Ps22Pdf

Transcription

1 ( )

2 1989, ( CI P) / 2 :, ISBN TE2 CIP ( 97 ) ( ) ISBN / T E1807 ( ) : 23 00

3 1994 ( ) 1989,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996

4 ( ) :,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,

5 ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 7) (13) (34) (46) (46) (60) (62) (69) (72) (78) (78) (92) (99) ( 108) ( 113) ( 113) ( 124) ( 140) ( 140) ( 141) ( 144) ( 153) ( 153) ( 157) ( 163) ( 173) ( 183) ( 190) ( 192) ( 192) ( 193) ( 195)

6 ( 206) ( 206) ( 215) ( 223) ( 228) ( 254) ( 259) ( 259) ( 261) ( 275) ( 278) ( 282) ( 290) ( 294) ( 301) ( 309) ( 309) ( 311) ( 324) ( 330)

7 ,,,, ; ;, ; ; ;,,, ,,, 1978,,,, :,,,,,, ; ; ; : ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 1

8 ,,, ; vm = H t (11) vm, m/ h; H, m; t, h,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,, :, ( ), 0 160M Pa, 130MPa 480MPa; 0 150MPa, 68MPa 320MPa,, ;, ; 2

9 , ( ),,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, py ( M Pa) py = P S (12) P, kn ; S, mm 2,,,,,,,,,, MPa, MPa, ( 1-1 ) > > > > > > > > > MPa, 12 ;, 34 ; 36 ; 48 ; 9,, 3

10 ,, 3, :,,,,,,, (a) ; ( b) ; (c) P ( kn), ( mm) 1-1 ( a), D,, ( ), h, So S 1-1 ( b),,, OA, A, B,, h, So S 4

11 1-1 (c),,, h =, S = So A F A E Kp K p = A F A E (13) AF 1-1 (a) ODE, ODE, Kp = 1; A F 1-1 ( b) OABC( SO ABC ), A E ODE( SO DE ) (,, ), : Kp = A F AE = S O A BC SO D E > 1,,,,, 6, Kp > 6,, K p 1 > 1 2 > 2 3 > 34 > 45 > 6,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,, 1-2 5

12 , ( ),,,, 1-2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;, 2,,,,,, 3,,,,, 6

13 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, < < < < < < < < < m/ h MPa 100 > > > > > > > > > ,,,,,, ;, ;, 7

14 ,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 35CrMo 35CrMo, ( 1-3 ), 2/ 3, 1218 ( 1-3 ),,, 2038mm,, 70100mm, CrMo 35SiMnMoV, W T,,, ( 1-4), W T R, R F N, 1-4 F, 8

15 1,, W, T,, 1-5 W T, W 1-4 ; 1-5 2,, W T, ( 6 14 ),,, 1-6 1) W, T,,,,, 1-6 (a) 2),,,,,,, 1-6 ( b) 3),, T,, 1-6 (c),,, T,,, ; ;,,, 1-7, 1-6 9

16 , ;,,,,,, 1 (1 ) ( ), 1-8,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 10 ;,, 12 15;,, (2 ) ( ) (1-8 ),,,,,,,,, 70; 7080 ; 8085,,, ( a) 75, 82,,, 1-9 ( b ), 75,,,, 85, 10

17 1-9 ( a) ; ( b) (3 ) () () = - (1-8),,,,,,, = 90-2, 1-10,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1-10 (a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d) 3,,,,,,, 5070mm, mm b (1-8 ), ;,,,,,,,,, 11

18 ,,, ;,,,,, YG8,, 12 YG8,,,,, 1 (1 ),,,,, mm mm 170kN,,,, (2 ),,,, 200r/ min,, (3 ),,, 2,,, ( 2030 kn) 0 5m,,,,,,,, 12

19 ,, ;,, ; ( ),,,,,,, 1/ 3,, ( ),, mm,,, ( ), 1-12 ;, ; 2 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ( ),,,,,,,, 20CrMo 13

20 ,, ( 1-13 ) ;,,,,,, 1-14,,, ; 2 ; ,,,,,,, 1,,,,, :, ; ;, ; (1 ),, (2 ),, 14

21 , (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, 2,, 1-15, O, O1,,,,,, 1-15,,,,,, Pi FRo to Z 2 (14) Pi ; F ; Ro ; to, ; Z ( 14 ), : 1) to, ;,, 2),,, 3), Z,,,, 15

22 , ; ;,,, ; 2 3,,,,, 1-16,, 1-17 (1 ), 1-17 b o, ob = c, c vb vc, o vb vb = R b (15) o vb vb = Cb b (16) 16

23 b ; Ro o ; Cb o o (15) (16) vb, 1-17 vc v c = r c (17) r ; c vc 1-17, vb vc, vb vc, 1-17, o1 vb + v c = 0, vb v c, o1, ao1, bo1 o1,, o1, C, C, (2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ), 1-18 o, (),,,, vb, vc vs 1-18, 1-18, o1 vb = vc,,, v /,, 22 (3 ), 1-19 o, o, oo, oo= s,,, A, vb a, vba oa, v1 v2, A v1, v2, v2 A vba vb a = R b = Rn b 30 (18) 17

24 RA o, R = oa; b ; nb 1-19 v2 s = vb asin= R b R = n b 30 s (19) ( 19 ), s nb,,, v1 = vb acos= Rnb R2 - s 2 30 R = n b 30 R 2 - s 2 ( 110) R s 2 oa, A, v1 o A,, s nb 18

25 ,,, ;,,,, ; (, ), ( ),,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, s C 1 ( s ),, s, ; ;,,,,, s D, = s D ( 111) = ; = ; 19

26 = = 0 03, 190, s = D = = 5 7mm, s,, 1-20 ( b) e, 1-20 (c), e s () 1-21, 1-21, W1 W2 W 3,, W2 W3,,, 2,, 51 59,, 5659 ;, ,, : (1 ),,, 1-22 ( a) 1-22 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) (2 ),, 1-22 ( b ),,, 20

27 ,, (3 ),, 1-22 ( c),,,,, 1,,,, ;,,, Li ( ) L, = Li L ( 112), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,, ),,,,,, = 38 40, = 40 21

28 42, = ),,,,,,,, L T,,, k 1-24 (a) L ; ( b) T ; (c) ; ( d) 1 ; 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, : 1) 1-25 ( a), ( h) (), 22

29 6090 ; ),, 1-25 ( b)(c) ; ,, 3), 1-25 ( d),, 4) 1-25 (e),,,, 2 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, YG8, YG8C, YG11 YG11C 1 :,,,,, 23

30 ,,,, 60% 70%, 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 1-26,,,, 1-26, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;, 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ;, 14 O ; 15,,,, ; 24

31 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1-26,, O O, 1-27,,,,,,, O,, 1-27 O O,,,,,, O 3,,,, : ( ),,,, 1/ 3 ( ) 200mm, 1290mm 2, 20 22mm 45,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 25

32 ,,,,, 1-28, O,, 1,,, , 1O ; 2, 1234 ; 3 7, mm mm mm ,,, 637, : C; D; E; 26

33 G; J; R; S ; X; Y; 27

34 Z, 637E : 215 9mm ( ), 637E, E : 1), 2), 3),,, 2,, ( IADC ), IADC, : : 1, (; ) ; 2, () ; 3, () ; 4, ( ) ; 5, () ; 6, () ; 7, () ; 8, ( ) 1234 : 1 () ; 2 () ; 3( T ) ; 4( ) ; 5() ; 6; 7() ; 28

35 8 ; 9 : 321 3, ; 2 ; 1 : 517 5, ; 1, ; 7 1,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),, ;,,, 3) 3000m,,,,, ;, ;,, 4),,,,, 5),, 2 (1 ) 1) :, ( ), ( 35m ),,, 2) : 410,,,,,, 29

36 :,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3560r/ min,,, ( ),,, (2 ), ;,,,, : 1), 3555r/ min, 2), (cm) kN, kN 3),,, 35 65r/ min ( 30

37 ) 4),,, 5),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ), : ; 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,, (4 ) 1),, 2mm,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 31

38 ,,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;, 3),,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,, 5), ; ; ;, ;,, 3 (1 ), : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4), (2 ) 8,,,, T,

39 (3 ) ( ) 8,, B, T1 1 8 T2 2 8 T3 3 8 T4 4 8 T5 5 8 T6 6 8 T T8 1-7 B1 1 8 B2 2 8 ( ) B3 3 8 B4 4 8 ( ) B5 5 8 B6 6 8 ( ) B7 7 8 B8 ( ) (4 ), 1, 0, 0, 01/ 2in,, : T2B41 2/ 8 2/ 8, ), 4 ( T6B60, 6/ 8 6/ 8, ( 6 ), 1/ 2in 33

40 ,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, M Pa, 1 5, 9,, 9000,,,,,, 1/ 4,,,, , 50 % 90 %,,, CO2 CO,, (carat ), 1 0 2g, / /, 0 5 / 400 / 1 (1 ), 1-29, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ) :,,,,,, 34

41 , 2) :,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 3) :,,, 0 5 / 15 /, /, 1/ 31/ 6,,,,,, 212mm,,,, /,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, (2 ) 1), B ( ) B,,, 1-30 ( a),, 1-30 ( b) ; B, 1-30 ( c) ; B B,, 1-30 ( d) 2),,,,,,,, 35

42 1-30 (a) ; ( b ) ; (c) B ; ( d) B, : 1-31 (a) ; 1-31 ( b) ; 1-31 (c) (3 ),, 1-31 : 1), 1-32,,,,, 2), 1-33,, 1 2,, 3), ), 1-35,, 36

43 ; 2 ; 3 ; (4 ) 1),, 0 2 / 1 /, 1 /, 12 / 20 / 200 /, 1/ 3, 1/ 31/ 5, 1/ 51/ 6, 1/ 61/ 10,, 2) :,,, ;,,,,,, 37

44 , ;, 3),, 63 5mm,, 5070mm,,, 1 52mm ( mm) 2, ( ),, 1-36, W 1, T,,,,, ab,, abc,,,,,, ( ),, ( MPa),, ( ),, 1-37, 1-37 (a),,, 1-37 ( b),,,,,, 24 25, 1-37 (c)( d) ( ),,,,,,,, py = 2200MPa ;, pk = 0 4 py, ;pk = ( ) py, ; pk = 38

45 ( ) py, 3, (1 ), ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;, (2 ),, 1-38 (3 ) 1) kN/ mm, kN,, 9kN,,,,,,,,,,, 250mm, 6 2MPa, 27 kn, 2), 150r/ min, r/ min r/ min, 39

46 1-38 A ; B 1-39 A ; B ; C ; D ; E,,, 4090r/ min, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,,, ;, m,,,, 0 2m,,, (8 ),, 40

47 , 929kN, 4060r/ min,, (9 ),,, 1),,,,,,,, 2), ( 10 30min 0 983M Pa),, O,, 3),,,, 70, PDC ( Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit), 1-40,,,, PDC,,,, PDC, PDC,, 1 PDC (1 ) PDC ( ) 5000M Pa 1500, 510min,,, 0 5mm, 1-40 PDC 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, PDC, 41

48 ,, PDC, PDC,, PDC ( ),, ;,,,, PDC, 700, PDC,, 1-41 (2 ),, : 1), 1-42 ( a),, 40%,, PDC ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d ) 2), 1-42 ( b),,,, 20% 25% 42

49 3), 1-42 ( c),,,,, 4), 1-42 ( d),,,,, (3 ),,, ; 1), ; 2 ; A ; B,,,,,,, 2), 1-44 ( a),,, = ( b),,, 025,, 2 PDC PDC,,, (1 ) ;,,, (2 ) PDC, PDC,, PDC (3 ) 43

50 1-44,,,, PDC,,,, 60/ min 17kN, 4050r/ min,,,, m, 5min,, 12m,, (4 ) 1) PDC,,,,,, 1-45 PDC 2) PDC, 30%, 1-45 PDC, A ; B :, ( 80 kn100r/ min), 1m, 1m ( : min), 1-8, ( 80kN 100kN ), 1m, 44

51 , ( 60kN), 1m, ( 60 kn) ( 100r/ min120r/ min80r/ min ), 1m, ( 120r/ min), r/ min 60kN kn min/ m m/ h r/ min min/ m m/ h PDC,,,, r/ min,,,,,,, (5 ),,, ;,,,, 45

52 ,, :,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; : 1,,, ;,, 2,,, D55D75 AP I D E ; 46

53 , 23m 11 4m 14 5m, API 12 2m 16 5m, ( ), ( ), ( ) 4 1 / 2 REG 6 5 / 8 REG, ( ) 88 9mm 3 1 / 2 IF, 108mm 4I F 4 1 / 2 IF, 133 4mm 5 1 / 2 FH 88 9mm ( 3 1 / 2 in )108 0mm ( 4 1 / 4 in )133 4mm (5 1 / 4 in) 2-1 1,,,, 2-1, L, mm ; L 1, mm ; D 1,, mm ; d, mm ; D 2, mm, :, mm, mm API 2-2 DEX ( 95 )G ( 105 )S (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ( 135 ), XG S 36CrNiMo4,, ( ) : 88 9mm (3 1 / 2 in) 114 3mm ( 4 1 / 2 in) 127 0mm ( 5in) m API ( AP I Spec 5D) :,, ;, ( ) (1 ),,,, 2-3,, 47

54 ,, API AISI4137H, 36CrNiMo4, 35CrMo AP I ( GXS ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 5) ( 2 3 / 8 ) ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 5) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5 1 / 2 ) ( 5 1 / 2 ) (2 ) : (A ) (B ) ( C )2-3 48

55 2-2 API ( DE ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 2 3 / 8 ) ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5 1 / 2 ) ( 5 1 / 2 ) ( ) A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B 6 C 7 C C 49

56 (3 ),, ( IF ),,,,, ( FH),, ;, ( REG),,,,, ( NC), AP I, AP I 13, 5 1 / 2 FH (4 ) API API,, API API API 2-4, :, ( in ) 4 1 / 2 REG, 4 1 / 2 in ( 114 3mm), 5 1 / 2 FH 5 1 / 2 in (139 7mm), NC, NC in 1/ 10in NC46 4 6in, 2-5; 17, 2-6; 16, 2-6; EXGS, SY , G M NC50G4 1 / 2 REGG, NC50M, 4 1 / 2 REGM, 6 5 / 8 REGG NC50G5 1 / 2 FHM,, (5 ),, 10mm, 11 5mm;,, 5mm, 11 5mm,, 50

57 2-4 API : mm NC23 V R NC26 V R NC31 V R NC35 V R NC38 V R NC40 V R NC44 V R NC46 V R NC50 V R NC56 V R NC61 V R NC70 V R NC77 V R / 2 FH V / 8 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 2 R EG V / 2 R EG V / 2 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 2 FH V FH V / 2 FH V / 8 FH V / 8 IF V / 8 IF V / 2 IF V IF V / 2 IF V / 2 IF V ; 51

