英语专业四级考试 第十一讲语法与词汇之非限定动词 主讲教师 : 邢小艳
语法核心考点三 : 非限定动词 要点 1. 概念 : 非限定动词时动词的非谓语形式 既然是非谓语形式, 意即它们不可以在句中单独作谓语, 也就不受主语人称和数的限制, 此外, 还需要明确的是非谓语动词可以在句中作除了谓语之外的其他各种成分, 即主语 表语 宾语 定语和状语 要点 2. 分类 : 非谓语动词可分为不定式 动名词和分词 要点 3. 特点 : 非谓语动词具有双重性质, 既有动词的特点, 如 : 可以有时态语语态的变化 能被状语修饰 可以有自己的宾语等 ; 又有非动词的特点, 如 : 可以替代名词或形容词起到与之同等词性的作用 要点 4. 考点 : 不定式 动名词和现在分词的区别, 重点是不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ; 不定式 动名词和分词作表语和定语的区别 ; 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 ; 不定式和分词作宾语补足语的区别 ; 不定式和分词作状语的区别
非限定动词考点一 : 不定式 不定式真题剖析 : 1. Linda was the experiment a month ago,but she changed her mind at the last minute. (2007 55) A. to start B. to have started C. to be started D.to have been starting 解题要点 : 考查 be+ 不定式 结构 正确答案 B 该句意为 : 琳达本该在一个月前开始实验, 但最后一刻她改变了主意 be to do 结构的完成时表示与事实相反的动作或状态, 故 B 为正确答案 2. It s not uncommon for there problems of communication between the old and the young. (2007 63) A.being B.would be C.be D.to be 解题要点 : 考查 it is + adj. + for + there to be 句型 正确答案 D 固定句型 it is + adj. + there to be. 表示不定式的行为属性
3. His remarks were annoy everybody at the meeting.(2005 53) A.so as to B.such as to C.such to D.as much as to 解题要点 : 考查不定式短语 such as to 正确答案 B 句中的主语是名词 remarks, 不定式短语 such as to 强调名词, 句意 如此 以至于, 故 B 为正确答案 4.The Minister of Finance is believed of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004 48) A.that he is thinking B.to be thinking C.that he is to think D.to think 解题要点 : 考查不定式时态 正确答案 B 该句意为: 人们相信财政部长正在考虑增设新税以提高税收 Believe 后通常接不定式, 根据句意, 应使用不定式的进行时态
不定式重点小节 : 1. 不定式的时态和语态 时态 \ 语态 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 主动语态 to do to be doing to have done to have been doing 被动语态 to be done to have been done
特别提醒 : 不定式的完成时可用来表示先于谓语动词发生的动作或状态, 也可用来表示过去没实现的愿望 期待 计划或与过去事实相反的愿望 期待 计划等 当用来表示过去没有实现的愿望 期待 计划或与过去事实相反的愿望 期待 计划时 ; 常用在以下动词的一般过去时后 tended, hoped, wanted, expected, meant, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were 等 e.g. He seems to have been here before. I promised to have finished the work by the end of last month,but I failed. She intended to have finished the work earlier.(but she failed) She was to have come here earlier.(but she didn t come here earlier) They were to have held a meeting to discuss the proposal last week,but the president fell ill and the meeting was postponed.
在 should/would like 或 should/would have liked 后可用不定式的完成式表示没有实现的愿望 e.g. I should like to have left earlier.(but I didn t) I should have liked to have left earlier. 我真想早点离开 不定式的主动形式可以表示被动意义 在 名词 / 代词 + be + adj.(easy,diffcult,fit,etc.) + 不定式 结构中 e.g.this novel is hard to understand. I m afraid such kind of food is not fit to eat. 在 too to 和 enough to 结构中 e.g.this novel is too hard to understand. This book is cheap enough to buy. 当 a lot,a great deal,much,something,little,what 等作句子主语, 而表语又为不定式时, 多用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 e.g.a lot of work remains to do.
