SPSS 8 8.1 K-Means Cluster [ 8-1] 1962 1988 8-1 2 5 31 3 7 20 F2-F3 2 3 F3-F4 3 4 109
8 8-1 2 3 2 3 F2-F3 F3-F4 1962 344 3333 29 9 9.69 1.91 1963 121 1497 27 19 12.37 1.34 1964 187 1813 32 18 9.70 1.06 1965 500 4000 34 14 8.00 1.82 1966 441 3750 36 14 8.50 1.87 1967 404 4600 33 16 11.39 1.52 1968 328 986 35 18 3.01 1.26 1969 806 1790 32 15 2.22 2.14 1970 730 1970 36 20 2.70 2.64 1971 263 333 29 15 1.27 1.07 1972 486 600 32 19 1.23 1.47 1973 248 585 33 20 2.36 1.08 1974 2100 2700 22 14 1.28 1.33 1975 333 287 38 19.86.70 1976 90 77 40 24.86 1.87 1977 19 25 40 27 1.32 2.88 1978 230 2525 39 20 10.96.55 1979 1392 1041 33 18.75 4.17 1980 308 41 31 28.13 3.34 1981 415 916 36 18 2.21 1.09 1982 34 401 38 29 11.79.99 1983 267 803 37 26 3.01.09 1984 1043 3500 39 26 3.36.07 1985 2243 7452 31 20 3.32.12 1986 236 599 35 26 2.54.00 1987 558 1061 33 24 1.90.00 1988 162 2817 34 21 2.64.00 8.1.1 1 2 110
SPSS 111 3) 4 5) 6)
8 112 7
SPSS 113 8 9
8 10 8-2 Initial Cluster Centers Cluster 1 2 3 2100 19 2243 2700 25 7452 22 40 31 14 27 20 8-3 Iteration History Change in Cluster Centers Iteration 1 2 3 1 1478.755 735.718.000 2 146.105 70.414.000 3 159.466 70.526.000 4.000.000.000 a Convergence achieved due to no or small distance change. The maximum distance by which any center has changed is.000. The current iteration is 4. The minimum distance between initial centers is 3389.200. 114
SPSS 8-4 Cluster Membership Case Number Cluster Distance 1 1962 1 316.981 2 1963 2 721.142 3 1964 2 1007.844 4 1965 1 616.179 5 1966 1 406.548 6 1967 1 1222.502 7 1968 2 170.226 8 1969 2 1056.564 9 1970 2 1198.938 10 1971 2 504.192 11 1972 2 247.938 12 1973 2 272.186 13 1974 1 1608.828 14 1975 2 538.592 15 1976 2 800.598 16 1977 2 876.017 17 1978 1 974.718 18 1979 2 1036.123 19 1980 2 785.856 20 1981 2 99.244 21 1982 2 545.583 22 1983 2 113.957 23 1984 1 401.999 24 1985 3.000 25 1986 2 266.282 26 1987 2 297.361 27 1988 1 764.619 8-5 Final Cluster Centers Cluster 1 2 3 653 379 2243 3403 824 7452 33 34 31 17 21 20 8-6 Distances between Final Cluster Centers Cluster 1 2 3 1 2594.035 4349.886 2 2594.035 6885.510 3 4349.886 6885.510 115
8 8-7 ANOVA Cluster Error F Sig. Mean Square df Mean Square df 2 1733051.565 2 199049.206 24 8.707.001 3 34817541.683 2 417672.965 24 83.361.000 2 7.148 2 18.296 24.391.681 3 56.778 2 22.296 24 2.547.099 The F tests should be used only for descriptive purposes because the clusters have been chosen to maximize the differences among cases in different clusters. The observed significance levels are not corrected for this and thus cannot be interpreted as tests of the hypothesis that the cluster means are equal. 8.1.2 3 8-2 K-means 8-5 8-7 2 3 <0.01 2 3 >0.01 8-4 27 3 8 6265 666774788488 18 636468697071727375 767779808182838687 1 85 qcl_1 1 2 3 116
SPSS 8.2 Hierarchical Cluster [ 8-2] 8-1 8.2.1 1 2 117
8 118 3) 4) Cluster 5 Display 6 Agglomeration schedule
SPSS 119 Cluster Membership 7
8 Orientation Vertical 8) 120
SPSS Cluster Method Between-groups linkage Within-groups linkage Nearest neighbor Furthest Neighbor Centroid clustering Median clustering Ward s method Between-groups linkage Interval Interval 121
8 Counts ( ) Binary 122
SPSS None Z scores Z 0 1 0 Range -1 to 1-1 +1 0 Range 0 to 1 0 1 0 0.5 Maximum magnitude of 1 1 123
8 0 1 Mean of 1 0 1 Standard deviation of 1 0 Range 0 to 1 0 1 3 Transform Measure Absolute Values Change sign Rescale bo 0~1 range Continue 9 124
SPSS ~ 10 8.2.2 Statistic Agglomeration schedule 8-8 Cluster Method Ward s method Stage Cluster CombinedCluster 1Cluster 2 Coefficients Stage Cluster First Appears Cluster 1 Cluster 2 0 0 0 Next Stage 8-8 Stage Agglomeration Schedule Cluster Combined Stage Cluster First Appears Coefficients Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Next Stage 1 7 20 5.157E-02 0 0 6 2 22 25.113 0 0 7 3 4 5.177 0 0 11 4 11 12.269 0 0 10 5 15 16.414 0 0 18 6 7 14.566 1 0 13 7 22 26.717 2 0 12 8 8 9.897 0 0 16 9 2 3 1.081 0 0 19 10 10 11 1.265 0 4 13 11 4 6 1.464 3 0 14 125
8 12 22 27 1.697 7 0 17 13 7 10 1.958 6 10 23 14 1 4 2.235 0 11 22 15 17 21 2.514 0 0 19 16 8 18 2.836 8 0 21 17 22 23 3.186 12 0 23 18 15 19 3.535 5 0 21 19 2 17 3.971 9 15 22 20 13 24 4.437 0 0 25 21 8 15 5.079 16 18 24 22 1 2 5.769 14 19 26 23 7 22 6.500 13 17 24 24 7 8 7.531 23 21 25 25 7 13 8.839 24 20 26 26 1 7 11.011 22 25 0 8-9 3 13 1974 24 13 191615189 2117326541 3 8-9 Vertical Icicle Number of clusters 24: 1985 13: 1974 19: 1980 Case 16: 1977 15: 1976 18: 1979 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X X X X 7 X X X X X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X X X 9 X X X X X X X X X X 10 X X X X X X X X X 11 X X X X X X X X X 12 X X X X X X X X 13 X X X X X X X X 14 X X X X X X X X 15 X X X X X X X X 16 X X X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X X 18 X X X X X X X X 19 X X X X X X X X 20 X X X X X X X X 21 X X X X X X X X 22 X X X X X X X 23 X X X X X X X 24 X X X X X X X 25 X X X X X X X 26 X X X X X X X 9: 1970 126
SPSS 8-11 8-11 1992-1998 4 2 3 2 3 F2-F3 F3-F4 1 282.63 2739.88 33.50 17.38 10.3000 1.3825 2 394.45 1135.18 34.64 21.09 2.2173.6209 3 557.50 824.00 35.33 22.00 1.3300 2.8400 4 2171.50 5076.00 26.50 17.00 2.3000.7250 1 23 2 3 3 4 4 127