58 NC NC / / 8 IF 31 NC / / 8 IF 35 NC NC / / 2 IF 40 NC FH 44 NC NC IF 50 NC / / 2 IF 56 NC NC NC NC / / 2 FH 2 3 / / 8 R EG 2 7 / / 8 R EG 3 1 / / 2 R EG 4 1 / / 2 R EG 5 1 / / 2 R EG 6 5 / / 8 R EG 7 5 / / 8 R EG 8 5 / / 8 R EG 2-6 mm kg/ m mm

59 mm kg/ m mm ,,, 23,, 1 1),,, 1521, 30 2),, 3),,, 4),,,, 2 9 3m 13 5m,, mm, 25 4mm, 139 7mm, 165 1mm, NC50 (4 1 / 2 IF ), 700kg, 945kg 53

60 2-5 1,,,,, 2,, 46, 2-4,, ;, SY AP I, ( SY ) D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 1 ZT NC ( ) / / ZT NC26-35 ( 2 3 / 8 I F ) / / ZT NC31-41 ( 2 7 / 8 I F ) / ZT NC / ZT NC38-50 ( 3 1 / 2 I F ) / ZT NC / ZT NC / ZT NC / / ZT NC46-62 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC46-67 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) / ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) / ZT NC50-72 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) / /

61 D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 16 ZT NC / / ZT NC / ZT6 5 / 8 R EG / / ZT NC / ZT7 5 / 8 RE G / ZT NC / ZT NC ZT NC ( ) : NCXX, I F, R EG, :,,,, 1,, 2-6,,, 2 (1 ), ( WL ) ( WZ) ( WH) ( WG) (, D)( A),, 2-8,,

62 ( SY ) mm L20 D 1 L 2 5 D 2 d L 3 = 150 L 1 = 350 L 3 = 300 L 1 = 700 mm ( in) ( 6) , , , , , ( 6 1 / 4 ) ( 6 1 / 2 ) ( 7 1 / 2 ) , 159, 57, 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, ( 7 7 / 8 ) ( 8 3 / 8 ) , 500, , , , 1050, , 1200, , 1550, , 1750, ( 8 1 / 2 ) ( 8 3 / 4 ) ( 9 1 / 2 ) , 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, , , 1200, 1550, 1750, ( 9 5 / 8 ) ( 9 7 / 8 ) , 1150, 1300, 1750, 1950, , 1250, 1400, 1850, 2050, ( 12 1 / 4 ) , , , 1500, 1950, 2150, , , 1600, 2050, 2250, ( 17 1 / 2 ) , 1950, 2100, 2550, 2750, , , 2200, 2650, 2850, ( 26 )

63 2-9 ( SY ) mm ( in ) 121 (4 3 / 4 ) NC35 NC35 NC / 2 RE G NC44 NC44 NC (6 1 / 4 ) NC46 NC46 NC / 2 RE G 178 ( 7) NC50 NC50 NC / 2 RE G 203 ( 8) NC56 NC56 NC / 8 RE G 229 ( 9) NC61 NC61 NC / 8 RE G (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,, 1,,, ( ) 2,,,, 2 57

64 : ( ),, 2-7 3,,, ;, ;,, 1,,,,, 2,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 3 1) 2),, 34, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 3), 13, 25 13

65 4),,, 5), 1,,,,, 2,, : 1),, 2), ;,,,,,,,, 3), 241 3mm,,,, mm , , , 228 2, , 228 6, 254 0, ,, :,,, 59

66 m m m m m m m m m m / 8 REGG NC50M 0 37m m NC50 G5 1 / 2 FHM 0 38m ,, 311 1mm 2-8 : ,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13,,,, 1,, 60

67 , 2,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2,,,, 3 61

68 ,, 4,,,, ( ),, 5,,,,, ( ),, 6,,,,, 7,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),,, 3),, 1,, ( ), = 2 - (21) 62

69 , 241 3mm,, 25 4mm 2,, Wc Wc = W m St Kcos (22) W c, kn ; W m, kn ; St, ;, ( ) ; K, d, g/ cm 3 ; K = 1 - d ; s s, 7 85g/ cm 3,, Lc Lc = W c W uc (23) Lc = W m St W uc Kcos (24) Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m, Lc2 Lc 2 = W c - Lc1 W u c1 W uc 2 (25) Lc1, m; W uc 1, kn/ m; 63

70 Lc 2, m; W uc 2, kn/ m Lc1,,,,,, 1 1) ( ) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (API ), (1 ),, Ft Fa (26) Ft, kn ; Fa, kn (2 ) Ft, Ft = ( L p W up + Lc W u c ) K (27) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m (3 ) Fa 1) Fy, Fy API,,,,, Fy 64

71 2-11 API, kn m m in mm N/ m D E X G S / / / / Z / ) Fw, Fy 90% Fw = 0 9 Fy (28) 3) Fa,,, Fw Fw, Stp = F w Fa Fw = 0 9 Fy Fa = 0 9 F y Stp (29) Stp, Fa Fw,,,, Fa 65

72 = Fw - Fa = 0 9 Fy - Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - ( 210),, 4) Fa,,? 2-1, 88 9mm 9 35mm D, 127 0mm 9 19mm S, 1 35, 450kN? : 88 9mm 2-12 Fy = kN, Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy S tp = = ( kn) = 0 9 Fy - Fa = = ( kn) < 450( kn), Fa 127 0mm, 2-12 Fy = kN Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - = = ( kn) Stp = 0 9 F y Fa = = < 1 35, Fa,,,,,, 88 9mm Fa, kN ; 127 0mm Fa, kN,, ; 66

73 2,, (1 ), Fa, Lp Lp = ( F a K - L c W uc ) 1 Wup ( 211) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m; Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m; Fa, kn (2 ), ( )( ) ( ) 1), L p1 = ( F a 1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 ( 212) Lp2 = ( F a2 K - L c W uc - L p1 W up1 ) 1 W up2 ( 213) L p3 = ( F a3 K - L c W uc - Lp1 W up1 - Lp2 Wup2 ) 1 W up3 ( 214) Lp1 Lp2 Lp3, m; W up1 W up2 W up3, kn/ m; Fa1 Fa 2 Fa3, kn,, Lp1 (213 ) Lp2, Lp1 L p2 ( 214) Lp3 2) 2-2 : H = 7500m, d = 1 65g/ cm 3, 177 8mm Lc = 135m, W uc = N/ m, 114 3mmE, 8 56mm, 127 0mmG 9 19mm 12 70mm 67

74 : 450kN, 114 3mm 1 35, 127 0mm 1 40 : K = 1 - d = s 7 8 = 0 788, 114 3mm, 8 56mmE 2-12, W up1 = 242 3N/ m, Fy1 = kN Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 F y1 S tp1 = = 980 6( kn) Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 Fy1 - = = ( kn) Fa1 = ( kn), Lp1 L p1 = ( F a1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 = ( ) = 3684( m) 127 0mm, 9 19mmG 2-12, W up2 = N/ m, Fy2 = kN Fa2 Fa2 = = ( kn ) Fa2 Fa2 = = ( kn ) Fa2 = kN, Lp2 68

75 L p2 = ( ) = 3166m Lp3 Lp3= H - Lc - L p1 - Lp2 = = 515m 127 0mm, 12 70mmG, 2-12, W up3 = N/ m, Fy3 = kN Fa3 Fa3 = = ( kn ) Fa3 Fa3 = = ( kn ) Fa3 = kN, Lp3 Lp3 = ( ) = 1836( m) > L p3 Lp3 = 515m : 127 0mm12 70mmG 127 0mm9 19mmG 114 3mm8 56mmE 178mm 515m 3166m 3684m 135m 7500m,,,,, :, 69

76 ,, ; 1 2m ; ;, ;, 1,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1 2m,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, 0 5m, ;,, (3 ),,,, 1),,,,,,,,,,, 70

77 , 2),,,,,,,,, ph ph, ; ph, ;, ph 9 5,,, ;, ;, ; ;, ;,, ;,, ;,, 2,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, 1,, 71

78 ,,,, 2,,, 315, 3,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),, ph ph,, ph 9 0, 4 1) C75C95 2),, ; ; ph 10 3), ph 1011 ; ; ; ;,,,, 1 : ; ; ; 72

79 (1 ),, 80 %, 62 5%, 62 5% ;, 80 %, 65 %, 55%, 55% 2000m, 812m,, 6mm, 3m 3mm, 2mm (2 ) 2-12 ( SY ) 2-12 mm ( in) kg/ m mm, mm mm mm, mm mm E ( 3 1 / 2 ) NC38 ( 3 1 / 8 I F ) X G S E ( 4 1 / 2 ) NC50 ( 4 1 / 8 I F ) X G S E ( 5 ) NC50 X G S E ( 5 1 / 2 ) / 2 FH X G S :, 1/ 2, 2/ 3, mm, : ( ) 114 3mm 160mm, ( ) 127 0mm 180mm (3 ) ,, 89m, 73

80 5mm, 2m 2 5mm, 2mm 2-13 mm ( in ) mm mm mm ( 6 1 / 4 ) ( 6 1 / 2 ) ( 6 3 / 4 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) ( 9 1 / 2 ) ( 9 3 / 4 ) ( 10 ) mm ( in) ( 10 % ) mmmm mm ( 6 1 / 4 ) ( 6 1 / 2 ) ( 6 3 / 4 ) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 9 1 / 2 ) ( 9 3 / 4 ) 254 ( 10) (4 ) 1) : 3mm, 1mm; 8mm, 1 5mm 2) : 3) 4),, 74

81 5), 2,, 14 7MPa, 0 51min; 19 6MPa, 5min,, 3,, A MKCIV,,,,,,,,, 1 1), 2),,,,,, 3),,, 4) 5),,,, 6), 7), 8),, ( ), 9) 10 ), 11 ),, 75

82 12 ), ( ) 13 ) 14 ),,, ( ) 15 ) 16 ),, 2 (1 ) 1), 2m, 1m, 2) ( ),, 3), 4) 60% 40 % ; ( ) 60% 40 % 5),,,,,, 6),,,,,, (2 ) 1), ;,, 2),,, 3), 4),,, 5),, 6),,,, 7),,, 8), ;, 76

83 9),, 10 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, 11 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ) 1) 2),,, 3),, 4), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 77

84 ,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3-1, 78

85 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A, A, Jo, Jo = d n/ ( 2tg 2 ) dn,, mm; ( ) 2tg ( / 2) = a, a Jo = dn/ a (31),,, 2 vj,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,,,, 3-2,, : 1),,,,, 2), vj, Lo, 3) vj,, v v/ vj = ( Jo + Lo )/ ( Jo + L ) 79

86 Jo = dn/ a, v = vj dn/ a + Lo dn/ a + L = v j dn + alo dn + al ( dn + al o )/ ( dn + al ) = b, b v = bvj (32) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,,,,, 3,,,, pk = v g (33) pk, MPa; v, m/ s;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ( 3-3 ), : 1), po, po = v2 j 2000 g 2),,,,,, 80

87 3), , pk/ po = v 2 / v 2 j = ( bvj) 2 / v 2 j = b 2, b 2 =, b = ( dn + alo )/ ( dn + al ) = [ ( dn + al o)/ ( dn + al ) ] 2 (34) 3-3,,,, 1,,,,? : 1),,, 3-4,,,,,, 2),,,, ; 2 ; 3,,, 81

88 ,,,, x ( d p x d x ) m a x = - 2 b pmo e ( - 1/ 2 ) dn (35) ; 2 pmo, x, m, x = dn/ 2 b (36) px x, pmo = po, MPa; MPa; 3-6 ( 3-5 ),,, b; 2, 20%, 18 %, 60 %,,, , 0 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-8,,,,,, ( vcr ) ( vj ) ( Q) : 82

89 3-8 vcr Qvj (37),, : 3-7 1) ; 2) ; 3) Q vj,,,,,,,,,,, 1( vj ) : vj = Q/ Ant, vj = 1000 Q/ Ant (38) vj, m/ s; Q( ), L/ s; A nt, mm 2, A nt = 3 4 d2 n dn, mm, dn e 83

90 : dn e = ndn (39) n : dn e = d d d 2 n ( 310) d1 d2 dn, mm 2 ( Fj ), Fj t = m vj, Fj = m vj/ t m/ t = Q/ g Fj = Q g v j ( 311) vj = Q, m = ( 311), A nt g Fj Fj = m Q2 Ant = 4 m Q 2 d 2 ne ( 312) ( 313) Fj, kn ;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ; vj, m/ s; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, 3( Nj ) mm,,,,, 84

91 , Nj = 1/ 2 m v2 j t = 1 2 m t v2 j = 1 2 m Qv 2 j vj N j = m Q3 2 A 2 nt ( 314), Nj = 500 m Q 3 A 2 nt ( 315) N j = 8000 m Q 3 2 d 4 ne ( 316) Nj, kw ; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm,,,,, 1,, , 22, p1 v1 p2 v2, H, 3-9 H + p 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 + v2 2 2 g + h 85

92 H, v1, v2, vj, v1 v2, v 2 1 v 2 2, p1 = p 2 + v2 j 2 g + h h, h, h = v2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = (1 + ) v 2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = ( )2 v2 j 2 g = C, C, p 1 p2,, pb, pb = v2 j 2 C 2 g pb = Q 2 2 gc 2 A 2 nt m = / g pb = m Q 2 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 317), pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 318) pb = 8000 m Q2 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 319) pb, 86 MPa;

93 m, g/ cm 3 ; vj, m/ s; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm; C 2,, Nb = pb Q = m Q 3 2 C 2 A 2 nt, Nb = 500 m Q 3 C 2 A 2 nt N b = 8000 m Q 3 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 320) ( 321) Nb, kw; 3,,, ( 315) (320 ), Nj = C 2 Nb ( 322) C 2 C 2 b b = Nj/ N b = C 2 ( 323), ( 318) Q = CAn t 500 m pb 87

94 ( 38 ) vj = 20 C 5 pb m ( 324) ( 318) Q ( 312), Fj = 5 m CQ pb ( 325) 50 ( 324) (325 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 ( 317 ), 1 = C, C 1 +??, 3-10, m, A nt, H, ; 2, (, ), vi H = v2 i 2 g 88

95 Qi, vi vi = Qi/ A nt, H = Q 2 i 2 ga 2 nt Qi = Ant 2 gh ( 326) Qi,,, Qi h vj Q, H = v2 j 2 g + h h, h = v2 j, 2 g H = v2 j 2 g + j v2 2 g = ( 1 + ) v 2 j 2 g vj = Q/ Ant, H = (1 + ) Q 2 2 ga 2 nt Q = A n t 2 gh ( 327) = C, ( 326) Q i = Ant 2 gh Q = CQi ( 328) Q/ Qi = C ( 328),, C,,,, C 1 C, C 2,, 89

