1.1 () 1601 (The Poor Law) 1832 Edwin Chadwick 1842 Chadwick Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Bri

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2 1.1 () 1601 (The Poor Law) 1832 Edwin Chadwick 1842 Chadwick Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain Edwin Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick () :

3 BOD. %(13/40). 21% 70%

5 1.1 5

6 1.2 6

7 1.3 ( :91 6 ) (%) (%) (1) (2) (10)= (12) (7)= (8)= (9)= (7)+(8)+(9) (11) (3) (4) (3)/(2) (4)/(2) (5)/(2) (5) (6)= (13) (14) (3)+(4) +(5) 2,635, , ,747 22,239 4, , ,504, ,015 87,549 12,030 3, , , ,250,535 4,562,634 36, , , , , ,625, ,417 15, ,908 55, , , ,777, ,557 4,962 42,883 30,082 77, , , ,851 4,808 18, , , ,780 4,050 6, ,506, ,561 3,053 14,451 18,878 36, ,315, , ,839 3,821 8, , , ,323 5,131 6, , , ,076 4,614 7, , , , , ,107, , ,302 5,998 13,

8 1,232, , ,511 10,608 27, , , ,169 10,648 11, , , ,050 5,735 9, ,459 88, ,088 2,403 3, ,631 61, ,835 2, ,424 23, ,764 97, ,995 3,889 10, , ,862 93, ,633 5,015 14, , ,510 5,202 18,485 3,942 27, ,592 66, ,729 4,134 6, , ,644 7,200 8,779 2,590 18, , ,302 16,826 1, , ,892 14,473 1, , ,410 2, ,457,576 5,614, , , ,261 1,138, ,

9 9

10 2.1 () (temperature) () (color) (turbidity) (1)JTU (2) NTU (electrical conductance) 1000 (micromhos/cm) / (micromhos/cm) (total solidsts) (suspended solidsss) (nonfiltrable residue) (dissolved solidsds) (filtrable residue 110 () ph ( ) ph=-log 10 [H + ]=log 10 (1/[H + ])ph<7 ph>7 ph 7.0 ph 7.0 (hardness) 10

11 ( ) ( ) (odor) (dissolved oxygendo) DO DO DO 3ppm (biochemical oxygen demandbod) CO 2 H 2 O 20 7~10 5 BOD BOD (chemical oxygen demandcod) BOD (K 2 CrO 7 ) (KMnO 4 ) (SO 2-3 S 2- Fe 2+ ) 2 BOD (acidity) (alkalinity) CO 2 CO 2 HCO - 3 CO 2-3 OH - (sulfate) (chloride) NaMg SO mg/l 960mg/l Cl - (Fe) (Mn) Mn Mn 2+ MnO - 4 Mn 11

12 () MPN(Maximum Possible Number) () (grease) DO (phenols) COD (detergents) (Alkyl Benzene SulfonateABS) (Linera Alkyl Sul-fonateLAS) ABS LAS DDT PCB DDTDichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DDT PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl ( ) () (Arsenic As) 0.2ppm (Cadmium Cd) 20ppb (Chromium Cr) 12

13 (Mercury Hg) (minamata disease) (Lead Pb) 0.01ppm [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 Pb] 0.5mg (Fluoride F-) 3ppm 115ppm (Cyanide CN-) g (KCN) HCN mg (NaCN) g 13

14 (SO 2 NONO 2 ) ( ) ( ) B.O.D. C.O.D. ph B.O.D. A.B.S. ( ) B.O.D. B.O.D. 14 B.O.D.

15 ( )B.O.D. ph B.O.D. ( ) B.O.D. ( ) ph B.O.D. B.O.D. - ph C.O.D. ( ) 烟 ph B.O.D. C.O.D. B.O.D. ph B.O.D.C.O.D. C.O.D.B.O.D.p C.O.D.B.O.D. C.O.D.B.O.D. 15

16 B.O.Dp p B.O.D. B.O.D. P.V.T ( ) T.N.T (24-D D.D.T) ph P 4 SiF B.O.D HCHO ph H 2 SO 4 FeSO

17 () 17

19 BOD 19

20 CO 2 H 2 ONO 3 SO 4 ( ) CO 2 H 2 ONH 3 H 2 CO 2 CH 4 H 2 S 20

21 (BOD) : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) SS BOD ( ) ( ) 21

22 RBC ( )RBC 40% 0.5-2mm ( ) RBC 22

23 mm ) 2) 3) 4) ( ) 23

24 3.2 SSBOD ph NH 4 ph ph 24

25 3.3 BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD SS BOD BOD 25

26 3.4 ( ) ( ) RBC ( ) 26

27 3.5 (%) SS BOD

28 3.1 ph ( ) 28 RBC ( )

30 30

31 31

32 3.2 32

33 () 33

34 34

35 3.3 35

37 3.4 37

38 4.1 ( ) ( ) () ( ) () () ()() () () () () () () () () () () ()() () () 38

39 39 () () () () ( ) () () () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

40 ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ()

41 41

43 1. (1991) 2. (1992) 3. (1996) 4. (1999) 5. (1998) 6. (2002) (1999) Qasin, S. R., Wastewater Treatment Plants, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., U.S.A. (1994). 14. Hammer, M. J., Water and Wastewater Technology, 4 th Ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey (2001). 43

第十七屆空氣污染控制技術研討會

第十七屆空氣污染控制技術研討會 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 1.1 () 1601 (The Poor Law) 1832 Edwin Chadwick 1842 Chadwick Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain Edwin Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick