100084 zhouq@s1000e.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 2 (1991) 1998 1999 1
1 2 1 1 np 2 tp 3 sp 4 vp, 5 ap 6 bp 7 dp 8 pp 9 mbar 10 mp 11 dj 2 1 ZW 2 PO 3 SB 4 DZ, 5 ZZ 6 LH 7 LW 8 AD 9 CD 10 JY 11 JB 12 FW 13 KS 14 BH 15 SX 16 XX 1 1). vp 2). ap 3). dp 2
4). pp 5). bp 6). np / 7). tp / 8). sp / 9). mp Y N / N Y v,vp a,z,ap N Y N Y " / "~ N Y N Y " " N Y vp ap dp pp bp np sp tp mp 1 [YSW94] 9 1 a) b) c) d) 3
dj 2 V 1 N V 2 N A. N V 1 V 2 B. N V 1 V 2 C. V 1 3 4 5 [np-bh ] 6 7 a) zj, jq, yj b) c+xp x c+xp x XX ZZ 2.1 np 1 4
. 1 np a b f i m n r s t v z + [ ] + n2 r t mp sp + np xp3 + + n np dj + + n np. np, r + + a : n + [ ] + v : a r + + v : v + v : n r + + vp :. n + n r : r + m n r mp np : n np + mp : 2 n + {n} + : n + {n} * + c + n : np + {np} + np + {np} * + c + np vn an np 3 a b f n r s t v z + xp + dj + + v 2.2 tp tp 1 a-, b-, c-, d-, f-, m-, n-, r-, s-, t-, v-, z- x v,n,a,m,s 2 ' ' : [ ] : { } * { } + 3 xp : vp,np,ap,mp 5
. t n d + [ ] + t tp :. : r m n vn + [ ] + n : vp dj + [ ] + n :. m mbar + qt : 1998. mp vp dj + f :. : t + {t} * [+ c + n] : tp + {tp} * + c + tp 2.3 sp. d + f : n np + [ ] + s sp :.. n r np + f :. : s + {s} * : sp + {sp} * + c + sp 2.4 vp :. v vp + n r v a v vp + xp v vp + dj. v + v a : v + p : vp + pp : vp + v : v + + a v : v + + ap vp : 6
v + + dj. a m + v : d dp ap + v vp : pp + v vp : tp sp + v vp p + v vp : v vp + v vp : [ ] [ ] +. v + v vp : vp + vp : vp v vp + a z ap :. v + np + v vp :. v + {v} * [+ c + v] vp + {vp} * [+ c + vp]. v + : vp + :. v + + v : v + + + v : v + + v : v + v : v + + v : 2.5 ap : ap a z ap. d r + a : a + a z : dp + a : d + ap :. a + v a : a + : 7
a + + : a + + vp ap : a + + dj :. a ap + m q : a ap + mp :. a + {a} * [+ c + a] : z + {z} * [+ c + z] : ap + {ap} + :. n a v + : np vp ap + : dj + :. ABAB 2.6 bp: 2.7 pp. p + n r : p + xp dj. d dp + pp :. p + xp + f u :. pp + {pp} + : 1998 2000 2.8 dp. a d i n v z + ap mp vp + :. 8
d + d r :. : dp + {dp} * [+ c + dp] dp [dp ] 2.9 mbar [GB92] mbar XX 2.10 mp. m mbar + q : m mbar + a + q : m mbar + q + m : r + q : d r + mp : tp 2.2. : mp + {mp} * [+ c + mp] 2.11 dj. np + [ ] +np : sp + [ ] +np : np + [ ] +mp : np + [ ] + ap : sp + [ ] + ap : vp + [ ] + ap : dj + [ ] + ap : np + [ ] +vp : sp + [ ] +vp : dj + [ ] +vp : np + [ ] +dj : 9
sp + [ ] +dj :. d + [ ] + dj : dp pp + [ ] + dj :. : dj + y : 3 1994 2001 fj 9 1 9 2 JZ LS 3 11 XX 3 1 BL 2 LG 3 DJ 4 XZ 5 YG 6 MD 7 JS 8 TJ 9 ZE 10 JZ 11 LS 10
3 3.1 1 2 3 4 5 3.2 1) 2) 11
3) 3.3 3.4 3.5 1 2 12
3.6 3.7 3.8 13
3.9 3.10 1) 2) a b 3.11 fj-ls 14
1 yj NV S [fj [dj ] [yj ]] S NV [fj [yj ] [dj ]] S1 NV S2 [fj [yj ] [dj ] [yj ]] 2 VO 1 O 2 VO 1 O 2 O 2 [fj [dj ] [fj ]] 3 4 4.1 dj fj n a v [+ y] + : np ap vp [+ y] + : dj fj + : zj XX 4.2 [GGS81] jq XX 11 15
4.3 yj BH 4.4 dlc dlc dlc 1) CY 2) HD [dlc-hd ] [dlc-hd ] [dlc-hd ] 3) BC [dlc-bc ] [dlc-bc ] 4) FZ [dlc-fz ] 5) QD dlc QD [dlc-qd ] [dlc-qd ] 6) XH 7) XX 5 1). < > < > 16