2. 省略 to 的动词不定式 1) 在以 why 引导的疑问句中 e.g.why worry about him? Why not tell him about it right now? 2) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would rather than, would sooner, would sooner than, cannot but, cannot help but, do nonthing but, do nothing besides, do nothing than, do noting except, might(just) as well 等后的不定式省略 to e.g.we cannot do anything but wait. She did nothing but/except/than cry. 3) 主语是 all, what, the only thing, the least, the most 等引导的从句, 且从谓语部分含有动词 do 或 do 的其他形式时, 作表语的不定式可以保留也可以省略不定式符号 to e.g.all/what/the only thing/the least/the most we could do was (to) wait and see.
3. 不定式的特殊句型 :such as to, such as to, so as to 两者都表示程度, 意为 如此 以至于 Such as to 与 such asto 修饰名词 ; so as to 修饰形容词 e.g. Arrangements were such as to please him. t was such a story as to amuse everyone in the room. The movie is so exciting as to make everyone in the room want to see it immediately. 注 :so as to 引导目的状语从句
4. 注意区别 to 是不定式符号还是介词, 若 to 是不定式符号则后面的动词应为动词原形, 若 to 是介词则后面的动词应该为动名词 英语中常见的不定式短语有 : be supposed to do sth. fail to do sth. find it in one s heart/in oneself to do sth go all out to do sth go out of one s way to do sth have the face/cheek/neck/nerve to do have the goodness to do Have a good/great mind to do sth 应该做某事未能做某事忍心做某事 ( 常用于否定句 ) 全力以赴做某事特别费心做某事居然有脸做某事劳驾做某事很想做某事
averse 厌恶 amount to 达到, 意味着 admit to 承认 appeal to 呼吁 assent to 赞成 adhere to 坚持 accede to 同意 accustom to 习惯于 英语中的常用介词有 : be preferable to be pertinent to be committed to 比 更好与 有关忠于, 致力于 be equal to ba accustomed to ba dedicated to 胜任于, 等同于习惯于献身于, 致力于 be related to 与 有关 be reduced to 沦为, 降为 be acclimated to 习惯于 be faithful to 忠于 be familiar to 对 熟悉 be used to 习惯于 be addicted to 耽溺于 be opposed to 反对 be given (over) to 沉溺于 be open to 愿意接受或考虑 be confined to 局限于 confess to 承认 cling to 坚持 conform to 遵照, 符合
find one s/it s way to 设法做到 feel up to 有力气做 get down to 着手做 ( 认真考虑 ) get up to 达到 give one s mind to 专心于 give rise to 使发生 give way to 让步于 in addition to 除了 keep to 遵守, 坚持 look forward to 期望 lead to 导致 lead up to 慢慢引起 object to 反对 put one s mind to 全神贯注于 pertain to 与 有关 pander to 迎合, 怂恿 point to 指向 relate to 与 有关 resort to 诉诸于, 采取 succumb to 屈服于 succeed to 继承 stick to 坚持 stand up to 勇敢地面对 stand to 遵守, 坚持 take to 喜欢上 testify to 为 作证明 turn to 转而 ( 从属于 ) with regard to 关于 with a view to 为了 with an eye to 着眼于, 考虑到
非谓语动词考点二 : 动名词 动名词真题剖析 : 1.What s the chance of a general election this year?(2005 2006) A.there being B.there to be C.there be D.there going to be 解题要点 : 考查动名词的复合结构 正确答案 A 介词 of 后如接动词, 动词应用动名词形式,Of 后接复合结构 there being 表示客观存在,there 为动名词的逻辑主语 2.The meeting was put off because we a meeting without john.(2002 62) A.objected having B.were objected to having C.objected to having D.objected to having 解题要点 : 考查介词短语 正确答案 D 动词 object 表示 反对, 拒绝 之意时为不及物动词, 其后要接 to 且 to 为介词而非动词不定式符合, 用作 object to sth./doing sth. 故正确答案为 D
3.In international matches prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid.(1996 48) A.from being beaten B.being beaten C.beating D.to be beaten 解题要点 : 考查动名词 正确答案 B 该句意为 : 在国际赛事中, 声誉至为重要, 因此最要紧的是避免失败 根据句意, 应使用被动语态, 而动词 avoid 后应接动名词, 故 B 为正确答案 4.He resented to wait.he expected the minister him at ance.(1995 53) A. to be asked,to see B. being asked,to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked,seeing 解题要点 : 综合考查非谓语动词 正确答案为 B 动词 resent 后应接动名词, 用作 resent doing sth.( 怨恨做某事, 讨厌做某事 ), 而动词 expect 后应接不定式, 用作 expect(sb) to do sth.( 期望做某事 ); 故正确答案为 B.
动名词重点小结 : 1. 动名词的时态和语态 时态 一般式 完成式 doing 主动语态 Having done 被动语态 being done Having been done
特别提醒 : 1) 动名词的主动形式可以表示被动意义 当动名词跟在含有 需要 值得 经受 等意义的动词及形容词 worth 之后时, 常用其主动形式表示被动意义 通常用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义的动词有 :take( 需要 ),bear,brook( 忍受 ),stand( 忍受 ), 其中 bear,brook,stand 也可用动名词的被动形式表示被动意义 e.g. He didn t take much persuading. 不用费多少口舌就能说服他 She can stand teasing with jokes. = She can t stand being teased with jokes. 她不能容忍别人用玩笑来取消她 This book is worthing reading. 2) 即可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义, 又可用不定式的被动语态表示被动意义的动词有 :need, want, require; deserve, repay( 值得 ) e.g. The clothes need to be washed= The clothes need washing. 3) There is no+ 动名词 结构相当于 It is impossible to do sth. e.g. There is no getting along with her. =It is impossible to get along with her.
2. 动名词的复合结构动名词可以由自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构 其逻辑主语可以分为以下几种情况 : 当其逻辑主语是有生命的名词时, 用名词或代词的所有格作动名词的逻辑主语 e.g. Tom s coming is what she has expected 当其逻辑主语是无生命的名词 以 s 结尾的名词或一个以上的名词词组或不定代词 this,that,something,somebody,someone,none 等时, 用名词或不定代词的通格 ( 即名词或不定代词本身 ) 作动名词的逻辑主语 e.g. It was quite unexpected their team winning the final match. It ended in the students fighting each other in the classroom.. She was bothered by Jack and Lily quarreling with each other. She was awakened by someone shouting outside
3. 动名词和不定式的区别在表示动作和时间等方面的一般区别 : 一般而言, 动名词表示一般习惯与抽象概念, 其时间概念不强, 指经常出现的动作或状态 ; 而不定式往往表示具体或指定的动作, 其时间概念较强 总而言之, 动名词表示泛指, 不定式表示特指 ; 动名词表示持续反复的动作, 不定式表示一时或一次的动作 e.g. He likes swimming. He likes to swim in the village river in the morning. I hate the children quarreling all the time. I hate the children to quarreling in the kitchen.
有些动词后面跟不定式和动名词表示的意义完全不同, 有的甚至相反, 需在平时的学习中注意积累 如 : Cease doing sth 暂时停止做某事 Can t help doing sth 忍不住做某事 Cease to do sth 长期停止做某事 Can t help to do sth 帮不了忙去做某事 Forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 Leave off doing sth 停止正在做的事 Forget to do sth 忘了要去做某事 Leave off to do sth 离开去做另外的事 Mean doing sth 意味着 Propose doing sth 建议做某事 Mean to do sth 打算做某事 Propose to do sth 打算做某事 Quit doing sth 停下正在做的事 Remember doing sth 记得做过的事 Quit to do sth 停下来去做某事 Remember to do sth 记得要去做某事 Stop doing sth 停下正在做的事 Try doing sth 试着做某事 Stop to do sth 停下正在做的事去做另一件事 Try to do sth 尽量去做某事 Want doing 需要被 Want to do sth 想去做某事
常接动名词的动词有 : acknowledge advise advocate appreciate avoid consider complete confess delay deny enjoy excuse escape finish favor forbid involve=mean include mind miss mention necessitate postpone pardon resent suggest stand understand
非限定动词考点三 : 分词 分词真题剖析 : 1. at in his way,the situation doesn t seem so desperate.(2007 64) A.Looking B.Looked C.Being looked D.To look 解题要点 : 考查分词作状语 正确答案为 B 该句意为: 在他看来, 情况不是那么令人绝望 分词 look 的逻辑主语是句子的主语 situation, 两者间的语态关系应是被动, 时态上不强调正在进行, 故 B 为正确答案 2.There are only ten apples left in the basket, the spoiled one.(2006 63) A.not counting B.not to count C.don t count D..having not count 解题要点 ; 考查分词的否定形式 正确答案为 A. 此处现在分词表示伴随或补充情况, 不能用不定式表示 该句意为 : 篮子里只剩下 10 个苹果, 不算坏了的 分词的否定形式直接在前面加 not 即可
3.If not with the respect he feels due to him,jack gets very ill tempered and grumbles all the time.(2004 45) 解题要点 : 考查分词与省略 正确答案为 B 在条件状语从句中, 如果从句中的主语和主句的主语一致且谓语含有 be 动词时, 从句中的主语和 be 动词可以省略 ; 该句的完整形式为 :If Jack is not treated with.jack gets very ill tempered.. 此外, 也可理解为分词作状语时可以在前面有个连词, 该分词的逻辑主语为句子主语, treat 与 Jack 两者存在被动意义, 句意不强调完成时态, 故正确答案为 B 4.Time,the celebration will be held as scheduled.(2003 48) A. permit B. permiting C. permitted D. permits 解题要点 : 考查分词独立主格结构 正确答案 B 该句用逗号隔开, 剧中没有连词, 且前半句的主语不同于主句主语, 故前半句为独立主格结构 独立主格结构中分词 permit 的逻辑主语为 time, 两者之间的关系为主动关系, 故应用现在分词表示
分词重点小结 : 分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种 分词主要具有动词的特征, 可带有自己的宾语 状语等, 有时态和语态的变化, 其否定式在前面加 not 即可 现在分词和过去分词的区别 区别分词 现在分词 过去分词 时态上的区别 表示动作正在进行 表示动作已经完成 除其被动式外, 其他形式均表示主动意义 表示被动意义 语态上的区别
现在分词的时态和语态意义 语态时态 一般式 doing 主动语态 被动语态 being done 完成式 having done having been done
过去分词的时态和语态意义 语态时态 一般式 主动语态 被动语态 done 分词的特征分词主要具有动词的特征, 同时又兼有形容词和副词的特征 形容词的特征决定了它能在句中作定语 表语和宾语补足语, 副词的特征决定了它能在句中做状语 * 分词作定语 e.g. The little girl is singing in a pleasing voice. Peter s teacher looked at him with a pleased expression.
特别提醒 : 当现在分词所表示的时间和谓语动词所表示的时间不一致时, 不能用现在分词作定语, 可以用定语从句来表示 e.g.( 错 )I want to see the boy stealing my wallet. ( 对 )I want to see the boy who stole my wallet. * 分词作表语 The music is pleasing to the ear. He is pleased with what Tom has done for him. * 分词作宾语补足语 e.g.i found him stealing my wallet when I got home. I found my wallet stolen when I got home.
