort, C. (1998), An Australian Perspective on Recycling Organic Materials, Biocycle, April, pp74-75 91. Rynk, R. (2000), Contained Composting System Review, Biocycle, March, pp30-36 92. Sakai, S., S. E. Sawell, A. J. Chandler, T. T. Eighmy, D. S. Kosson, J. Vehlow, H. A. van der Sloot, J. Hartln and O. Hjelmar (1996), World Trends in Municipal Solid Waste Management, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp341-350 104
93. Sakai, S. I. (1996), Municipal Solid Waste Management in Japan, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp395-405 94. Sawell, S. E., S. A. Hetherington and A. J. Chandler (1996), An Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Canada, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp351-359 95. Taki, K. (2001), Supply and Demand of Composted Manure in Japanese Nursery Production, Biocycle, February, pp71-72 96. USEPA. (1997), Innovative Uses of Compost Bioremediation and Pollution Prevention, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, United States Enviromental Protection Agency, EPA530-F-97-042 97. USEPA. (1997), Innovative Uses of Compost Erosion Control, Turf Remediation, and Landscaping, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, United States Enviromental Protection Agency, EPA530-F-97-043 98. USEPA. (1997), Innovative Uses of Compost Disease Control for Plants and Animals, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, United States Enviromental Protection Agency, EPA530-F-97-044 99. USEPA. (1997), Innovative Uses of Compost Composting of Soils Contaminated by Explosives, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, United States Enviromental Protection Agency, EPA530-F-97-045 100. USEPA. (1997), Innovative Uses of Compost Reforestation, Wetlands Restoration, and Habitat Revitalization, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, United States Enviromental Protection Agency, EPA530-F-97-046 101. Vehlow, J. (1996), Municipal Solid Waste Management in Germany, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp367-374 105
102. van der Sloot, H. A. (1996), Present Status of Waste Management in The Netherlands, Waste Management, Vol. 16, pp375-383 106
(1,1) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (1,2) 0 4 (Design for 107
Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (1,3) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 108
(1,4) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (1,5) 0 109
4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (2,1) 0 1,1 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (2,2) 110
0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (2,3) 0 4 90 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 111
(2,4) 0 4 90 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (2,5) 0 CFCs 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 HCFCs 112
(3,1) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 / (3,2) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 113
(3,3) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (3,4) 0 114
4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (3,5) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 115
(4,1) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (4,2) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 116
(4,3) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (4,4) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 117
(4,5) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 (5,1) 0 4 118
(Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 PCBs PCTs (5,2) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 119
(5,3) 0 4 100 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 ISO 80 (5,4) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 120
(5,5) 0 4 (Design for Environment; DFE) 1,2,or3 121
122
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1.2 2.3~5 3.6~10 4.10 1.20 2.20~40 3.40~60 4.60~80 5.80 123
1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 124
1. 2. 3. 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 125
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 126