96 2,,, dn (1 ), 3-11, C = 0 663, b = C 2 = 0 44,, 44%, (2 ) 3-12,, 56% Ho = 0 5 dn,,, d v/ d Y =,, C = 0 98, = 8, Lo = 5 9 dn (3 ) 3-13, 0 972, 8, , ,, (1 ) ( 3-1 ),, 0 96, 90

97 3-1, d n d n d n d n d n d n (2 ), ;,,,, 3-1,,,,, mm 1/ 32in, : 7/ 32in ( 5 56mm )1/ 4in ( 6 35mm ) 9/ 32in ( 7 14mm )5/ 16in ( 7 98mm )11/ 32in ( 8 73mm )3/ 8in (9 53mm)13/ 32in (10 32mm),, 1( ),,, Lo,,,, 3 dn,, ( ), 91

98 ,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,,, : 1) (, ), 2),,,,, 3),, 4) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 92

99 , 1), ( ), 2),, 3),, 4),, ; ps = pg + pi + pb + pa ( 329) Ns = Ng + Ni + Nb + Na ( 330) psns; pgn g ; pini ; pa Na ; pbnb 1)2)4),, ( 329) (330 ) ps = pcs + pb ( 331) Ns = Ncs + Nb ( 332) psms ; pcsncs; pbnb,,,, 93

100 ,,, pb Nb, pcs Ncs, ( ), 1 ppi = m 0 2 L p Q 1 8 d 4 8 pi ( 333) ppi 0 8 = m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 334) Lp Q 1 8 ppa = m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 335) ppi ppa, M Pa ; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Lp, m; Q, L/ s; dpi, dh, mm; dp, mm; mm 2 mpas;,, 3-14 (1 ) 94

101 pg = m L1 d L 2 d L 3 d L 4 d Q 1 8 ( 336) pg, MPa; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Q, L/ s; mpas; L1 L2 L3 L4 d1 d2 d3 d4 (2 ), mm m, ppi 0 8 = B m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 337) ppi, MPa ; dpi, mm; B, B = , B = ; Lp, m (3 ) Lp Q 1 8 ppa = m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 338) ppa, MPa; dp dh, mm (4 ) 3-14 pci = m 0 2 L c Q 1 8 d 4 8 c i ( 339) pc i, MPa; dci, mm; Lc, m (5 ) 95

102 pca = m 0 2 Lc Q 1 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ( 340) pca, M Pa ; dc, mm, ( 3-37) (3-38 ), ( 3-39) (3-40 ), pp = [ B d 4 8 pi ] 0 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 m 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ( 341) pc = [ d 4 8 ci ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] m Lc Q 1 8 ( 342) 3 ( 336) ( 341 ) ( 342 ), Kg K p Kc, Kg = m 0 2 ( L1 d L 2 d L 3 d L 4 ) ( 343) d Kg K g = m ( 344) Kp = 0 8 m 0 2 Lp [ B d 4 8 pi ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] ( 345) Kc = 0 8 m 0 2 Lc [ d 4 8 ci ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] ( 346) Kcs Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc pcs pcs = pg + pc + pp = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = Kcs Q

103 , Kg Kc Kp, Kcs, 4,,, 0 8 m 0 2 [ B d 4 8 pi ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] = m ( 347) Kp = m L p Kg + Kc = n Kp + Kg + Kc = m Lp + n= m( L - Lc ) + n= m L - m Lc + n n= Kg + Kc n- m Lc = Kg + Kc - m Lc n = Kg + Kc - m Lc ( 348) K g + Kc + Kp = m L + n = Kcs ( 349) L, m; Kcs pcs = Kcs Q 1 8 = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = ( ml + n) Q 1 8 ( 350) mn,, : 1), Q, p1 pg, Kg = p1/ Q 1 8 2), Q, p2 pb = p2 - p1 3) 2 ),, p3, pci = p3 - p2, Kc = p 3 - p2 Q 1 8 4) L1,, p4 Lp = L1 - Lc, ppi = p4 - p3, Kp = p 4 - p3 Q

104 mn m = p4 - p3 L p Q 1 8 ( 351) n = p3 - p2 + p1 Q ( p4 - p3 ) Lp L p Q 1 8 ( 352),, ( 350), (318 ) pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt = Kb Q 2 ( 353) Kb Kb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 354) ( 350) (353 ) ( 331) (332 ) ps = pb + pcs = Kb Q 2 + Kcs Q 1 8 ( 355) Ns = N b + Ncs = Kb Q 3 + Kcs Q 2 8 ( 356), (pb Nb ) 1( ps ) ( Ns ),,,,, 2 ( Kcs ) Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc, Kcs,, (343 ) (345 ) (346 ), m, 4 8 : 1), 2),, 98

105 114mm 127mm 66% 3) Kb (354 ), : m C An t m C m Kcs, ; C,, Kb 4) Q( 355 ) ( 356 ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) Q dn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Nr,,, p r, Qr Nr, pr, ( )3NB1000 3NB Nr = prqr ( 357) Nr, kw; p r, MPa; Qr, L/ s 99

106 3-2 3NB 1000 mm / min L/ s MPa NB 1300 mm / min L/ s MPa NB 1000, 3-15 Qm ax Qmin ( 170mm ) ( 120mm ) L,, pcs,,,,, ;,,, 1, Q < Qr,, ps p r, Ns = prqq, Ns, Q = 0, = , Q < Qr ; Q = Qr, Ns Nr 2 Q > Qr, Ns, Nr ( 3-57), ps = Nr/ QNr,,, ps Q 3-16,, 100 Ns

107 3-15 Nb N j C 2,,, Nb (355 ) ( 356 ) ( 324 ) (325 ),, : Q < Qr,, ;, ; Q = Qr,,,,,, : vj, Fj, Nj, Nb pb pb = ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (358 ) Nb = Q ( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) (359 ) vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (360 ) Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ( 361) 3-16 Kv = 20 C m Kf = 50 m C

108 pb ps, M Pa; vj, m/ s; Fj, kn ; Nb, kw; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; C, 3-17? Q, 317,, pbvj Q, ; Fj Nb Q,,, :?,, : ( Nbm a x ) ; ( Fjm ax ) ; ( vjm ax ) ( N E ), N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjma x,, N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjm ax, NE,? Nbm a x 1 (1 ), Ns = Nr ( 359) N b = Q( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) = ps Q - Kcs Q 2 8 = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 Ns = Nr 102

109 Nb = Nr - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 362) ( 359), Q, N b ; Q, N b, Q, Qr, N bm ax Q = Qr (2 ), ps = p r ( 361) ( ps = pr ), N b = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 = pr Q - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 363) Nbm a x d N b d Q = 0, d Nb d Q = p r Kcs Q 1 8 = 0 pr = 2 8 Kcs Q 1 8 = 2 8pcs pcs = p r = pr ( 364) pb = pr ( 365) Ncs = Ns ( 366) N b = Ns ( 367) pcs = pr (3 ) Kcs = ml + n (362 ) ( 363), Q Qr, N b = Nr - ( m L + n) Q 2 8 ( 368) Q < Qr, N b = pr Q - ( ml + n) Q 2 8 ( 369) L ( 368) (369 ), 318, , 2 3, 2 2 2, Q = 103

110 3-18 Qr, pb pr2, pb = p r2, 2, ; 2, ( ),, Ln c 2, Qa, 3 Q = Q a 3, Ln a :, Ln c, Q = Qr, pcs = ( mlnc + n ) Q 1 8 r = pr L nc = pr mq 1 8 r - n m ( 370) L na = p r mq 1 8 a - n m ( 371) 3( Qo ) ( dn ) : L < L nc, Q = Qr ; ( 372) L > L n a, Q = Qa ; ( 373) Ln c < L < Ln a,, :pcs = pr, pcs = ( m L + n ) Q 1 8 Qo, Qo = ( p r m L + n ) 1/ 1 8 ( 374) 104

111 : ( 319), dne = ( 8000 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 375) pb dn = ( 889 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 376) pb dn e, dn, mm; mm; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; pb, MPa; C,, pb,,, pcs pr pb, pb = p r - pcs 4 1), ( ),, Ln c pb = pr - pcs pb pb 2) L nc 35 7%,, Qo,, 64 3 % 3) L na, Qa,,,,,,,,, :,, 2000m 2500m, 2500m 2500m,, 2/ 3,,,? 105

112 ,,, ( 361), Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8, Q > Qr, Fj = Kf Nr Q - ( m L + n) Q 3 8 ( 377), Q < Qr, Fj = Kf p r Q 2 - ( m L + n ) Q 3 8 ( 378) L ( 377) (378 ), , Fjma x ,,,, , d F j d Q = 0, F jm ax pcs = = p r ( 379) 106

113 pb = pr ( 380) 2 (1 ), 12345, LFc, LF a LF c = p r m Q 1 8 r - n m ( 381) LF a = p r m Q 1 8 a - n m ( 382) (2 ) L < K Fc, Q = Qr ; L > LFa, Q = Qa ; LF c < L < LFa, Q = Qo; Qo = ( p r 1/ 1 8 ) ( m L + n 383) 3 1) Qr LF c,, 2) LFc, 52 6%,,,, 47 4% 3) LFa, Qa,,,, ( 3-60), vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 :, vj, 0,, Qa vjma x Q = Q a

114 34 L < L c L > L c N bmax Q = Q r p cs = p r F jmax Q = Q r p cs = p r v jmax Q = Q a N E Q = Q a,,, : ; 1 ( Qa ) Qa, va Qa = 4000 ( d2 h - d 2 p ) va ( 384) Qa, L/ s; dh, mm; dp, mm; va, m/ s, m/ s,,, 2 ( ), K gk p Kcmn, Kcs = m L + n, m, n,, mn, 3 : Qr Qa ; 108

115 ( ), Nrp rqr, ( 10% 5% ),,, 4 1), : ( 370) ( 371) (381 ) (382 ) 2), ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs p r p r - p cs 3-6 ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs p r p r - p cs 3) dne = ( 8000 C 2 2 pb m Q 2 ) 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 4) () 216mm, 177 8mm 135m, 127mm, 4300m, 1 40g/ cm 3, 20mPas, 27M Pa, 3NB

116 : 1( Qa ), va = 1m/ s Qa = ( d2 h - d 2 p ) 4000 = ( L/ s) va = ( ) : 177 8mm dci = 71 44mm 127mm dpi = 112mm ( 3-44) ( 3-46) ( 3-47) ( 3-48) Lc Kc = m d 4 8 c i ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 = = ( ) 3 ( ) 1 8 Kg = m 0 2 = = m = m d 4 8 pi = = ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) ( ) 3 ( ) 1 8 n = Kg + Kc - mlnc = = , 27M Pa,, 25MPa ,,,,, : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 27 3M Pa : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 25MPa 4 ( 370) (371 ) : 110

117 L nc = p r m Q 1 8 r = - n m = 3580 ( m) L n a = p r m Q 1 8 a = - n m = 6638 ( m) 5 3-5, N b = pb Q Fj = 5 m CQ 50 pb vj = 20 C 5 m pb Nj = C 2 Nb m Q 2 dn e = 8000 C 2 2 pb 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 7,,,,, 3-7, 1000m, dne = mm,, 8 839mm,, : 899mm, ( 310 ), mm,,,,,, ( ) 111

118 112

119 ,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 W vm,,, 4-1,,,, oa,,,, ab,,, c,,, W a,,,, W b 113

120 ,,, 4-1 ab : vm ( W - M ) (41) M, ab W,,, 4-1,,,,,,,,, 2, n,, 4-2,, 1, vm n (42),,, ,,,, 3,,, 4-3 H 01, ( Ht ), ( H)Ht = 0, Hf = 1 43 vm C2 Ht (43) C2, C2 = 0 54, C2 0C2 C2, 114

121 4-2 W 1 > W 2 > W 3 ; 4-3 vmo, C2 vm1 = 1/ 2 vmo ; C2 = 2Ht = 1, vm2 = 1/ 3 vmo = 1Ht = 1,, Ht, Ht = 1,, 1/ 3, C2 = 2 4,,,,,, 1975 ( 4-4 ),,,,,,, 4-4 Ncj = v 0 31 j 4-4 (44) 115

122 CH = v m vj = N c Ncj (45) Ncj, W/ mm 2 ; vj, m/ h; Nc, W/ mm 2 ; vm, m/ h; CH 1, ( 45) CH 1,, CH 1 ( 45 ) vm = CH vj (46) 5,, 4-5, vm v0 = e p (47) vm, m/ h; v0, m/ h; e; p, kpa Cp = e p 4-5 ( 47 ) vm = Cpv0 (48) Cp, 0 < Cp 1 ( 47 ), p, Cp, p 0, Cp 1,, 6,,,, (1 ),,,,,, 116

123 ,, (2 ),,,, (3 ), ,, 4%,, 1m, ( 12 ) 11,,, 4-7,,,,, ,,,,,,,, 117

124 vm ( W - M ) n C2 Ht (49) Ko, vm = K o( W - M ) n C2 Ht ( 410) ( 410) 1969 Ko,,,, ( 410 ) K o,,,, d F d t = KCp CH ( W - M ) n C2 Ht ( 411) F t K, Ko = KCp CH ( 411 ) K, K,, Ko,,,,,, 1 h,,,, h h, ( H) H = h h ( 412) h = 0, H = 0, h = h, H = 1H 01, (1 ), 118

125 4-8 d Ht d t 1 D2 - D1 W ( 413), d H t D1 d t D2,, 4-1 D1 D2 ( 413 ), 4-8 D2/ D1,, D2/ D1 4-1 mm D D (2 ), ( n ),, d Ht d t 4-9 d Ht d t ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 414) PQ, PQ 4-2P 4-9 Q,, PQ PQ 4-2, PQ, (3 ),,, 119

126 4-2 P Q C , 4-10, 120

127 d Ht d t C1 Ht ( 415) C1, C1 C1 ( Ht = 1), ( Ht = 0) C1 = 3, 3, 1/ C1 4-2 (4 ), d Ht d t Pn + Qn 3 ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 416),,,, 416 Af, (416 ) : d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 417) Af, Af Af,, Af 10 3, (417 ) d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 418), P QC1 D1 D2 Af, m, A f = mm 21, W = 196kN, n = 110r/ min, 5h10h, : ( 4-1 ) (4-2) 251mm 21 D1 = , D2 = 6 44, P = 1 5, Q = , C1 = 5 121

128 ( 418), H f ( 1 + C1 Ht )d Ht = ( D2 - D1 W ) T d t 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ),, Hf C1 2 H2 f + Hf - Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T = 0 Hf = C1 T = 5h, Ht = ; T = 10h, Ht = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) T C1 Hf = 1,, T = 15 43h 2,,,, B B = - min - min m a x ( 419), mm; min, mm; m ax, mm, Bf = 1,, (1 ) B = 0,,,,, 4-11 d B d t W1 5 ( 420) (2 ),,,, 122