特别提醒 : 在有些使役动词后也可用分词作宾补, 如 :set( 使 ),have( 让 ),leave( 使 ), make( 使 ),get( 让 ),keep( 使 ) 等 e.g.his words set/left/had me crying. (set 后的宾补通常是现在分词 ) I need to get it done as soon as possible. I cannot make myself heard in such a noisy class. (make 后的宾补只能用过去分词而不能用现在分词 ) * 分词作状语 : 分词作状语时前面可有连词, 有时也可有介词等, 分词的逻辑主语通常为句子的主语, 应根据分词与其逻辑主语的关系选择合适的分词形式 作时间状语 : e.g.(when)hearing the news,his mother burst into tears. On hearing the news,his mother burst into tears. Seen from the top of the hill,the park appears wonderful.
特别提醒 : 分词作状语时,on+ 现在分词 =as soon as, 强调瞬间的动作 ; 而 in+ 现在分词 =when/while, 强调连续缓慢的动作 On hearing the news,his mother burst into tears. In doing so, he thinks. 作原因状语 :e.g.overcome with surprise, I was unable to utter a single word. 作伴随状语 :e.g.the old lady is sitting there alone, murmuring to herself sometimes. 作条件状语 :e.g.closing your eyes, you will hear something wonderful. Given another opportunity, he is sure to pass it. 作结果状语 :e.g.the old man passed away yesterday, leaving his son little property. 作让步状语 :e.g.admitting what she has said, I still think he hasn t told me all the truth.
特别提醒 : 评述性状语 分词作状语时, 在少数情况下, 分词用来修饰整个句子, 其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致, 表达了说话人的看法, 此时的状语即为评述性状语 评述性状语通常有 :generally, broadly, strictly, comparatively, honestly, frankly, roughly speaking, considering, taking.into account 等
分词的独立主格结构 * 分词作状语时, 其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致 当分词作状语且其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时, 就构成了分词的独立主格结构, 即分词带有了独立的不同于句子主语的主语, 换言之, 也就是说分词的主语独立于了句子的主语 独立主格结构一般位于句首, 作伴随状语时常位于句尾, 可以表示时间 原因 条件 方式或伴随 e.g.weather permitting,we will go there on schedule. Everything taken into consideration,tom did better than Bob.
* 分词独立主格结构有时可省略 being 或 having been, 但在 there being 结构中,being 不可以省略 e.g.he went into the classroom, book under his arm. =He went into the classroom, book being under his arm. Breakfast over, he went to work. =Breakfast having been over,he went to work. There being nobody else, I went home. * 独立结构有时可以用介词 with 或 without 引导, 作状语或定语 该结构除了能用分词外, 还能用不定式 形容词 介词短语等 e.g.without another word spoken, he left the room. With the decision made, I have no more to say. With a lot of work to do, I quit my travel plan.
现在分词与动名词的区别 现在分词与动名词形式一样, 其区别主要体现在它们作定语时 作定语时, 现在分词与被修饰词的关系是动作与动作发出者的关系, 而动名词与被修饰词则无此种关系, 动名词往往表示被修饰词的用途等 e.g. a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping( 分词 ) a sleeping board=a board that is used to sleep( 动名词 )
分词和不定时作宾语补足语的区别 分词和不定时作宾语补足语的区别主要体现在感官动词上 感官动词既可以用分词作宾补, 也可以用省 to 的不定式作宾补, 其主要区别是 : 分词作宾补强调动作正在进行, 该动作只是过程的一部分 ; 不定式作宾补强调动作的全过程, 该动作已经完成 此外, 分词作宾补表示动作的反复, 而不定式作宾补表示动作的一次性 e.g. I saw Tom entering the classroom.( 强调汤姆正迈进教室门 ) I saw Tom enter the classroom.( 强调汤姆走进教室的全过程 ) He heard the door slamming.( 表示动作在反复进行 ) He heard the door slam.( 表示动作已完成, 一次性 )
本讲主要针对英语专业四级语法与词汇部分之语法考点三 : 非限定动词进行了要点解析和考点分析 此外, 结合具体试题进行了宏观与微观的试题分析与展示, 从而使同学们对此部分有一个整体的把握与概知