75 2007 1 (, 200062) [] ; ; ; [ ] 1956 10,, [] K27 ; K513 ; K515 [] A [ ] 058320214 (2007) 0120075215 On the October Crises in Eastern Europe : China s Reaction and Reflection A Study ofthe Polish and Hungarian Incidents and China, Part 2 SH EN Zhi2hua ( History Department, East China N ormal University, S hanghai 200062, China) Keywords :the Polish and Hungarian Incidents ; the 2 nd Plenary Session of the 8 th Central Committee of the CPC ;big de2 mocracy ;a small group of people making trouble Abstract :The Polish and Hungarian Uprisings in October 1956 were not only important events in terms of Cold War ge2 opolitics, but had highly significant influence on China s domestic politics. The major lesson that Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other leaders had learnt from the October Crises was the importance of solving the inner problems of the rul2 ing party. Mao Zedong, on the other hand, put more emphasis on the persistence of class identities and the potential for class struggle, and stressed the importance of ideological education. Faced with Tito s allegations about the Soviet2 style bureaucratic system as risking an ideology chaos within the Communist Bloc, the Chinese leaders, for the first time, raised the question of opposingrevisionism. In response to the Chinese vehement reaction to the Polish and Hungarian Crises, together witha small group of people making trouble, the CPC s tactics were to adjust its previ2 ous guiding principles and policies to make someconcessions. Mao Zedong was especially mindful of the dynamics of the social ideology, which foreshadowed the later campaigns of therectificationand theanti2rightists. 1956 11,,, 1948,,,,, :,,, ( ) ( ),,,, : 1948, 1999 4 ;, 2002 3 :1956 10 :, 2005 2,
76,,, :???,,,,,?, ; ;,, ; ;,,, ;,,,,,;,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,, [2 ],,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,, 11 10,, 296, 9,, 6 [ 1 ],,,,,:,,,, :,,,:,?,,,,,,,, [3 ] (p515518),,,,, 19561957, (19491976) (2003 ), 19561957 (1989 ),, 1 15,,,,, 1988 5 ; :,1999
, 1957 :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, : 3 000,, 2 0002 500,,, :,, 1957,,,, :,,,,,, [4 ] (p229238) 1956,1955,,1956,, 1956,,,,, 1957, :, :,,,,,,,,,, [5 ] 11 11,,,, 50 :, [6 ],,,,,,,,,, [ 7 ] (p1426) 77,,,,
78,,,,,,,,,11 15,,,,,,,,,, :, [ 8 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :!,, : [2 ],,,,:, 1956,,, :,,, 1957,, :,,,:,,,,,, [ 9 ], :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,:,,,:,,,,,,, 11 15,,,1977, 313329
79,:,,:, :,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,, 11,,,, ; ;,, [10 ] (p15) [11 ] (p4749)? :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, : :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,11 11,,,,,,,
80,,,,,,, :,,,, [12 ] (p1537),, 19,, ; ;,,,,, [ 13 ], 11, 25,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [14 ],,,11 29,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;, 12 2, :,,,, 1956 11 19,,1957,39 40 1956 11 12,,,,,,, :(19561966) :, 1999,6282
81,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12 13,,,, 19 20,:,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,;,, :,, :,,,,, : ;,,, ;, ;,,,,12 22,, 23 24,,, :, ;,, ;,,,;,,,,,,, 12 27 28,,,28,29, (