129 d B d t n ( 421) (3 ), d B d t nw 1 5 ( 422) 4-11, b d B d t = 1 b nw1 5 ( 423) (423) b, kn 1 5 r/ minh b b,,, b ( 423) B f 0 T d B = 1 0 b nw 1 5 d t Bf = 1 b nw 1 5 T ( 424) Wn, T, Bf, b b = n W1 5 Bf T ( 425) ( 425) b b, ( 424 ) ( 424), Bf = 1, b, TB TB = b nw 1 5 ( 426) 123

130 mm 21 W = kn, n = 120r/ min, 15h,, T2, B6 :, T2 ( 2/ 8 ), B6 (6/ 8 ), ( 425) b = 1 5 nw Bf T = / 8 = ( 426), TB = b nw 1 5 = = 20 ( h), : KM C2 Af, 1 (1 ) M,,,, vm1 vm2 = ( W 1 - M ) n 1 (1 + C2 Ht2 ) ( W 2 - M ) n 2 (1 + C2 Ht1 ) ( 427), Ht1 Ht2 V m1 V m2 W 1 W 2 n1 n2 (427 ),, M,, 4-12, : 1) Wo no 1m, Wo no 1m t1 ( s) 2) W LnL 1m, WL n L t2 124

131 3) WL, nh, 1m, WLnH t3 4) nh, W H, 1m, W H nh t4 5 ) W H, nl, 1m, W H nl t5 6) W o no, 1m, W ono t6 4-3, (428 ) 412 vm i = 3600 m/ h ( 428) ti vm i i, m/ h; ti i, s/ m, = v m1 - vm6 vm1 15% 15 %,,,, M 43 W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h 1 W o n o t 1 v m1 2 W L n L t 2 v m2 3 W L n H t 3 v m3 4 W H n H t 4 v m4 5 W H n L t 5 v m5 6 W o n o t 6 v m6, (427 ), Ma = v m5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 ( 429) Mb = v m4 WL - vm3 W H vm4 - vm3 ( 430) Ma M b M 125

132 M = 1 2 ( M a + Mb ) ( 431),, (427 ) : a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg ( n L/ n H ) ( 432) b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg( nh/ n L ) ( 433) a b = 1 2 ( a + b ) ( 434) 4-3, 4-4, M : = v m1 - vm6 = vm = = 7 3 % < 15% 15%, W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h ( 429) ( 430) ( 431) M Ma = vm5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 126

133 = = ( kn) M b = v m4 WL - vm3 W H = vm4 - vm = ( kn) M = 1 2 ( M a + M b ) = 1 2 ( ) = 13 90( kn) ( 432) ( 433) ( 434) a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg( nl/ nh ) = lg( ) lg( ) = b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg ( n H/ nl ) = lg( ) lg( ) = ( 2) = 1 2 ( a + b ) = M,, 6m,,, ( 427) H,, M,,,,,,, : L, m; L = L EA W 127 ( 435)

134 W, kn ; E; A, cm 2 ; L W, m, W vm = L t = L EA W t ( 436),, ( 436) vm = W E t LP AP + L C A C ( 437) LP LC, m; A P AC, cm 2,,, : n1,, ;, ;, W (10kN 20kN) t (s), ; 1/ 2, ; n2, W, kn W a, kn n 1, n/ min n 2, r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h W o 0 0 W 1 W a - 1 t 1-1 v m( 1-1 ) t 2-1 v m( 2-1 ) t 1-1 t 2-1 W 2 W a - 2 t 1-2 v m( 1-2 ) t 2-2 v m( 2-2 ) t 1-2 t 2-2 W 3 W a - 3 t 1-3 v m( 1-3 ) t 2-3 v m( 2-3 ) t 1-3 t 2-3 W n t 1 - n t 2 - n W n + 1 W a - n t 1 - n v m( 1 - n) t 2 - n v m( 2 - n ) t 1 - ( n - 1) t 2 - ( n + 1) 128

135 ,,, H = 0, M vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 1-2 ) = W a M a - 1 Wa M a - 1 Ma - 1 = v m ( 1-1 ) Wa vm ( 1-2 ) W a - 1 vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = W a W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) ( 438) vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-3 ) Ma - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Ma - ( n - 1 ) Ma Ma = M a Ma Ma - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 439) Mb - 1 = W a W vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-1 ) - vm ( 2-2 ) ( 440) vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-3 ) M b - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Mb - ( n - 1 ) M b M b = M b Mb M b - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 441) Ma M b 20%,, ; 20%, M = 1 2 ( Ma + Mb ) ( 442),,,, : vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = n1 n2 vm ( 1-1 ) 1 = lg vm ( 2-1 ) lg n 1 n2 ( 443) vm( 1-2 ) vm ( 2-2 ) 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n ) vm ( 2 - n ) n 129

136 = n n ( 444) m 114mm 1000m 178mm 186 2kN W = 19 8kN t ( s) 4-6 M E = Pa 4-6 W, kn W a, kn n 1 = 180r/ min n 2 = 120r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h : ( 437) 19 6kN vm vm = W E t = LP A P + L C A C t = ( m/ h ) t vm 4-6 ( 438) 180r/ min Ma Ma1 = W a W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = = 22 4( kn) 130

137 Ma2 = kN ; Ma3 = kN ; Ma4 = kN Ma = = 24 3 ( kn) 120r/ min M b Mb1 = 18 3kN; Mb2 = 36 01kN ; Mb3 = 22 7kN; Mb4 = 25 13kN Mb = = 25 54( kn) = = 4 9% 20%,, M M = Ma + M b 2 = ( kn) = ( 4-43), = lg v m ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = 0 76 lg n 1 n2 = lg lg , 2 = 0 76; 3 = 0 8; 4 = 0 79; 5 = 0 78 = 2( K) = 0 778, H0, (4-11 ) K = vm CP CH ( W - M ) n ( 445) CP ( 4-1 ab ) 131

138 K, CH = 1 3 ( C2 ), vmo, vmf, Hf, (411 ) vmo vmf Ho = 0, = C2 Ho C2 Hf vmo = vmf ( 1 + C2 Hf ) C2 = v mo - vmf vmf Hf ( 446) 4( Af ) ( 418) d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 1 + C1 Hf ) d H, Af Af = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ) ( 447) T, h,, Af mm 21, W = kn, n = 180r/ min, 9 6m/ h, ( CH = 1 ), CP = 0 78, 25h 4 5m/ h T7, M = 24 92kN, = : W = 156 8kN ; n = 180r/ min; CH = 1; CP = 0 785; M = 24 92kN ; = 0 778; vmo = 9 6m/ h; vm f = 4 5m/ h; D1 = 0 016; D2 = 6 11; P = 1 5; Q = ; Hf = 7 8 = 0 875; C1 = 5; T = 25h ( 445) K 132

139 K = = vmo CP CH ( W - M ) n ( ) = ( 446) C2 C2 = v mo - vm f = vmf Hf = ( 447) Af Af = = 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C1 2 H2 f ) 1000 ( ) 25 ( ) ( ) = ,,,,,, C, / m; Cb, ; Cr, / h; T, h ; T t,, h; F, m C = C b + Cr ( T + T t ) F ( 448) ( 448),,,,,, ( 448) F T ( 411 ) ( 418) ( 411) 133

140 ( 418) ( 450) (449 ) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n d t 1 + C2 Ht d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 449) ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 450) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1 + C 1 Ht d Ht 1 + C2 Ht ( 451), ( 451 ), Hf, F d F = o KCP CH ( W - M ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) H f n Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) o 1 + C1 Ht 1 + C2 Ht d Ht F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 452), C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 452) J = KCP CH ( W - M ) n ( 453) S = A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) ( 454) E = C 1 ( 452) C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 455) F = J S E ( 456) ( 453), J H = 0, m/ h S H = 0 1/ hs J/ S J, S, E, 134

141 ( 452) (456 ) ( 450), Hf T d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) H f 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 0 ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 457), T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 457) ( 454) S (457 ), Ff = Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 458) T = Ft S ( 459) ( 459), Ft E, ( 456) ( 459) (4 48 ), C = Cb + Cr Ft S + T t J S E = C b S + Cr ( Ft + Tt S) JE ( 460) TE = C b Cr + Tt C = Cr JE ( T E S + Ft ) ( 461) T E, JESF ( 461 ), ( WnHfCp CH ) C C = Cr KCP CH ( W - T E Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) + H f + C 1 2 H2 f M ) n C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) 135 ( 462)

142 , ( 462 ) 2,, C W = 0; C n = 0; C Hf = 0; C Cp = 0; C CH = 0 ( 463) CP CH, CP CH,, CP CH, 1,,, CP 1, CH = 1,,, C W = 0 ; C n = 0 ; C Hf = 0 ( 464) ( W n Hf ),, n, n > 0,, : 1) : 1Hf > 0 ; 2) : 1Bf > 0; 3) : M0, D2/ D1 > W > M ; ( 465) 4) : n > 0 M < 0, D2/ D1 > W > 0;,,, T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f, T = bb f nw 1 5 bbf nw 1 5 = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f 136

143 Bf = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f nw 1 5 b ( 466) ( 466), 2 ),,, 1, n Hf,, W opt ;, C W, : W opt = D 2 D1 + U Ft - U Ft U Ft + D 2 D1 - M ( 467) U = T E A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 D1 ( 467) n Hf,, D2/ D1,, ; D2/ D1,, 2,,, nopt C n, nop t, nopt = 3 q 2 + q p q 2 - q p 3 3 ( 468) q = F t ( D2 - D1 W ) T EAfQ p = P Q (468 ) W Hf :, 3,,, : 1) ; 2),,, ;,,, 137

144 ,,, ; 46, n1 = 60r/ min, n2 = 120r/ min, n3 = 180r/ min K = , A f = 2 28, M = 9 8kN, = mm 21, C2 = 3 68, Cb = 9000, 700 / h, CH = 1, CP = 1, 5 75h, T6 : 251mm 21 : Cb = 9000 ; Cr = 700 / h; Tt = 5 75h ; K = ; Af = 2 28 ; M = 9 8kN ; = 0 68 ; Hf = 0 75 ; D1 = ; D2 = 6 44 ; P = 1 5; Q = ; C1 = 5 ; C2 = 3 68, 4-7, 4-7 n, r/ min Pn + Qn U = T EA f 1000 D 1 ( Pn + Q n 3 ) U F t W opt = D 2 D 1 + U F t - U F t U F t + D 2 D 1 - M, kn D 2 - D 1 W S = A f ( P n + Qn 3 ) 1000( D 2 - D 1 W) T = F t S, h J = K C P C H ( W - M ) n F = J S E, m C = C r JE ( T E S + F t ), / m E = C 1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln( 1 + C2 Hf ) 138

145 = ln( ) = 0 89 Ft = Hf + C1 2 H2 f = = T E = C b Cr + Tt = = 18 61, 4-7, n = 60r/ min, W = kn, W - n 4-13 ( H f = 0 75) : 1 n 1 = 60r/ min; 2n 2 = 120r/ min; 3n 3 = 180r/ min 13 48h, 67 81m, / m, W - nc (4-13) 4-13, T6 ( Hf = 0 75 ), n = 60r/ min, W = kN 139

146 , 1,,,,, 2, ;,, 3, ;,, 1 ( ), ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( R) 5 ( Ra ) 140

147 ( Rh ) 7( S h ),, m, :, ;, ;, 1,,,, 5-3 ( a),, 5-3 ( b),,,,,, 2 141

148 ,,,, 5-4,,,,,,,,,, 3 5-5, (a), A,, ; B,,, ;, ( b), A,, ; B,, 5-5,,,,,,,,,,,, : 45, ; 60, ; 142

149 4560, ;,,,,, : 1),, 2),, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 5-6,,,, T ;, G, : 1( Fi ) W, W Fo Fi Fi,,, Fi = Wsin (51) 5-6 2( Fd ) G FW Fc Fc,,, Fd 143

150 3 ( Ff ) Fd = Gsin 2, (52) dk ; ( <, 4 Ff = Wd ksin2(- ) 2 Ff ) (53), ( F1 + Ff ) Fd F F = Fi + Ff - Fd F = Wsin+ 1 2 Wdk sin2(- ) Gsin (54) F = 0,,, F > 0,,, F < 0,,, : 1),,, ;,, 2),,,,, ;,, ;,, 3),,,,,,,,, 144

151 1,,,, 5-7 ( a) 5-7 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) +, : 5-7 ( b), T 2 T 1, L2 > L1,, G2 > G1, ; T 1, T 2, 5-7 (c),,,,,, 2,, ;,,,,, (1 ) 145

152 12,,, (2 ),,, Ls Ls = - b + b 2-4 ac 2 a (55) a = 2 qsin ; b = W r; c = rei; I = 64 ( d4 c - d 4 ci ) ; r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) Ls, m; q, kn/ m;, W, kn ; ( ) ; EI, knm 2 ; E = kn/ m 2 ; r, m; db, m; dc, m; dci, m,,, 10% 20% (3 ),,, mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 8,, W = 100kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W uc = 134 7kg/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W uc = = kn/ m r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) = 1 2 ( ) = m 146

153 EI = ( ) = 6135( knm2 ) ( 5-5 ), Ls = a = sin8= b = = c = = ( ) = 22 58( m), L = ( ) Ls = ( ) = ( m),, 2 ( 18m ) 3 1),, ( 23 ),, 50% ;, 20% 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, , mm, m, mm, m ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4),, 147

154 ,,,,,, 1 35 :,,,,, ;,,,,, 5-8,,, ;,, 2,,,,, (1 ), ( ), ( ), 5-8, ;, (2 ),, 148

155 L = 4 16 W u sin (56) L ( ), m;, m; EI, knm 2 ; W u, kn/ m;, ( ),,,, 9m mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 2,, W = 200kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W u c = 134 7kN/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W u c = = 1 118( kn/ m) = = ( m ) EI = 6135( knm 2 ) ( ) 5-6, L = sin2 = 6 9 ( m), L = 6 9m, = L = 0 3m, = 1 55m,,, = = 4 28 ( m) 149

156 ( 1 55m ) ( 4 28m ) ( 1 55m) (9m) ( 1 55m) (3 ) 1),,,,,, 3mm, 6mm 2),,, ;,,, 3),,,,,, 3,,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, ;, ;,,, 4),,,,,,, 5),,,,,,,,, 150

157 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75% 80% 311 2mm mm mm,,,,,,,, 1,,,,, 13, 9m 1 1 5mm, 3mm,, : :,,,,,, 2,,,,, :

158 :,,,, ;,,, ;, ;, 3,, (1 ) 1),, ; 2),,, ; 3), (2 ) 1), 180 ; 2),, ; 3), ; 4) 152

159 1887, 30, 50, 1),, 2),, 3),,,,,,,,,,, L, 1,?,,, :,, 6-1, 6-2 ( b), 6-1, 6-2 (a),, 2 153

160 1), 2) 6-2 : Oa, a ; ab,, ; bg,, ; gd,, ; de,, 3) ; d; L L ; 6-2 4),, 3,,,,, L,, K H K;,, L, KA, S = Lsin

