~3~

2000 4 9 APEC ~1~

~3~

~4~

~5~

.......... 8... 12... 16... 19... 24.. 28.. 32 ~6~

... 34.. 36.. 38.. 41.. 42.. 45... 49............. ~7~

~8~

21 4 9 ~9~

36 ( ) ~10~

~11~

( ) ~12~

1942 (1573 1619) ( 168--170 ) ~13~

1921 1918 (1736---1795) 48 (1709 ) (1797 ) (1776--1795 ) 82 24 12 1845 17 (1891 ) 1843 ~14~

1931 1943 280 300 ( ) ~15~

( ) 1891 16 ~16~

20 1901 300 1902 1 1 1919 4 170 ( ) 9100 45 8 (1902) (1904) (1909) (1910) (1916) (1919) 1911 424 1922 453 1923 7 183 4882 1927 ~17~

InternationalBankingCorporation NationalcitybankOfNewYork 1812 7 1812 (CityBankofNewYork) 1965 1915 1927 7 750 1962 1967 (FirstNationalCitycrop ) 1974 1974 (citibank) 1998 4 (TravelersGroup) (CitiGroup) l 660 6 970 16 100 1951 1985 1991 1993 ( ) ~18~

~19~

1847 Bank 1859 ( 538 ) 19 60 Bank ~20~

Bank 1876 200 ( 1876 3 18 ) 80 ( ) 1885 1887 1000 81 90 1892 ( ) ~21~

~22~ ( ) ( ) 1895 ( 7 )

( ) 1896 ( 1 19 21 ) 1875 1000 200 200 600 ( ) ~23~

1823-1901 ~24~

~25~ (1902 ) (1853 1927) ( ) (1909 ) Bank Banco 13 ( )

1157 1157 1587 14 ( ) 1609 1863 17 ( ) ( ) 1844 1400 1400 1500 ( ) ( ) ( ) ~26~

~27~ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 14 ( )

~28~ 14 ( ) ( ) Panic( ) Crisis( ) ( ) 1825 1836 1847 1857 1866 ( ) ( )? ( )

1843 (Oriental Banking) 1845 1847 ( ) 1851 OrienatalBankingCorporation 1854 (CommercialBank of lndia) (Mercantile Bank of lndia London and China) 1857 Chartered Mercantile Bank of ln dia london and China 1858 (Agraand United Service Bank) (Chartered Bankof lndia Australia and China) 1861 (Central Bnak of Western lndia) 1864 (Bank of Hindustan China and Japan Limited) (Asiatic banking Corporation) (Bank oflndia) 1865 (Hongkong and ShanghaiBnaking Corporation) (Comptoir d Esowmpte de Paris) 1860 1865 12 78 11 13 13 14 21 3 3 11 10 50 ~29~

1852 ( ) ( ) 60 1862 7 6 6 8 1865 12 11 6 1860 1864 1866 1867 1 1866 70 19 70 1847 1854 1 2 1866 5 23 1854 10 25 ~30~

1858 5 25 1866 7 7 1858 7 31 1860 10 23 1861 9 13 1866 ( ) 1864 2 1 1867 1 25 1864 12 6 1866 5 30 1865 4 3 (John Mackeller) 20 25 ( ) ~31~

1847 HongKong and shanghai banking corporation 1865 19 70 1925 ~32~

1933 1933 1 10 1890 30 1924 1898 10 2 ( ) 2001 3 19 103 1919 1921 ( ) 1927 1928 30 1932 1 20 30 ~33~

1933 1 10 4 32 238 203 21 14 ( ) ~34~

9 1955 1955 8 10 12 14 1939 5 1 17 286 155 8 77 ~35~

( ) ~36~

? 1937 64 365 1913 1 ( ) 1964 40 19 10 ~37~

( ) 1951 11 1952 12 ( ) 1937 ~38~

~39~ ( ) ( )

1897 ( ) ~40~

~41~

20 15 ( )X 1924 7 ( ) ~42~

1911 1911 (1911 11 21 ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 170X103 ~43~

(1911 10 10 ) ( ) 2697 1911 12 31 1986 ( ) ~44~

~45~

( ) 10 50 7 3 32 1821 1823 19 50 19 1933 ~46~

1845 14 ( 3 ) ( ) ( ) 1853 10 18 20 40 ( ) 50 80 1845 4 1847 1865 4 3 ~47~

60 19 1897 1 ( ) 20 20 40! ( ) ~48~

1918 ~49~

~50~ 2000 9! 10 60? (547 549) ( ) (363 376)! ( ) " ( ) yue

~51~ (464 549) 502 549 48 3 ( ) ( )! ( ) ( ) ( )