82 ),,,, 1945 1981,,,,, ( ),,,, [ 15 ] (p267),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1956,,,, [16 ] (p117) 2 000, 100,, :,,,, :,, (Sachiukov), [ 17 ] (p193194),,,,, [18 ] (p5152),,,,,,, [17 ] (p193194) [ 18 ] (p5152), (607 608 ),,,,1949,1964
,,,,,,,,,, [18 ] (p52),,,,,,,:,?,,?,,?,,????,?, [19 ] (p127) [20 ] (p61)?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [21 ] (p39) [19 ] (p127128) [22 ] (p167168),,?,,,, :, [ 22 ] (p167168) [19 ] (p129) 83,,,,,,, [21 ] (p5),, 10 27,,, :,,,,,, :, ( ),,,,
84,,,,,, [23 ] (p295298),,, :,,, [19 ] (p129),,, 1956,,,5, 5 200, [24 ] (p14),,,,,,,,, 5,, :, [ 25 ] (p621622),, 1956, 12 :,,, 7,102, 12. 7 8,, 1 %,5 %,,20 %,,, 10 %,,, [26 ] (p622,643,649,655) [ 27 ] (p10861087) [ 28 ] (p11781179) [ 29 ] (p13371338) [ 22 ] (p178179) [30 ] (p499502) [31 ] (p671672), 9 29, 524, 90 %,,2, 535, [32 ] (p1258) [ 33 ] (p15471549) 50, 398 6 9 6,, 300 10 29 60, 12, 53 1 834 10,116 ; 3,60, 2,29,,, 38, 1 629 [34 ] (p615616) [35 ] (p367368) [ 36 ] (p342343) 9 15,400, 800,,,,, 300, 10, 12, [29 ] (p13281331) [37 ] (561564), 1957 3 :
,,,,, [38 ] (154),,,,,,,,,,,,, [28 ] (p11781179) [32 ] (p1258) [33 ] (p15471549),,,,,, 12 24,,,,,1956,,, [39 ], 9 29 10 15,,, [ 26 ] (p622 630),,, 11 24,,, 90 % ;,,;,,,,;,, [40 ] (p413421) 11 30 12 24,,,,, ;,, [26 ] (p640 648),,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,;,;,;, ; ;, [41 ] 85,1956, :, 9
86 1 661, 5 000 ;10 2 885, 8 100 9,1 100, 2 000, 9 8 000,,,,,, [42 ] 12 7,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [43 ] (p167170),,,,,,,,,, [43 ] (p174177) 12 17,:, 200,?, 29,,,:,,,,?,,,, [44 ] (p382,383),,,,,, ;, [42 ],,,,,,,,1955,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 9,,,,,,,
,,,, [ 45 ] (p429430),, 12 18,,,, [ 7 ] (p134135),,,,, 243,135,12 4 1957, [46 ] (p1065),, 12 27 30,,1957 114,, [7 ] (p141,143), :,,,,, [48 ] (p615) 12 17, 1 18 :,,, ;, ;,,,,,12 26,,,,,,,, ;,,;, [ 47 ] (p546), 87,,,,,,, 1957 1 18 27,,,,,,,,,,, 80 %,,,,,,, : [ 44 ] (p381382),,,,,,,,1977,330362
88,,,,,?,,,,:,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1 27,,,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,
89,, ; (),,,,,,,,, : [ 1 ] :[ R]. 1956211210. [ 2 ] :[ R]. 1956211210. [ 3 ] : : [ M ]. :, 1999. [ 4 ]: [ M]. :,1980. [ 5 ] :[ R]. 1956211210. [ 6 ] : [ R]. 1956211211. [ 7 ] :[ M]. :,1995. [ 8 ][ R ]. 1956211. [ 9 ] : [ R ]. 19562 11. [ 10 ] ( ),. [ 11 ]. [J ]., 1997, (5). [ 12 ] [ M].,,1957. [ 13 ],1956212211. [ 14 ]. (19561966) :,[ M ]. :,1999. [ 15 ]:[ M ]. :,1977. [ 16 ]. [ N ].,1957201205. [17 ]. [ N ].,1957201210. [18 ]. [ N ].,1957201204. [19 ]. [ N ].,1956211205. [ 20 ]. [ N ].,1956211202. [ 21 ]. [ N ].,1956211201. [ 22 ]. [ N ] ; [ N ].,1956211206. [23 ]. [ N ].,19562112 10. [ 24 ],7212804. [ 25 ]. [ N ].,1956209224. [ 26 ]: [ M ]. :,1981. [ 27 ]. [ N ].,19562 10219. [ 28 ]. [ N ]., 1956210224. [ 29 ]. [ N ] ; [ N ].,1956210230. [ 30 ]. [ N ].,1956211221. [ 31 ]. [ N ]., 1956212229. [ 32 ]. [ N ].,1956210226. [33 ]. [ N ].,1956210231. [ 34 ]. 6 [ N ].,1956209224. [ 35 ]. [ N ].,1956211215. [ 36 ]. [ N ]., 1956212217. [ 37 ]. [ N ].,1956212226. [ 38 ] :[ M ]. :,1994. [39 ]. [ M]. :,1957. [ 40 ] :[ M ]. :,1994. [ 41 ],1956212224. [ 42 ]. [ N ].,1956212220. [ 43 ]:[ M ]. :,1999. [ 44 ]. (18981969) : [ M]. :,1996. [45 ] [ Z]. :, 1958. [ 46 ]. :[ M ]. :,2005. [ 47 ]. : [ Z]. :,1986. [ 48 ],. [ M ]. :, 2003. 2006 10 20,