161 KA = S = Lsin = K sin K= KA sin a, ; ( L ), ()() ( ) (L ) () ( ), Ka K K, : 1, H, 6-2 b f Hb Hf,,, H 2,, S,,, 6-2 b f SbSf,,, S 6-2, b f S 3,, C,, 6-2 eg CeCg (, S = C, A ) 4,, ;, 1, ( ), ( ),,,,,, K = L (61) K ( ), ( )/ m; 155

162 , L, 2 ( ) ; m, (1 ) : K = K 2 + K 2 sin 2 (62) K ; K ;, ( ), c (62) K = ( L )2 + ( L ) 2 sin 2 c (63) ( 63 ),, ( 63 ) L : = sin 2 c (64) (2 ) 6-3 (64 ) :,, 6-3: OP ; BOP = c ;, OB = ; ; B OP, C, CA = ; AB, AB,, = arc cos(cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 cos) (65) 156

163 ( 65 ) ( 61 ) (3 ) = ( 4) cos (66) 6-1 : ( ) : 12, ; 34,, ; 567,, ; ( 5), 567,,,,,,,,, : 157

164 ,, 1 6-4, ( 6-4 ) : = 57 3 a + b ( ) (67) d : : ,, ,,,, ;,,,, 2 ( d0 ), 6-6 h Do h = D0 - do (68),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 6-5 :, 1 ; 2 ;,, 3 ; 4, 10m 100m, ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 158

165 6-2 mm mm mm ( ) ( K ), ( 10m )

166 6-3 ( ) 95 mm (3 ) 127 mm (5 ) 165mm (6 ) 197 mm ( 7 ) 245mm (9 ) mm (30 m) - 1 mm ( 30m ) - 1 mm (30 m) - 1 mm ( 30m ) - 1 mm (30 m) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 13 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) (10 ) (15 ) ( 7 ) ( 10 ) (12 ) ( 17 ) ; 2 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 160

167 1, 6-7,,, ( m ),,, m = 0 + (69) 0,,,,,,,,,, 45m,, :, :,, B,, A, F1, C F2 A,, AC, F1 L1 = F2 L2 ( 610) L1 L2 ; F2 F1,,, 11 5m 35mm,,,,,, m, 2030m,,,, :,,,, 1,,,, 161

168 2, FO T, FO T = 6 EJ L T L W T sin ( 611) E ; J ; LT ; L ; ; W T ; ; FO T L,,, : 1) FO T 6-8, FO T,, 2), FO T 3) FO T L T, W T FO T,, FO T, 4) FO T, 3,,, 6-9 :, vt ( vt 162

169 ), 6-9,,,, ( 6-9 ) : CBO, CO 2 = CB 2 + BO 2-2 CBBOcosCBO ( R + ) 2 = L 2 + R 2-2 R Lcos( 90- ), 2 ; K = 1/ R= d (d ), 2 K = d L v c Lvt ( 612), : 1) K vc vc, 2) K vt,,, 3) K ( L 2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 6-10 (a) ; 6-10 ( b ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 6-11,,,, ( ), 6-12 (a), 0, 163

170 ; 2 ; 3 ; , 6-12 ( b ), oab, o o1 z, ao1 z 90 ( ) ; oo1 (),,,,, 164

171 = 1 + ( 613) ; 1 ; :, 1, :,,,, , 1 1 ;; O1 O, Z, 2, 2, cos 2 = cos 1 cos- sin 1 sin cos ( 614) tg= sinsin sin 1 cos+ cos 1 sin cos ( 615) sin= sin 2 sin sin ( 616) tg 2 = sin cos sin2 - sin 2 1 sin 2 sinsin ( 1 - ) ( 617) ( 617) =2arc tg sin cos sin2 - sin 2 1 sin 2 sinsin ( 1 - ) ( 618), : > 0, + ; < 0, :, - ;, =, (617 ) ( 618) tg 2 = 0 0, : tg 2 = tgcos 1 ( 619) 165

172 2 (1 ) :,, ;,, (,, ) ( 614 ) 6-13 (619 ) ( ),, : 1) ; ; 2) : ; (2 ) 1), (618 ), 2), ( 614) ( ), = 0, cos 2 = cos( 1 + ) 166

173 2 = 1 + = 2-1 = = 0 = 180: = -, = 0,,, 1 K :( )L 2 ( 615), 1,, =arc cos - tg tg 1 ( 620) ( 620) (615 ) ( 614) = arc sin(sinsin 1 ) ( 621) 2 = arc cos cos 1 cos ( 622) ( 61 ) : L = ( 621) : ( ), 1, 90 90, + 90, - 90 = arc tg(tgsin 1 ) ( 623), > 0 + ; < 0 - = arc cos (cos 1 cos) - 1 ( 624) L = / K, 1 = 2, K= 0(62) K= K sin ( 625) 167

174 K= L L = K sin ( 626) = KL = sin 1 = arc cos - tg 2 tg 1 ( 627) ( 627), > 0, + ; < 0, A La = 1200m, a = 18, a = 140, K = 9 / 100m, 150m b 110? : ( 61 ) = LK = 150m ( 9 / 100m) = 13 5 = b - a = = - 30 ( 618), = - 2arc tg sin13 5 cos ( - 30 ) - sin sin 2 18 sin 2 ( - 30 ) sin ( - 30 ) sin( ) = ( ) ( 614) b = arc coscos18 cos13 5- sin18 sin13 5 cos( )= 25 92,, = b = , b = 110 L 1) 90 ; 2) ; 3 ) : 1) (623 ) 168

175 = arc tg- tg( - 30 ) sin18= L = K = / 100m = 112 4m ( 624) = arc cos(cos18 cos10 12 ) - 18= 2 57 = 270 2) (621 ) = arc sin- sin ( - 30 ) sin18= 8 89 L = K = / 100m = 98 8m = - arc cos - tg8 89 tg18 = ( ) = arc cos cos18-18= cos8 89 3) (625 ) K= K sin = 9 / 100m sin18 = / 100m : 100m, 29 12,, 30 L L = / 100m = 103m = K L = ( 9 / 100m) 103m = 9 27,, 6-14, 169

176 6-14 1) ON 2) ON, OA, NOA =, OA 1 ( 1 ) 3 ) A, ( ),, OA D 4) OA, OB, AB 5 ) DAB = 1, DAB= 2, OA OB, 1, 2 ( 66 ) = 12,= 210, 2, = 8,? : 6-14NOA = 210, OA = 12cm(1cm 1 ), 12 ;A, 2cm ( 2 ), OA = 8 DAB = 64 ; DAB= 132 ; OB = 13cm; OB= 8 3cm 64, 13 ; 132, 8 3, ( ), ( ) ; 1) = 0, ( ), ; 2) = 180, ; 3 ), ;, ; ;,, ( M T ) MT,, n n 6-15 OC,, MT 170,

177 n, OC, n ( n = n ) ( s ) s = n + = n ( 628) : n MT,, M T ; M m M T ;M m n,, n 6-15 n, n, 1 : a b a b, ) AO AB = a () ; 2) A, A = = b - a ; 3) AC = b ; 4) B BD, OBD = ( ) ; 5) CBO, CBD = = n = n - n ; 6) n = n + n n, n = 0, n = n = 2 : 1) (64) (65) ; 2) (616 ) ; 3) (628 ) n m, z = 60, Sz = 500 m 1200mA A = 10, A = 30, CA = 200 m, A = 18, 1130m A = 7 5, A = 25, SA = 60, K = 1 40 / 10m6-17 : 1)? 2) (9m ) m a x? 171

178 6-16 n ; 2 3) SA? : 1) tg( A + ) = BZ AB = = OZsin Z - OAsin A OZcos Z - OAcos A 500 sin sin cos cos18 = A + = = = ) m ax, ( 621), : = 1 = A = 10 K L = ( 1 40 / 10m ) 9m = 1 5 m a x = arcsin sin1 5 sin10 = ) SA ( 6 20 ), +, = arccos ( - tg1 5 cos10 ) =

179 n, 618 OA = A= 7 5cm; OB = A = 10cm; = A - A= 5 = 20, n = SA- A- = = 15, A SA SA = A + + n = = ,,,,, 1,,, ;,, ;,, ;, ;, S, 2,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, 6-19 T, ; 2 T, T, T, O, T O = T - ( 629), 173

180 3,,,, 4 (1 ),,,,,,, ( ),, K m < KT = ( D - D T ) - f L 2 T ( 630) K m, ( )/ 100m; KT, ( )/ 100m; D, mm; DT, mm; LT, m; f, f = 0, f = 36mm,,, ( c ), Km < Kc = [ c] C1 C2 Dc ( 631) Kc [ c ], Pa; Dc, cm; C1, ; C2, [ c ], K m [ c ], [ c] = Dc Km ( 632) ( 631), [ c ], [ c ],, Km 174

181 (2 ),,,,,, :,,,, : ;, ; ; ;, ( ) 1,, (),, :, : 1), 6-20; 2), 6-21; 3), 6-22; 4),

182 , ;,,,,,,,,, 5, S,,,,,,,,, 2 (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), 15,, 1530,, ; ; 3050,, ; 60,,, (3 ) 176

183 (710 5 / 100m, 7 / 100m, 30 5 / 100m, K m, 3,,, (1 ) 4, ) : H; A; ; Hz ; HXZ ; ; K1 [ ( )/ 100m ], K2 [ ( )/ 100m] R1 = 57 3 m; R2 = 57 3 m; K1 2) : K2 H A, AHHZ, eh a; a ah ao1, ao1 = R1, R1, O1 ; e ed, ed =, HXZ, ed d ; d ed do2, do2 = R2, O2, R2 ; O1 O2, O1 O2 o0 ; 6-24 R1 + R2, O1 O2 O0 gf ; O1 g O2 f, O1 g O2 f O1 O2 bc bc, bc m 3) : 177

184 bc, m ; bcd, Hb HcHd AbAcAd ; : ab = R1 m 57 3 ; cd = R 2 m ; de = H XZ cos ; bc = H - H Z - R1sin m - R2 ( sin m - sin ) - H XZ cos m L = HZ + ab + bc + cd + de 4) : ( ) D = 2530m,,,, (2 ) S, S ) k fg, tg m = fg kg = A0 aj - ak - gj = A0 H0 - ( R1 + R2 ) tg( m/ 2) R1 + R2 = R0, tg m = A0 H0 - R0 tg( m/ 2) tg m 2 = H 0 - H A R0 A0 2 R0 - A0 ( 633) H0 = H - HZ - H XZ + R2 sin ( 634) A0 = A - AXZ + R2 (1 - cos ) ( 635) R0 = R1 + R2 ( 636) 178

185 6-25 m, ; H A 2 0 H, m; A, m; HZ, m; R1, m; R2, m; H XZ, m; m, ( ) ;, ( ) HXZ, tg 2) AXZ = H XZ, ( 633), H A R0 A0,, H A R0 A0 : H A R0 A0 > 0,, ; H A R0 A0 = 0, - 2 R0 A0 < 0, ( 633),,,,, H A R0 A0 < 0, H A R0 A0 = 0,, tg m 2 = A 0 H0 ( 637) tg m = H0 R0 - A0 ( 638) sin m = H 0 R0 ( 639) cos m = R0 - A0 R0 ( 640) 179

186 ( 633), 2 R0 - A0 = 0,,, tg m 2 = A 0 2 H0 ( 641) 3) H1 = R1 sin m A1 = R1 (1 - cos m ) L1 = R1 m 57 3 ( 642) ( 643) ( 644) H3 = R2 ( sin m - sin ) ( 645) A3 = R2 (cos- cos m ) L3 = R2 m ( 646) ( 647) L2 = Lb c = R A R0 A0 ( 648) H2 A2 = L2 cos m = L2 sin m ( 649) ( 650) L = HZ + L1 + L2 + L3 + HXZ ( 651) 6-5 H = 3400m, A = 1900m, HZ = 260m, 4, = 17, K1 = 5 56 / 100m, K2 = 4 92 / 100m, HXZ = 440m, = 60 : 1),, ) H0 R0 A0 R1 = 57 3 K1 = = ( m) 180

187 R2 = 57 3 K2 = = ( m) A0 = A - AXZ + R2 (1 - cos ) = tg (1 - cos17 ) = ( m ) H0 = H - HZ - H XZ + R2 sin = sin17 = ( m) R0 = R1 + R2 = = ( m) 3) m m = 2arctg H 0 - H A R0 A0 2 R0 - A0 = 2arctg = ) : (642 ) ( 651), 6-4 5) ( ) 6-4 H m H m oa ab bc cd de A m A m L m L m,,,, 181

188 ,,,, 1, ( ),, ;,,,,, 2 : (1 ),,,,, 6-26,,, ( )6-27,, (2 ),,,, 182

189 (3 ) (), 2 5m ( m) 12m;, (4 ),, 1,, 112m,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),, (7 ) ( ),,,,, 45m; 530m, 7 515m,,,,,,,,,, 6-5,,,,, 1, :, H SN NE 183

190 E 6-5, m, m : 5 / 30m, 5 / 30m, H SN NE E, C,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ), A, B, 6-28 : H = Lcos B S = Lsin B N = Scos B = Lsin B cos B E = Ssin B = Lsin Bsin B ( 652) ( 653) ( 654) ( 655) CB = N 2 B + E 2 B ( 656) B = arctg EB NB ( 657) CB ; B ; NBEB B NE (2 ),, 184

191 c = A + B 2 c = A + B : 6-28 H = Lcos c S = Lsin c ( 658) ( 659) N = Scos c = Lsin ccos c ( 660) E = Ssin c = Lsin c sin c ( 661) 6-29 (3 ) ( ) :,, 630 : H = L sin B - sina B - A 185 ( 662)

192 6-30 S = L cos A - cos B B - A N = L (cos A - cos B ) ( sin B - sin A ) ( B - A ) ( B - A ) E = L (cos A - cos B ) (cosa - cos B ) ( B - A ) ( B - A ) ( 663) ( 664) ( 665) : 2,, (1 ),, 1),,

193 6-6 L L S 1 L L 1-2 S L 2 L L 2-3 S 2-3 L 1-2 = L2 - L 1 L2-3 = L3 - L2 S1-2 S2-3 = L1-2 sin 2 = L2-3 sin ), L L S L 1 L 2 L L 1-2 L S 1-2 S 2-3,, : ;, (2 ),,, HS NE,,,,,, () 1) [ 6-33 ( a) ] : HSNE, ( 662) (665 ) 6-8 ; 187

194 188

195 HS ; 1 H, 12, 12, O1-2, L2, O1-2, 1 O1-2, 12, L1 23, 23, 2 O1-2 O2-3, L3, O2-3, 2 O2-3 23, L3 L4 L ( a) 2) [ 6-33 ( b) ] : 6-8 NE, ; 12, ; 2 2, 2, 1 2 O 1-2 ; O 1-2, 2O , L2 ; 189

196 6-33 ( a) ; ( b) 23, 2 3, 2O 1-2 O 2-3, O 2-3, 2O , L3, L 4 L ( b),,,,,,,,, 6-34 : ;,,,,,,,,, 190