[[ < > ] < > ] [ < > < > ] 2). [[ ] [ ]] [[ ] ] 3). A. v n -> vp : v n -> np : B. [vp [vp ] [np ]] [np [vp [vp ] ] ] 5.1 1). [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] vp [[ ] ] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] 2). 1 2 [ 1 [ 2 ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] 17
[ [ ]] 3). [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ [ ]]] 4). [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] 5). [ [ ]] [ [ ]] [ [ ]] 6). [ [ ] ] [ [ ] ] [ [ ] [ ] ] 7). 1 2 [[ 1 ] 2] [[ ] ] [[ ] ] 8). [[ ] ] vp [[vp ( )] [ ]] [[vp ] [ ]] [[vp ] ] [[vp ] ] 5.2 1). np, n r + + n : [np ] [np ] 18
n r + np : [np [np ]] xp + + n : [np [vp ] ] np + + np : [np [np ] [np ]] 2). ap vp, a + + : [ap ] a + + vp ap : [ap [vp ]] [ap [ap ]] a + + dj : [ap [dj ]] v + + a v : [vp ] [vp ] v + + ap vp : [vp [ap ]] [vp [vp ]] v + + dj : [vp [dj ]] 3). vp v + n r np + v vp : [vp [vp ]] v + r + dj : [vp [dj ]] v + n r np + a ap : [vp ] 4). [vp-po [vp-po ] [np-dz ]] 5).. n r + + v [np n r [np v ]] [np [np [np ]] ]. +v vp [vp [pp ] [vp ]] [np [vp [vp ]] ] 6).. [ [ [ [ ]]]]. [vp [dp ] ]] [vp [dp ] ] db db dn v [[ db dn ] v ] 7). vp,ap,np [ap [vp ] ] 19
[[ ] ] [[ ] ] 8).. [ [ ]] np, [ [np ]] [ [np ]].. vp [vp [ ] [ ]] [vp [ ] [ ]]. [vp [vp ] ] [vp [vp ] ] [vp [vp ] ] 9). dj, [dj [dj [ ] ] ] [dj [dj [ ] ] ] 5.3 (Conjunctive Structure, CS) (Conjuncts, CCs) ([WL92], P162) BL vp vp 1).... { } { } { } 2). { } { } xp-lh xp 20
[np-lh ] [np-lh [ [np-lh ] ] [[pp-lh ] ] ] [vp-lh ] [np-lh [ ] [ ]] 1) A B C 2) 1 1 /p /n /u /n /n /n /c /n /n /n /n /u /v 2 2 { /np /wd /np } /w /m /q /n /n /u /n 3 3 { } { } { } /v /r /u /n /n /w /v /v /d /v /u { /a /v } /n /w /t /v /n /w /d /v /a /n /w /d /p /r /r { /a /v } /u /n /v /u /n /w /n /v /p /m /z /n /v /p /n /f /v /r /v /n /w /v /u { /a /v} /w /p { /a < /v /n > } /u /n /w [WL92] /n /d /v /r /w { /m /q /n /u /v /n /v /a /w /n /v /v /a } [[[ ] [ ]] [ ]] /w [[e=<[ ] > [ ]] [ ]] e=<[ ] > < > { } { } 21
5.4 < > < > < > KS 4 0 1 KS 4 w i w j pp 0 pp 1 pp 1 pp 1 pp 0 pp 0 pp 0 pp 0 vp 1 vp 1 5.5 1 DZ [sp-dz [sp-dz ] 4 ] [tp-dz [tp-dz 1979 10 ] 20 ] 2 SX pp-sx [pp-sx [pp-jb ] [pp-jb ] [pp-jb ] ] X p( ) Y p( ) Y pp-jb X SX [tp-dz 12 [tp-sx 22
5 [pp-jb 7 ] ] ] X Y SX [sp-sx ] x / [sp-sx [sp-sx [pp-jb ] ] [sp-sx [sp-dz ] 30 ] ] ] ] SX [mbar-sx 101/m /x 109/m ] [mbar-sx /m /p /m ] 5.6 1 ap-zz [ap-zz [pp-jb ] /a ] [ap-zz [pp-jb /p /rn ] /a] a 2 ap-ad [ap-ad [ ] ] [ap-ad [vp-po /v /rn ] /u] pp-jb vp-po 3 ap-ks [ap-ks ] [ap-ks /v /rn /rv] rv [ap-ks /v [np-ad ] /rv ] 5.7 5.7.1 1) CY [dlc-cy ] 2) HD [dlc-hd ] 23
3) FZ [dlc-fz ] 1) BC [dlc-bc ] 2 XH [dlc-xh 1 ]. x 5.7.2 1) HD XH [ [dlc-hd ] ] 2) CY [ [dlc-cy ] ] 3) FZ BC [ [dlc-fz ] ] [ [dlc-bc ] ] 5.7.2.1 dlc-bc XX [np-xx [dlc-bc ] ] /ns /nr /u /n /np / /m /x /m / [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /ns /nr ] /u /n ] [np-xx /np [dlc-bc / [mbar-sx /m /x /m ] / ] [np-dz [np-dz /ns /nr ] /u [np-xx [np-dz /n /np ] [dlc-bc / [mbar-sx /m /x /m ] / ] ] dlc-bc 5.7.2.2 [dj-xx [dj-zw ] [dlc-fz ] ] 24