197 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, 1200m/ s, ( Analysts MWD) (24Hz), 1 53,,,,, 191

198 ,,, : ( ),,,,, 7-1 ( SY ), % ,, ; ; ; 192

199 ,, ;,,,,, ;, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,,, 193

200 , ( ) PDC 7-2 ( a) ( b),,,, 7-2 (c) ( d),,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 9m, 7-3 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c),, 7-3,,,,, ;,,,,, 194

201 ,, ;,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, 1020mm 510mm (2 ),, 1020mm (3 ) 510mm,, ; (4 ),,, 510mm,, ; ( ) ;,, 1 (1 ), : 1), 2),, 195

202 3),,,, 80 (2 ) : 1), 2),,,, 3),, 4),, 2, ;, ;, (1 ), ;, ;, 80, (2 ), ;, (3 ), ; ;,,,,,,,, 196

203 1 (1 ) 1) :, R ; J : RJ mm ( ) 215mm 2) : : mm RJ FH RJ FH CQX FH CQX FH Y FH RM FH YM FH RM FH (2 ), 7-4 : ; ( ),,,,,,,, m,,,,,,,, (3 ) 1), 2),, 197

204 3), 10mm,, 4), 5),, (4 ) 1) : a,, 0 5 b, ;, ; c, d, 200mm; ; 2;, e, f ; g h 1520m i,, 11m j a b,, c 1200 ;, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18

205 b, c62mm a, 2) :,, ;, ; ; ( ), ; ; 40 kn,, ;,,, 8MPa 0 5m,, ;, 3) : a,, 2030kN 50r/ min,, m, b,, a,, b, 215mm mm kn r/ min L/ min c, d,, 199

206 a b: Lki h1 - ( h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 + h6 ) (71) Lp L ki - L kmin (72) Lki, m; h1, m; h2, m; h3, m; h4, m; h5, m; h6,, m; Lp, m; Lk min, m c,, 3 5min d, e, f,, 4),, 23min,, 510kN (, ),,,,, 1000m 4min,,, 1000m 6min,,,,,, kN, ;, 300kN 1min,,, 10kN,, 5), ;,,, 200

207 6),, 2 (1 ) 1) :, R ; Y ; Z 2) :,, 7-2 ( CQX ) Y8120, (2 ), 7-5 : ;,,,,,,,, (3 ) 1),, 2), 3),,, 4),,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 201

208 ,,,, 5),,,, (4 ) : 1) : ; 14mm 2) : 13, : : : : ( ) + +, 813mm (1015mm ), 10kN 3) 7-3 4) :,, 50150kN, ;,,, ;, 5) : :, ; :,,, ; :,,, 35min; : 10% 50%,,,,, 3 (1 ), M 7-2 (2 ),, 202

209 RM215115;,, YM ) :, 7-6:,,,, ;,,,,,, 1012mm 2) : 7-7,,,, :, ( ),,,,, (3 ), ( N H4 SCN),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 50 ), 2000m 2000M Pas 3000m 3000M Pas, 3500m 3500M Pas, 20, 30cm;, 50% H2 SO4 50% NaOH 1h,,,,, (4 ), 203

210 7-6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 Y ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 O ;

211 : 1) API 3mL, 2),,, ( ) 3),,,, 4), 50,, 5min, 5),, 10 2kg/ m 3,, 6), 100 kn,, 20kN, 0 3m ( 7-3) 7),,,, 2h, 205

212 ,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ph ), ph = 9 81H (81) ph, kpa;, g/ cm 3 ; H, m ( 81 ), ( ) Gh, Gh = p h H = 9 81 (82) Gh, kpa/ m 2. ( pp ) ( ),,, 9 8kPa/ m 10 5kPa/ m 10 5kPa/ m, 9 8kPa/ m 206

213 3.,,, po = 9 81 H[ ( 1 - ) rm + ] (83) po, kpa ; H, m;, % ; rm, g/ cm 3 ;, g/ cm 3 po = pp + (84) po(), kpa; pp, kpa; ( ), kpa ( pp = ph ), ( ),, ( pp = ph ),,,, ( pp > ph ) 0,, : 1),,,, 2), 8-1,,, : (a),, ( b ),,,,, ( a) pp a = 52500kPa, Ha = 5000m, 207

214 8-1 Gp a = = 10 5( kpa/ m) ( b) pp b = pp a = 52500kPa, Hb = 3000m, Gp b = = 17 5( kpa/ m) 17 5kPa/ m 3),,, 8-2 A, B A B m ( H A = HB = m ), = 1g/ cm 3, A B 1000m, A B A : pp A = 9 81H A = = 29430kPa B : pp B = 9 81( HB ) = = 39240kPa,,,,,, : 208

215 d dc 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,, 2.,,,,, pm pp pm - pp, m,, pp, vm, pp pm, vm ( 8-4 ) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 209

216 ,, d dc 3. d dc d dc, (1 ) d d,, vm = kn ( P D ) d (85) vm ; k ; n; ; P; D; d,, k = 1 ;, = 1, vm = n( P D ) d (86), d = lg v m n lg P D, d = lg v m n lg P D (87) d, ; vm, m/ h; n, r/ min; 210

217 P, kn ; D, mm v m 1, v m vm, d n n,,, d,, d, d, 8-5 d,, d,,,,, d, d, d, d dc, dc d (2 ) dc dc = n d m (88) dc d, ; d( d ),, ( 87 ) ; n, g/ cm 3 ; m, g/ cm 3 dc,, dc, dc H,, 1 53m,, 7 5m15m30m ( ), dc 8-6 dch, dc H, 8-5 dh 8-6 d c H 211

218 dc H dc, dc dc,, dc,, dc,, dc H,, 100m, dc, dc, dc, p = d cn n dc p (89) p, g/ cm 3 ; n, g/ cm 3 ; dcn dc, ; dcp dc, pp = 9 81 p H ( 810) pp, kpa; p (89), g/ cm 3 ; H, m 1.,,,,,, ;,,,,,, Gf, Gf = p f H ( 811) Gf, kpa/ m; pf, kpa; H, m 212

219 2.,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, L, m, pa, H ( HL ) Gh = 9 81 m + p a H ( 812), H = L Gh,, ;,, (2 ) 1) 2) 1L/ s 3), 4), 8-7 5) : pl,,, ; ; pr,, ppro, m, 1 152g/ cm 3, 0 8 L/ s ; p L ; p R ; p pro 6) m ax pl, m ax = m + pl 9 81 H ( 813) 7) Gf p L, 213

220 Gf = 9 81 m + p L H ( 814),, ;, 1L/ s,,,,,, (3 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) 3., ( ) 8-8 ( Gp m Gf ),, 8-9, H2 ( H1 ),, H1 H1 H2 H1,

221 , pp,, pb,,, ( pb pp ),, ; ( pp pb ),, pp :,, pb = p m ;, pb = p m - pab ;, pb = p m + paw ;, pb = p m + pa ; pb ; pm ; pab ; paw ; pa ( pp = pb ), m, 4,, pp = pb = pm - pab pm = pp + pab ( 815) 9 81 m H = pp + pab ( 816) m = pp 9 81 H + pa b 9 81 H ( 817) m = G p ab ( 818) a b, g/ cm 3, a b,, g/ cm 3,, a b,, 215

222 ,,,, ( ) : 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 25 %,,,,,, 45, 45,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4., (, ),,,,,, ( ),,, 25 %, (1 ),,,,,, 216

223 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ps = Dh L - Dp ( 819) ps, ; ; L; Dh; Dp,, (2 ),,,,, 8-10,,, ;,,,,, 8-10 :,,,,,,, ;,,, (3 ),,,,, 217

224 ,,,,,, ( ) : 1), 2), 3),, 4), 5),,,,,,,,, 1. 1),,,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,, 2. pm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 218

225 ,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( a = a = 0 5, m a, m ), 750kPa 8-11,,, 1 2g/ cm 3, a = 0 50, 5000m 642kPa, 1 1% ; 500m, 410 kpa, 7 0 %,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, m 0 26m 3, 219

226 8-12 ( g/ cm 3 ) 8-13,,,, 10m, 1500m, 0 52m 3, 20m, 1 ; 750m, 1 04m 3, 40m, 3 ; 187 5m, 4 18m 3, 160m, 15,,,, 8-13, x,, h, m, A Pa m h ( Pa ), Ax h, Pa m ( h - h ), x, A ( x + x),, p1 T1 V1 = p 2 V2 T2 p1 V1 = p2 V2 220

227 ( pa m h) Ax = [ pa m ( h - h) ] A( x + x ), x < h, ; x > h, ; x = h, x = h pa = 101kPa (), x = h - h m h = 0, x = h m ( 820) x, m; h, m; m, g/ cm 3 ; ( 820),, L,, 8-14 h1, x1, 8-14 x1 = h1 + a 9 81 m h + x = h1 + x1 + L ( pa m h) A x = ( pa m h1 ) A x1, x1 = x ( h ) ( 821) m 221

228 h1 = x ( h ) ( 822) m m L = h + x m - 2 x ( h ) ( 823) m x, m; h, m; m, g/ cm 3 ; L, m; x1, m; h1, m,, 2672m, ( ) 338m 35 4MPa 31 6M Pa10 8kPa/ m, pm < pp,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 8-15, 1 20g/ cm 3, 3000m, 35 4M Pa ( ), 1500m, 35 4MPa 53 1M Pa, 17 8MPa, 35 4MPa, 70 7MPa 35 4MPa,, : 1), 222

229 8-15 ( 1 20g/ cm 3 ) 2),,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 3),,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 223

230 ,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (4 ) 224

231 ,, 8-16,,,,,,,,,,, 8-16,, ( ),, ( ),, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3. ( ),,, 225

232 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; 1. 1), ; 2) ; 3) ( 8-17 ) ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ;

233 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) () ; 8) 2. 1), ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) 3. 1),,,, ; 2), ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9),,,,,,,,,, 4. 1) (),, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, 2),, : ; 227

234 ;, AP I 80%,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ( MPa ) ( m ) 1 13 %, 300m, % = 3 39MPa 1 2g/ cm 3, 23 1 kpa/ m, ( M Pa) ( m ) 1 81%, 2000m, % = 36 2M Pa,,,,,, ( ),, U, U U, U, U 8-18,,, U U 8-18 U( ) H = 1000m, m = 1 2g/ cm 3, U, ( ) 0U, ( ) pm = 9 81 m H = = 11772kPa 228

235 0,, U, pb = pm U, pp = 15000kPa p m = 11772kPa, U () pp = kpa,, 0, 15000kPa U, U, U ( ), pp pm pp - pm = 3228 kpa,, U, 3228kPa, 15000kPa 3228kPa 11772kPa, = + = U U m1 = 1 2g/ cm 3, m2 = 1 1g/ cm 3, pm1 = 9 81 m1 H = = ( kpa) pm2 = 9 81 m2 H = = ( kpa) U,,,,,, ( ) pd, ( ) pa pp = 15000kPa, H = 1000m, : pd = pp - pm1 = = 3228 ( kpa) : pa = pp - pm2 = = 4209 ( kpa),, pd ;? pm a ; pa; pm a ; pb pd + pmd = pb = pa + pm a ( 824),, U 229

236 , pc,,,,, pt = pc + pd ( 825),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( 824 ), pm a < pmd, pa > pd,,,??,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, 1015min 10 15min,,,,,,,,,

237 8-1 M Pa MPa m m (800),,, 5 8MPa,,,,,,,,,, 0,,, 1),,, ; : ;, ;, ;,, pd p d pa, pd = p d - pa p d ; pa pa = p a - pa p a 231

238 2), pc,,,,,, ;,, : ;, ;,, ;, p T ;, ; pd pd = pt - pc p T ; pc,,,,,,, 2., V = hp Vp ( 826) V (), m 3 ; hp, m; Vp, m 3 / m 3., h,, h= V Va ( 827) h, m; V, m 3 ; Va, m 3 / m 232

239 4. (),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, pd + pmd = pb = pa + pm a + pw ( 828) pd + p md = pa + ( H - hw ) Gm + hw G w ( 829) Gm (), kpa/ m; Gw, kpa/ m; hw, m; H, m; pa, kpa; pb, kpa; pw, kpa; pd, kpa; pm d, kpa pm a = HGm Gw = Gm - pa - pd hw ( 830) : Gw = kPa/ m; Gw = kPa/ m; Gw = kPa/ m m, 1 15g/ cm 3, 2000kPa, 4000kPa, 3 2m 3, 0 015m 3 / m ( 8in, 6in ), 233

240 3 2m 3, : : Va = 0 015m 3 / m ( 830) H = 3500m, m = 1 15g/ cm 3, pd = 2000kPa, pa = 4000kPa, V = Gw = Gm - pa - pd hw Gm = 9 81 m = = ( kpa/ m) hw = V Va = = ( m) Gw = = 1 90( kpa/ m) 5.,,,,, : pp pp = pd m H ( 831) m1 m1 = pp 9 81 H ( 832), (831 ) 9 81 m1 H = pd m H ( m1 - m )9 81 H = pd m1 - m = pd 9 81 H = pd 9 81 H ( 833) 234

241 , H = 3500m, m = 1 15g/ cm 3, pd = 2000kPa, pa = 4000 kpa, V = 3 2m 3, Va = 0 015m 3 / m, : ( 831) pp = pd m H = = 41485( kpa) ( 832) m1 = pp 9 81 H = = 1 21 (g/ cm3 ), 1 21g/ cm 3, m1 ( 833) = pd 9 81 H = = (g/ cm3 ) m1 = m + = = 1 21( g/ cm 3 ) 6.,,,,,,,,,,, m m1,, m1,,,,,, m,,, p T = pd + pc, m1, p Ti p T f, p T i = pd + pci ( 834) p Tf = pd + pcf ( 835) p T i ; 235

242 pc i m ( ), ; p T f ; pcf m1 () ( m1 ), p Ti p T f pc ipcf (1 ) pci ( p Ti ) pci?,, ( ),,,, ( ), : 1),,, 1/ 3 1/ 2,,, 1/ 31/ 2,,,,,, pci,, 2) ( ),,,, 3) pt i, p Ti,,,,,, p Ti, p T i, pci,, p Ti,,,, (2 ) pcf(p T f), m m1, m pci pcf, p T ip T f m1, m1,,, pci pcf 236

243 pcf pci = m1 m pcf = m1 m pci ( 836) pt f = pd + m1 m pci ( 837) pcf; pci ; p T f ; m ; m1 m1,,,,,, 0, p T f pc f, pt f = pcf = m1 m pci,, ( ), :, ;,, ;,,, ;,, 7. ( ),, V1, V1 n = 4 i = 1 D 2 i Li ( 838) Di i, m; Li i, m; V1, m 3 H, H = Li n i = 1 237