[dj-xx [dj-zw /rn [vp-zz /dn [vp-po /vc [np-dz /rn [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /n ] ] ] ] ] / [dlc-fz [vp-po /v [np-dz [np-lh /n /n ] /n ] ] ] ] dlc-fz vp-po [fj-jz [dj-zw /rn [vp-zz /dn [vp-po /vc [np-dz /rn [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /n ] ] ] ] ] / [vp-po /v [np-dz [np-lh /n /n ] /n ] ] ] 1 dlc-fz [np-xx [np-dz [dlc-fz [vp-po /v ] ] ] 2 a) dlc-fz [np-xx [dlc-fz [np-dz ] ] [np-xx [np-dz ] [dlc-fz [vp-po ] ] ] b) dlc-cy [fj-jz [vp-po ] [fj-lg ] ] [dlc-cy /p ] [fj-ze [dj-zw ] [vp-xx ]] 5.8 1. A. [dj [dj ]] B. zj jq C. 3.11 3.10 D. E. 2. A. np [np /w [np /n [np /a /n ]] /w ] 25
B. yj C. [vp [vp [vp ] ] [ np ]] D. dlc [np / /n / ] [dlc / [np /nr / /n ] 5.9 < > {< > - {< >} } 1) x xp + [ ] + n np-dz, sp-dz, tp-dz / sp tp sp np np 2) v vp + n vp-po, np-dz vp-po np-dz np-dz 3) ap a + v vp dj-zw, vp-zz ap a mp m + v vp dj-zw, vp-zz 4) tp sp t s + v vp dj-zw, vp-zz vp-zz [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] 5) p + v vp vp-zz, pp-po vp-zz pp-po 6) us + v vp vp-ad, np-ad 5.2 7) vp + vp vp, dj-zw, vp-{lh, LW, PO, ZZ} 26
5.3 vp-lh vp vp-zz vp vp-po dj-zw vp-lw v + vp vp, dj-zw, vp-{lh, LW, PO } vp + v vp, dj-zw, vp-{lh, LW, PO, ZZ} 8) vp + wp + vp fj-xx, dj-zw, vp-{lh, PO, ZZ} wp fj {dj, vp} {dj, vp} 6 6.1 1 [fj-lg ] [fj-lg ] 2 [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] 3 [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] 4 [fj-tj ] [fj-tj ] 27
[GGS81] 1 a). vp [dj-zw [vp-po ]] [fj-ls [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] ] b). : [fj-ls [dj-zw ] [fj-ze ]] 2 1/a 3 6.2 1 XX 2 [fj-lg [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] ] 3 6.3 1 [dlc-fz ] 2 [fj-jz [fj-bl ] ] X Y X Y X 28
dj-zw fj-jz [fj-jz [dj-zw ] [fj-ls [mp-dz ] [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] [dj-zw ] ] ] [dj-zw [np-dz ] [sp-sx [dj-zw [vp-lw [vp-po 3 ] [vp-po ] ] [sp-dz 50 ] [sp-dz ] ] ] 6.4 LH BL [dj-zw [vp-lh ] ] [fj-bl [dj-zw ] [vp-xx ] ] 6.5 1. [vp-po [vp-po /vsb ] ] [vp-jy /vjy ] v vp-po [vp-po /v [dj-zw ] ] [vp-po /v ] 2. np np np [np-lh [np-dz /n [np-dz /b /n ] ] [vp-po /v [np-dz /n /n ] ] ] 3. f m q f q tp-dz [tp-dz /f /m /qt ] mp-dz [mp-dz /f /m /qv ] m a q [mp-dz /m /a /qn ] 4. m q m [[m q ] m ] q tp-dz [tp-dz [tp-dz /m /qt ] /m ] mp-dz [mp-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] /m] 5. vp vp [vp-lw vp [vp-xx vp ]] [vp-lw [vp-lh /v /v ] [vp-xx /c [vp-po /v /v ] ] ] fj-md 29
6. vp v vp v [vp-lw vp [vp-xx vp ]] [vp-lw /v [vp-xx /c /v ] ] [CXH98] 1998 [GB92] GB13715 1992. [GGS81] (1981). [LJM93] (1993). 174-192. [Wang94] 1994 [WL92], (1992). [Xing01] 2001 [YSW94] (1994) 1994.5.31. 81. [ZWD00] 2000 [YYXY89] 1989(1,3,4), 1990(1), 1991(1) [Zhu85]. (1985).. 1 np noun phrase sp space phrase tp time phrase vp verb phrase ap adjective phrase bp dp + phrase adverb 2 + phrase pp preposition phrase mbar mp dj fj zj 30
jq yj dlc + constituent ZW PO predicate + object SB DZ ZZ LH LW AD addition CD JY FW JB KS SX BH BL LG DJ XZ YG MD JS TJ ZE + JZ LS CY + HD + BC FZ QD XH XX 31