244 V2, V2 n = 4 i = 1 [ ( D 2 h i - D 2 p i ) Li ] ( 839) Dh i i, m; Dp i i, m; V2, m 3 V = V1 + V2,, V,, ,,,?,, t1 = V 1 Q ( 840) t2 = V2 Q ( 841) t = Q ( V 1 + V2 ) ( 842) t1, min; t2, min; Q, L/ s; t, min t,,, 0,, 9. pa m a x,,,,,,,,,,,, 238

245 ,,, ;,,, ( ),,,, pa m ax : 1) ( ),,,,,,, 2),,,, 3),,,,,,,,, ( ), pa m ax = Gf H m a H ( 843) pa m ax, kpa; Gf, kpa/ m; H, m; m a, g/ cm 3 ( ),, ( 843) m, 1 2g/ cm 3, 15 0kPa/ m, : H = 200m, m = 1 2g/ cm 3, ( 843) Gf = 15 0kPa/ m pa m ax = Gf H m H = = ( kpa) 239

246 , 645 6kPa 1.,,,, : 1) ( ), ( ), ; 2),, pci ; 3), pci,, pd = 0, p Ti = pci, (841 ), t2 = V 2 Q, 0,,,,,, 2.,,,?,,,,,, : (1 ) 1), ( ),,, p Ti, p Ti, ; p T i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 300m/ s 240

247 3000m, 20s,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, p Ti p T f,,, t t = u d H 60 Q ( 844) t, min; ud, L/ m; H, m; Q, L/ s t, pt i, t, p T f, t, 8-19,,, p T f,, p T f,, 8-20, ( ) 8-21, 8-22,,,,,,, 8-19, ( ) 241

248 ( )

249 , 2) :, ( ), : a. H M = m H v = m D M = mm m = g/ cm 3 = / min Q = L/ s ( / min ) p C = kpa ( / min ) p Ci = kpa H M1 = m, D H = mm p amax = kpa H V1 = m b. p d = kpa p a = kpa V = m 3 H w = m : m1 = m + p d = g/ cm H p Ti = p d + p Ci kpa p Tf = p Cf = m1 m p Ci = kpa t = V 1 Q = min V 1 = m 3 V 2 = m 3 V = V 1 + V 2 = m 3 V k = m 3,,,,, p Ti p Ti (p T i, ; p Ti, ),,,,,, ( m1 ),,, 1,, p Ti 12,,,, ( ), p Ti pt f,, 13,,,, p T f 14,,, 243

250

251 , ( ) 15,, 16,, 17 ( 8-23) 3) : 8-4 H = 3000m, 8in, 5in, 9 20mm, 9 261, 6 in, 150m, 57 15mm, 2500m, 9in, 10 03mm, m = 1 20g/ cm 3, Gf = 18 2kPa/ m, 30 / min pci = 4 52M Pa, Q = 8L/ s, 3Nb1000, 170mm, 16 4MPa 10min,, pd = 1 85MPa, pa = 2 75MPa, V = 3 2m 3 :, : a. HM = Hv = H = 3000m b. DM = 8in = 216mm c. m = 1 20g/ cm 3 d. = 30 / min e. 8L/ s f. pc i = 4 52MPa g. HM 1 = H V 1 = 2500m h. DH = = 224 4mm i. pa m a x = Gf HM kPa = 13 7MPa m HM 1 = = j. V 1 = V11 + V 12 ( V11, V12 ) V1 = V11 + V12 = = 29 78( m 3 ) k. V2 = V21 + V 22 + V23 ( V21, V22, V23 ) V2 = V21 + V22 + V 23 = = ( m 3 ) l. V = V 1 + V2 = = ( m 3 ) m. V k = 1 5V = = ( m 3 ) n. pd = 1 85MPa o. pa = 2 75M Pa p. t = V 1 Q = = 62 ( min) 245

252 ;, ( ),,, 2 75MPa; 8L/ s ; 8L/ s, 6 37MPa ;, 6 37MPa, ;,, 1 85MPa; 1 26g/ cm 3 ( 194m 3 ), ( ) ;,, 1 85MPa, 8L/ s ; 8L/ s, 6 37MPa ; 1 26g/ cm 3, 8L/ s,, 1 85M Pa, 62min, 1 26g/ cm 3, 4 75M Pa; 1 8L/ s,,, 4 75M Pa, ; 12,,,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, pt i p T f,, p T f, ( 8-24) ) : 246,,,,, t p T i p T f,, ( ),

253 , ( ) ; ( ) ; ;,,, () ;,, p Ti ;,,, ; t,, pt f,, ;,, pt f, ;,,, ( ) ;,, 247

254 ; 1, ; 12, ( 8-27) ) 8-5, : ( ) ( ) 248

255 62min 6 37MPa 4 75MPa, 10min 5min,,, 2 75MPa, 8L/ s 8L/ s,, 6 37MPa 1 26g/ cm 3, 8L/ s,, 62min,, 4 75MPa,, ( 1 26g/ cm 3 ), 8L/ s, 4 75MPa,,,, 3.,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1) :,,,,,,, 500kPa 249

256 500kPa,, 500kPa, L = 500 Gm ( 845) L, m; Gm (9 81 m ), kpa/ m,,, L, 500kPa,, L, L, 500kPa,, 500kPa V = 500 Va Gm ( 846) V, m 3 ; Va, m 3 / m, L, 500kPa, 500kPa, 500kPa, V,,,,,, L, 2 L,,,, V,,,,, 500kPa,,, 500 kpa, 500kPa,,,,,,,, 250

257 8-6 H = 3000m,, 9in ( m 3 / m), m = 1 15g/ cm 3 ( Gm = 11 28kPa/ m ), V = 95m 3, ( ) pa = 4000kPa, 15min, pa 4500kPa, : :, hw = V Va = = m, 15min, 4000kPa 4500kPa, L = = 44 33m, ( ) = m, = m, 500kPa,, 500kPa, 44 33m, = m, = m, 500kPa, 5000kPa, 5000kPa,, V = 550 V a = = 2 1m3 Gm m, = m,, 44 33m, 5000kPa 4500 kpa,, 44 33m, 88 66m, 2 1m 3, 2 1m 3,,, 31, ( ) = 20000kPa,,,,,,, 2 1m 3, 44 33m, 44 33m 3,, 20500kPa 20000kPa, 500kPa,,,, 500kPa,, 500kPa,, ( ) 500kPa,, ( ),,,,,,,, 251

258 , 3) :,,,,,,,,,, m, 2500m, 9in 2000m, 8in, 5in, 1 15g/ cm 3, pd = pa = 2000 kpa, 15min, pd = pa = 2500kPa, V = 8 5m 3 :,,,,, 2500m 8-6, 2500m,,, ( ),,,,,, 2500m, V = 500 Va = Gm = 1 62 ( m3 ), V = = 1 52( m3 ) 8-6 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 252

259 ,,,,,, pa = Va Va Gm1 ( 847) pa, kpa; V a, m 3 ; Va, m 3 / m; Gm1, Gm1 = 9 81 m1, kpa,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; 50% 75%,,, 510min,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 253

260 , ;,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ), :,,,, 1) :,,,,, 2) :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (2 ),,, 1) :, 254

261 ,,,,,, 2) :,,,,,, 38s,, : ; ; ;, (3 ),,,,,, : 1), 2),,, 3) ( ),, 4) ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 255

262 2.,,,,, : :, :, :, (1 ) 1),,, 2) :,,, 3) :,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),, (),,,,,, (2 ),,,, 1., 256

263 ,, 2. (1 ) 1),,, 2) 3),, 4), 5), (2 ) 1),,,,, 1/ 2 1/ 4 2), 3),,,,,, 4),, O, 5),,,,, 6), 7), 8), (3 ) 1),, 2),, 3) 4) 5),, 3. 1) 2) 3),, 4),, 257

264 , 5), 6),, 7),,, 8) 9), 10 ), 258

265 , ;, ; ;, ;,,,,, :, ;,,, 25 %,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,, : 1), ; 2),, ; 3), ; 259

266 ; 4),, 5),,,,,,, ( ),,,,, mm, 19mm, 28mm,, 13975, 13in ( 339 7mm ) 9in ( 244 5mm), 9in 7in ( 177 8mm), 7in 5in (127mm) 5in ( 139 7mm), :, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,, :, :,,,,,, 100m,, : ; ; ; 260

267 200m,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) mm AP I, HJKNLPQC, N80,,, : N80 N H40 AP I, 1000psi ( kPa), psi ( psi )N lb/ in 2 (551 58MPa)C,,, L N, C L80, L L80 N80 J55K55,,,, V,, 60, 116, 8 AP I : S TC ( CSG) ; LTC ( LCSG) ; BTC ( BCSG) ; XL ( XCSG),,,, 261

268 ,,,, 1,, ( ),, : T = qi Li/ 1000 (91) T, kn ; qi, N/ m; Li, m, : ; ;,,,, 2,,,,,,,, : po = 9 8 m H (92) po, m, g/ cm 3 ; H, 3 m kpa;, 262

269 ,,,,,, 4,,, ;, ;,, ( ) ( ) z, t, r, r t,,, z t, : 2 z + 2 t + 2 r - z t - t r - r z = 2 s r 0, : 2 z + 2 t - z t = 2 s z, Pa; r, Pa; t, Pa ; s ( AP I ), Pa : ( z ) 2 - ( z t s s 2 ) + ( t ) 2 = 1 (93) s ( 45) z/ s, t/ s, 9-1, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) 9-1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 93 ) T b, 263

270 9-1 z = T b/ A (94) T b,, N ; A, m 2 t t = - Pcc D/ (2) (95) Pcc T b, Pa;, m; D, m t T b, z = 0, ( 93 ) t 2 = 2 s, t = - Pc D/ (2) Pc, Pa s = Pc D/ ( 2) (96) 264

271 ( 94 ) (95) ( 96 ) ( 93 ) ( T b A )2 2 s - ( T b A ) ( - P cc D 2 ) s ( P + c D 2 ) ( - P cc D 2 ) 2 ( P c D 2 )2 = 1 ( 1 P 2 ) Pcc 2 + ( c T b ) Pcc + ( A s Pc T 2 b A 2 s 2-1 ) = 0 Pcc,, T b Pcc = Pc [ (2 A s ) 2-3 T 2 b ] Tb 2 A s Pcc = Pc [ ( T 2 b 2 s A 2 ) T b ] 2 A s Pcc = Pc [1-3 4 ( z ) 2 ] s 1 2 z s (97) Pcc = Pc [ ( T b ) 2 ] Ts 1 2 T b Ts (98) Ts, Ts = A s, N k= [ ( T b ) 2 ] Ts 1 2 T b Ts ( 98 ) Pcc = k Pc (99) k, mm, N80, 8 05mm, 600kN AP I Pc = 26 4MPa, A = 42 94cm 2, Ts = 2 366MN, Pcc 265

272 : k = [1-0 75( T b ) 2 ] T b T s Ts = [ ( ) 2 ] 0 5 = Pcc = k Pc = = 22 4( MPa) z/ s = T b Ts = = , Pcc/ Pc = 85% Pcc = 85% Pc = = ( MPa),,,,,,,,,,, 1 1), 60,,, 2),,, 3),,, 4) 2,,,, 22 62MPa/ m,,,,,,, 35m 3 266

273 ,,,,,, ;,, :, ;,,,,,,, 34,, : ; ;,,,,,, 1,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,, 2 (1 ),, ;,, AP I : 267

274 S t = ; Sc = ; Si = (2 ) 1) : 2) Po = m H1 ( 910) H1, m; m, g/ cm 3 ; Po, MPa ( ), Pc1 = m H1 Sc ( 911) Pc 1, MPa Pc 1 3),, ( ), H2 = Pc m Sc ( 912) H2, m; Pc2, M Pa L1 L1 = H1 - H2 ( 913) 4),,,,,,, ( ),, 5) : 268

275 i - 1 i (T n ) (), n = 1 Pji, i S t S t = Liqi Pji i T n n = 1 ( 914) i Li = 1 qi [ P ji S t i T n ] n = 1 ( 915) Li i, m; qi i, kn/ m; Pji i, kn ; i - 1 T n i, kn n = 1, Li, i,, mm 3500m, 1 30g/ cm 3, 2800m, 1 125, 1 80 : 1) Po = m H1 = = 44 59( MPa) Pc1 = Po Sc = = ( MPa) N80, 0 467kN, 2989kN 11 51mm, M Pa, Sc1 = = ), 269

276 , N80, 10 36mm, 48 4MPa, 0 432kN, 2656kN ( H2 ) H2 = = 3377 ( m) 3300m, L1 ( B T ) = = 200 ( m) BT = 1 - m = s 7 8 = ( T 1 ) ( T 1 ) T 1 = = 95 2( kn) T 1 = BF T 1 = = 79 33( kn) ( St1 ) () St1 = = 31 4 ( ) ( Sc 2 ) : Sc2 = = 1 151( ) 3),, N80, 9 19mm, 37 3MPa, 0 379kN, 2309kN : H3 = = 2602 ( m) 2602m, (2800m),,,, 1 125,,, 270

277 ,,, Sc kN, = 500m, T 1 + T 21 = ( ) = ( kn) T m, kn ( 97 ) 3007 kn ( ) Pcc2 = Pc2 [1-0 75( T b ) 2 ] T b Ts = 48 4 [ ( ) 2 ] = = 46 21( MPa) Ts Sc2 = = 1 295( ) 2602m, L2 = = 698 ( m) ( T 2 ) T2 = = ( kn) T 2 = BF T 2 = = ( kn) 2687kN, T 1 + T 2 = = ( kn) Pcc3 = 37 3 [ ( ) 2 ] = = ( MPa)

278 Sc3 = = 1 05 () 2602m, 2300m, L2 = = 1000( m ) ( T 2 ) T 2 = = 423( kn) T 2 = BF T 2 = = ( kn) T 1 + T 2 = = ( kn) Pcc3 = 37 3 [ ( ) 2 ] 0 5 = = 33 94( MPa) Sc3 = = 1 158( ) 2300m, ( ) : Pj2 = 2656kN St2 = T1 Pj2 + T2 = = 5 13 ( ) ( ) ( ) Pj3 = 2309kN 272

279 St3 = Pj3 T1 + T 2 + ( ) = = 1 66 () N80, 9 19mm, 4) ( 915) L3 = Li = 1 qi [ [ Pji S t i T n ] n = 1 - ( ) ] = ( m ) L3 = 2000m, T 3 = = 758 ( kn) St3 = = 1 81 ( ) 2000m, 5) N80, 10 36mm, L 4 = L1 - L2 - L3 = 300m, T 4 = = 126 9kN ( ) St4 = = 1 89 ( ) 6) 9-1 m m mm kn kn N N N N : (30 m ),,, 3,, 273