2 NEWS0060 {< > > + < > } >} [ < >+< > ] 1 [dj-zw [np-dz /ns [np-dz /n /n ] ] [vp-zz /ad [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] 2 [dj-zw [np-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] /n ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] 3 [pp-jb /p [np-dz [sp-dz /no /ns ] [np-dz [tp-dz [tp-dz /m /qt ] [tp-dz /m /qt ] ] /n ] ] ] 4 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-dz /ns [np-dz [mp-dz /rb /qn ] [np-dz /n /n ] ] ] [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] /n ] ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] / [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz /ns /u [np-dz /a /vn ] ] ] [vp-po /v [np-dz /a /n ] ] ] ] / ] &5 [zj-xx [dj-zw [np-dz [np-lh [tp-bh / [tp-dz /ns /u /t ] / ] /c [np-bh / [np-dz [vp-po /v /ns ] [np-dz /t /n ] ] / ] ] [np-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] [np-dz [vp-po /v /n ] /u /n ] ] ] [vp-zz /t [vp-zz /d [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [sp-dz /ns [sp-lh /ns / /ns ] ] ] /v ] ] ] ] / ] 6 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-dz [dj-zw [sp-dz /ns /ns ] [vp-zz [pp-jb /p /ns ] /v ] ] /u [np-dz [tp-bh / [tp-dz /ns /u /t ] / ] [np-dz /b /n ] ] ] / [vp-zz [dp-ad /iv /u ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] / [vp-po /v [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /vn ] ] / [vp-po [vp-ad /v /u ] [np-dz /m /n ] ] ] / ] 7 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-dz [vp-po /v [np-dz [mp-dz /rn /qv ] /n ] ] /u /n ] /v ] / [dj-zw [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [tp-fw [tp-dz /f /n ] /f ] ] / [vp-po [vp-po /vjy [np-dz /ns /n ] ] [vp-lw [vp-po [vp-lh /v / /v ] /n ] / [vp-lh [vp-po /v /n ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] / [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz /n /n ] ] [vp-po /v /ns ] ] ] ] ] / [vp-po /vc [np-dz [vp-po /vjy [dj-zw /ns [ap-lh /a /a ] ] ] /u [np-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] [np-dz /a /n ] ] ] ] ] ] / ] 8 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-dz [mp-dz /rn /qv ] /n ] [vp-zz /d [vp-po /vc [np-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] /n ] ] ] ] / [dj-zw /rn [vp-zz /d [vp-po /v [np-dz [mp-dz /m /qn ] [np-dz /b /n ] ] ] ] ] / [vp-lw [vp-lh [vp-po /v /n ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] [vp-po /v [np-dz /n [np-dz /vn /n ] ] ] ] / [vp-jy [vp-po /vjy [np-dz /ns /n ] ] [vp-po [vp-lh [vp-zz /dd /v ] [vp-zz /dd /v ] ] /n ] ] ] / ] 9 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-dz [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz [np-dz [vp-po /v /ns ] /n ] [np-dz [np-dz /ns /n ] /n ] ] ] /v ] /u 32
[np-dz [np-bh / [np-dz [vp-po /v /ns ] /n ] / ] /n ] ] / [vp-zz /d [vp-zz [pp-jb /p /n ] [vp-po /v [np-dz [vp-po /v /ns ] /u /n ] ] ] ] ] / [vp-zz /d [vp-jy [vp-po [vp-ad /vjy /u ] [np-dz /m [np-dz /ns /n ] ] ] /v ] ] ] / ] 10 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-dz [np-lh [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /ns /n ] /vn ] [np-dz /b /n ] ] /n ] /rn ] / [np-dz /ns [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /n ] [np-dz /b /n ] ] ] ] /np ] [vp-jy [vp-po /vjy [np-dz /ns /n ] ] [vp-zz /ad [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] ] / [vp-zz /ad [vp-po /v [np-dz [vp-po /v [tp-dz /ns /t ] ] /u /n ] ] ] ] / ] 11 [zj-xx [dj-zw [np-dz /ns [np-dz [mp-dz [mbar-xx /m /m ] /qn ] /n ] ] [vp-po [vp-ad /v /u ] [np-dz [vp-zz /t /v ] /u [np-dz /ns [np-dz [tp-dz /m /qt ] [np-dz [np-lh /n /c /n ] [np-lh /n /c /n ] ] ] ] ] ] ] / ] 12 [zj-xx [dj-zw [np-dz [mp-dz /rn /qn ] /n ] [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-lh [np-dz /ns [np-dz /n /n ] ] / [np-dz /ns [np-dz /n /n ] ] /c [np-dz /ns [np-dz [np-dz /vn /n ] /n ] ] ] ] /v ] ] / ] 13 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw [np-ad [np-lh [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /ns /n ] /n ] [np-dz [np-dz /b /n ] /np ] ] / [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /nr [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /n ] ] /n ] /np ] / [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /n ] /np ] ] /u ] [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-lh /n /c [np-dz /vn /n ] ] ] [vp-po [vp-ad /v /u ] /n ] ] ] / [vp-zz /c [vp-zz [pp-jb /p /n ] [vp-zz /ad [vp-po [vp-ad /v /u ] /n ] ] ] ] / [dj-zw /n [dj-zw /n /a ] ] ] / ] 14 [zj-xx [dj-zw [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /no [np-dz /ns /n ] ] [np-dz [np-dz [np-dz /n /n ] /n ] /n ] ] /np ] [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [sp-fw /n /f ] ] [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [dj-zw [np-dz /ns [np-dz /b /n ] ] [vp-zz /ad [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] ] [vp-po /v /v ] ] ] ] / ] 15 [zj-xx [fj-ls [dj-zw /rn /v ] / [dj-zw /n [vp-po /vc [np-dz [vp-zz [tp-fw [tp-dz /m /qt ] /f ] [vp-po /v [np-lh [np-bh / /nr / ] / [vp-bh / /iv / ] ] ] ] /u [np-dz /a /n ] ] ] ] / [dj-zw [vp-po /v /n ] [vp-po /vc [np-dz [ap-zz /dd /a ] /u /n ] ] ] ] / ] 16 [zj-xx [fj-yg [vp-zz /dd [vp-po /vc [dj-zw [np-dz /ns /n ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] ] / [vp-po /v [np-dz [ap-zz /dd /a ] /u /n ] ] / [dj-zz /c [dj-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz /n [np-dz /vn /n ] ] ] / [dj-zw [np-dz /ns [np-dz /t /u /n ] ] [dj-zw /m [vp-zz /d [vp-zz /vm [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz /t [np-dz /n /n ] ] ] /v ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] / ] 33
17 [zj-xx [fj-yg [fj-dj [dj-zw [np-dz /ns /n ] [vp-zz /c [vp-po /v [np-dz [vp-zz /rd [vp-po /v /n ] ] /u /n ] ] ] ] / [vp-zz /c [vp-zz /t [vp-zz /d [vp-zz /vm [vp-lh [vp-po /v /n ] / [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] ] ] ] ] / [dj-zw /rn [vp-zz /vm [vp-zz [pp-jb /p [np-dz /a /n ] ] [vp-zz [dp-ad [ap-zz /dd /a ] /u ] [vp-po /v /n ] ] ] ] ] ] / ] 34