280 ,,,, Pcc = Pc ( T b ) ( 916) Ts T s, kn ; T b, kn,,,, : Hi i, m; T b i i, kn ; qi i, kn/ m; Hi + 1 ( i + 1 ), m; T b ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1), kn; T s ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1), kn ; Pc( i + 1 ) ( i + 1), MPa; Pcc( i + 1 ) ( i + 1) Tb ( i + 1 ), M Pa; m, g/ cm 3 ; Sc ; 9-2 BF i Hi, ( i + 1 ) Hi + 1 ( 9-2 ) ( i + 1) T b ( i + 1 ) = T b i + ( Hi - Hi + 1 ) qi BF ( 914) Pcc( i + 1 ) = Pc( i + 1 ) ( T b i + ( Hi - Hi + 1 ) qibf ) ( 917) Ts ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1) Pcc( i + 1 ) Pcc( i + 1 ) = Hi + 1 m Sc ( 918) 274

281 ( 917) (918 ), Hi + 1 Hi + 1 = 1 03 T s ( i + 1 ) ( T b i + HiqiBF ) m Sc Ts ( i + 1 ) Pc( i + 1 ) 0 74 qibf ( 919), ( 919) Hi = 3300m, T b i = 79 33kN, qi = 0 423kN/ m, Pc( i + 1 ) = 37 3MPa, Ts ( i + 1 ) = 2687kN, BF = 0 833, Sc = 1 125, m = 1 3g/ cm 3 Hi + 1 = ( ) = 2395 ( m) Hi + 1 = 2395m, 1 125, ( Hi + 1 ) 2300m, 1 158,,,,,, 10 % 11 % ;,, 3% 5% ; 30% 50%,,,,,, : 1( ),, 9-3,,, 45,,,,,,,,, U 275

282 ,,,,, ;,, 2() 9-3,,, ;, : ( ) 9-3, (a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d ) ; ( e), 2030m, 3,,,,, 9-4,,,, 4 :,,,, 34m, 2050m,, 5,, 276

283 , :, ; ; : (, ) + (, ) + ( ) + 1 1),,,, 9-4 2),, 1 ; 2 ; 3 3) ( ) ;,, 4),, 5),, 6), 7),, 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1),, 2), 277

284 3),,,,,, 4),,, ( ), 25%, 5),,, 2,, 2 5,,,,,,,, 6) 2000m, 4% 6%, 2000m 3 %, 10%, 2mm,, 3,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 0 46m/ s ( 20s ), 3m, ; ;,, 1) ; 278

285 2), ; 3),, ; 4),, ; 5), ; 6),,,,, ; 7),,, API, API API, API, ABCDEFGH J ABC DE F,,, DEF,, GH,,, GH, J, J, API, : ( ) API : ABC, m, A, B, C D, m, 76127,, E, m, 76143, F, m, , G H, 02440m, ,, J, m, 49166, API

286 9-2 API ( ), h,, MPa, m,, min, min A B C D E F G H J ,,, 1450,,,,,, 1) : : 3CaOSiO2 ( C3 S), 40% 60%, C3 S : 2CaOSiO2 ( C2 S ), 15 % 35%,, : 3CaAl2 O3 ( C3 A), 6 % 15%,, C3 A, C3 A 3% : 4CaOAl2 O3Fe2 O3 ( C4AF ), 8% 10% 280

287 2),, :,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, g/ cm 3, ( ),, ;,,, 50%, 1 80% 1 90g/ cm 3 ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2,, 100 ( BC ), (,,,,,,, BC ) API 1530min, 30BC, 10BC, 50BC,, BC,, 1h,, : CMC, : 281

288 ( NaSiO3 ), 3,,, 20 %, 50%,,,,,,,,,, CMC 4 API,,,,,,,, (),,, : 1,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 282

289 9-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, 4,,,,,,, 9-6, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, 9-7 5,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, , ( ), 30t,,,, ( 283

290 9-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; ( a) ; ( b) ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ),, ( ),,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 1), ; 284

291 2 ),,,,,, 3),,,, ; 4),,,,, 5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 48h,, ,, : ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 285

292 9-11 ( a), ; ( b), ; (c), ; ( d) ; (e),, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;

293 1),,,, 2),,, 3), 35MPa, 4),, 5) 48h,,,,, 98kN,,,,,,,, 1 V = 4 K 1 ( D 2 j - D 2 ) H + 4 d2 h ( 920) V, m 3 ; Dj, m; D, m; d, m; H, m; h, m; K1,,, ,,,,, 2 W = K2 Vq ( 921) W, t; V, m 3 ; K2, ; q 1m 3, t/ m 3 287

294 3 = + + = ( 922) 4 1m 3 Q = c ( s - w ) c - w ( 923) Q, t ; c, kg/ cm 3 ; s, kg/ m 3 ; w, kg/ m 3 5 1m 3 ( 50kg s ) = 29 3( s - w ) ( 924) 6 ( m ) m = w ( c - s ) c ( s - w ) ( 925) 7 ( m ), 1m 3 ( Q ) Q = c 1 + m c ( 926) 8 Vw = m W w ( 927) 9, 1m 3 V w = m c 1 + m c ( 928) 288

295 Vw 1m 3, m 3 10,, Vm = K3 4 ( L 1 d L2 d L n d 2 n ) ( 929) V m, m 3 ; d1 d2 d3 d n, m; L1 L2 L n, m; K3, ,,,, 11,,,,,, p ma x = p1 + p2 ( 930) pm a x, MPa; p1, M Pa; p2, M Pa p1 = ( H - h) ( s - m ) ( 931) H, m; h, m; s, kg/ m 3 ; m, kg/ m 3 p2 : 1000m : p2 = ( 0 01 L ) ( 932) 5000m > L > 1000m : p2 = ( 0 01 L ) ( 933) 289

296 5000m, p2 = (0 01 L ) + 2 ( 934) L, m 12 :, 1h 75% T = T1 + T2 + T 3 ( 935) T 1, min; T 2, 13min; T 3, min T1 = V Q1 n T 3 = V m Q1 n ( 936) ( 937) V, m 3 ; Q1, n ; V m, m 3 m 3 / min;,,, : 1), 2),,,, = 1,, ; < 1, 3),, 290

297 4),, ; ( ) ; ;,,, 1,,, 9-13,, ;, : 9-13 ;, : a ; b ( ) 2 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 1),, 1 52m/ s,,,,,, 2),,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,, ( ) ; ; 291

298 (, ) ; ; ;, 710min q = Qc ( 938) q, m 3 ; Qc, m 3 / s q 250m, 250m 4),,, 5),,,, 3050m, 35,, 6),,,, 1525r/ min ; 2min, 46m,,,,,,,,, 1),,,,,,,, 2),, ( ), ( ),,, 292

299 3),,,,, 4),,,,,,, 200m, 10 % m,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,, ( 25mm),

300 , 1, 2428h,,,, ( 1214 ),, 2,, :,,,,,,,, : ;, ( ),,,,,, 1,, ;,,, ;,, mm 2 294

301 9-14, ( ), (),, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), 50150m,,, 244 5mm, 177 8mm ( 139 7mm ) ; 177 8mm 127mm ; 339 7mm 244 5mm 50m m, m :,, :, ; ; ;,,,,, : , ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4,, ; 5, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 295

302 ,, J 9-16, m,,, J,, 9-17,,,,,,,,, 9-18 : ,, ;, ; ;, ; 9-20 (a), ; ( b),, ; (c),, 9-16 J 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 1 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 115 ; 12,,,,,,, 296

303 9-17 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,,, 9-21 (a) ( b ),,, ; (c),, ; ( d),,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; ,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 30min 1 5h),,,,,,,,, 297

304 9-19 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ) ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ( ) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 298

305 9-21 ; 3 1),,, m,, 299

306 9-22,, 2), 1520MPa ( ),,, ( 1520M Pa) +,,,, 20MPa,

307 3),,,,, 4), 5) (),, 6),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,, (1 ) 1), 2) Ca Al Fe Mg Na, Ca(OH)2 Al(OH)3, 3),,,,,, 4),,,,,, 301

308 ,, (2 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,, 3), ( ),,,, 4),,,, (3 ) 1), 2),, 3),, ;,,, 4), 2, 1),,, 2),,, 3),,,, 4) (, ), 5),, 6),, 7),, 8),, 9),,, :, ;, ;, 302

309 ;, ; ;,, :, ;,, 1,,,,, : 1),,, : ;, ;, ; ; ;, :, ;,,,, 2),, ;,,, ;, 3),,,,,,, ( ),, :, ; ;, ; ;, 2 1),, 303

310 :, ;, ; ;, ;,,, : ; ; ;,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 3),, ;,,,, ( ),,, ; ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 1,, 304

311 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 9-23 ( ), ( ),,, 2, 9-24,,, CQ 250 Cyb (a) C Q 250 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 O ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ( b ) C Yb 250 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 O ; 8 ; 9,,,,,,,,,,, 305

312 3() ( ) ( ),,,, CY b 250, CQ 250 (1 ) CQ 250 ( ), C Q ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;

313 9-26 C Yb ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( 2in) ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( M30175 ) ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ( M30185 ) CQ 250, 1) 2) 3),,, 4),, 5) ( ), 9-27, (2 ) CY b 250 CY b , mm, 0 5mm, 20mm 307

314 , : 1),,,, 2) ( ),,, 3) 4) 24 5MPa,, 308

315 ,,,,,,, 1 1), 10-1 ( a) 10-1 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d) 10-1 ( b) ( d) 2),, ;, ;,, 10-1 ( c) 309

316 2 1),,, 2), :,,,,,, :, 1, ( 10m 3 / h),, : 1),,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 24h,, 20m :,, 2,,,,, 20100m 3 / h, :,,,,,, : 1), 10% 15%, 30 (), 2) : 5, 1, 2% 3),,, ( ) (1 25 ), ,, 310

317 ,, 4) ;, 3,,,,, 100m 3 / h, :,,,,,,,, 1015cm 23m 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;, 1(),,,,,

318 F ( ), F = Kp p = A p p = p m - pp = 9 8m H - pp ; 2 ; 3 K, ; p, kpa ; A, cm 2 ; p, pp, kpa; pm, kpa ; m, g/ cm 3 ; H, m F = KA( 9 8 m H - pp ) ( 101) F ( kpa; ), kn ;,,, ; ( ) ;,,, :,, ;,,,, ( SMC ) ( SM P ), (, ),, (, ),, ;, 312

319 2,, :, ; ;, : 1),,, 2) 3),, 4),,,,,,, 5) 3 (1 ) 1),,, 2),, 3), (2 ),, ; ;,,,, (3 ) 1) 2) 3) 4), 4 ( ),,,,, : ; ;, ; : 1) 2),, 313

320 3), 5,,,, 10-3 :,,,,, ; ;,, : 1), 2),, 3), 4), 5), ,, ; ;,,,, ;, ;, ;,, : 1) 2),, 3) 4),,, 7, ( ), 314

321 ( ),,,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;, ( )(), :,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 1, :,, ; 10-4, L = 105 FL EA L = EAL 10 5 F 315 ( 102)

322 L, m; E, E = N/ cm 2 ; L, cm; F, kn ; A, cm 2 ( 102) :, kn, F1, 1, F2 2 F, 12 L mm 9mm, 1800m, 573kN, : F1 = 670kN, F2 = 870kN, L = 48cm, : F = F2 - F1 = = 200 ( kn ) 10-4 A = 4 ( ) = 33 36( cm 2 ) L = = ( m) m,,,, F L1, L1 > L, ;, m, 244mm + 178mm ( 100m) + 140mm ( 300m ) + 114mm ( 1000m) + 140mm ( 1100m ), 150kN, 22cm, (140mm 114mm 11mm) : 140mm A1 = 4 ( ) = ( cm 2 ) 114mm A2 = 4 ( ) = (cm 2 ) 150kN : 140mm (1100m) L1 114mm (1000m) L2 316

323 L1 = = 17 9(cm) L1 <L, 140mm, 1100m 114mm 140mm, L= = 4( cm) 4cm, 114mm L2 = EA1L = F = 181 8( m ) : L2 114mm, 114mm L = L1 + L2 = = ( m) 2,,,,,, (1 ),,, 100m,, m, 10 15min,,, ( 20 % 30 % ), 624h, 24h, :,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 317

324 ,,,,,,,,, ( ) T ( ) () :, ;, (35m 3 ) ;, ; 3, (1 ) 1),,,, GB12,, 2),,,,,,, 3), 4) (2 ) 1) :,,,,,,, ( ), 12-5 (a),,, ( ),,,,,,,, 10-5 ( b),,,,,, 10-5 (c) 2) : 318

325 10-5 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c), 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,,, : 100kN,,,, kN,,,,,,,,, 30min, 10min,,,,, (3 ) 1) : 319

326 ,,, 10-6 (a),,, 10-6 ( b) ;,,,,, 10-6 (c),,, ;,, 10-6 (a) ( ) ; ( b) ( ) ; (c) ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,, 2) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) 320

327 1),,,,,,,,,, 2),,, ;,,,,,,,, GB12,,,,,, 9 8in / 4 in,,, 3) :,,,,,,,, (5 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,, 0 51t,,,,,, 3), 4),,,, 2/ 3,,,, 4,, 321

328 ,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, 8mm,, 30g, : g g 6 1 / g g g g (2 ) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 :,,, :,, 10 % 15 %,,,, (3 ),, ;, ;,,, 300m ( ),, :,, ;,,, (4 ) 1) 2m,,,,, 322

329 , 2) ( ) : 4 : 23, 4 10 % 20%, 5% 10 % :,, 3), ( ),,, ,,, 6,, ( ) 10% 25%, 5% 10% ( ), ; ;,, ;,,, ; 50kN ;, :, ; ; 5,,,,, : 1) ( ),,,,, 2),,,,,,,, 12,,, 3),,, ;,,, ( ),, ; ;,,,, 323

330 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) :, ;, :, ;,, ;, ;,, (2 ) :, ;, : ( ) ;,,, ;,,, : 1),,,,, 2), 3),, 4),,,,,,,,, 1 324

331 :,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,, :,,, 2,, (1 ), 10-8,,,,, , ,,,,,, (2 ) 10-9,,,, (3 ), 10-9,

332 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 R ; 7 O ; 8 A ; 9 ; 10, O R, ;,,, A,,,, 2mm,,, : 1), 2), 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, 4),,, (4 ), 10-11,, ;, :,, 326

333 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 23, 5kN, ; 10kN,, 10kN, ( ),,,,, ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 (), ; 3,, ,,,,, ; :, 10-13, 0 51m,,,,,, 327

334 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; , 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;, 68 ; 7 ; 9 ; 10,,,,, 2, 10-14, ;, :, 1m, 0 2m,,, A, B, 20min, 1020kN,, m,, 20kN, 24, 4050kN 67, 3, ( 328

335 10-16 ),,,, : 0 5m,,, 1015min, min, 1 ; 2 4, 10-16,,, 1015min,, 329

336 [1 ] :, 1989 [2 ] :, 1981 [3 ] :, 1992 [4 ] :, 1987 [5 ] :, 1992 [6 ] :, 1992 [7 ] :, 1993 [8 ] ( ) ( ) :, 1990 [9 ] :,