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CONTENTS Research Articles State"and Society"intheStudyofOriginsofCivilization YiJianping(4) Theterms ancientstate"and earlystate"partialyoverlapin meaning,andin ancient times"itwaspossiblefortheentitiestheyrefertocoexist.buttheyaretwodiferentconcepts andcannotbeusedindiscriminately.the ancient"in ancientstate"isaconceptthatcomes mainlyfromtheperiodizationofsocialhistory,whilethe early"in earlystate"referstoastage inthedevelopmentofthestateitself;whatisunderdiscussionhereisaperiodcharacterizedby distinctivepoliticalrelationsbetween people.ancientstatesincludeboth earlystates"and maturestates",bothofwhichexistedonlyinancienttimes;however, earlystates"existednot onlyinthe ancienttimes"ofsocialhistoryperiodizationbutalsointhe medieval"periodand earlymodern"or modern"times.likewise,the chieftainstate"and stratifiedsociety"are twodiferentconceptswithapointincommon,thefactthatbotharehierarchicalsocieties.in thechieftainstate,however,stratificationisbasedonkinship,seniority,age,etc.,andhasno necessaryconnection witheconomicrelations,whereasgradationsinastratifiedsociety,i.e. stratification,arefoundedoneconomicrelationsbasedontheunequalownershipofthemeansof production. MakingFamilyintoEmpire"theStructuralTransformationoftheKhitanTribesCarriedOutby YelǜAbaoji YangJun(8) The Khitans referred to descendants ofthe same grandfather as a family" and to descendantsofthesamegreat-grandfatherasa clan".butbeforethefoundingofthekhitan Empire,continuousintergenerationalsplitsoccurredinbothfamiliesandclans.Each hadan associationwithaspecificgeographicarea,but families"werealowedintothepastorallandsof other clans"tograzetheirherds.inthecourseofbuildinguphisempire,yelǜabaojionthe onehandstoppedthedivisionsintheimperialhouseandstrengtheneditspowerinorderto maintaintheauthorityoftheemperor;ontheother,hedepartedfromtraditionbybreakingwith hisuncle shouseholdtosetuphisown family"andrestrictingthesuccessiontothethroneto hisfamilyinordertoeliminatethethreattoimperialpowerfrom withintheimperialfamily. Throughthesemeasures,YelǜAbaojisuccessfulybrokethroughtheKhitantribalstructureand madeafamilyintoanempire." TheEstablishmentofTaicangPrefectureintheMingDynasty XieShi(9) Taicangbecameanimportantcityinthewatertransportationofgraintothecapitalinthe earlyyuandynasty.later,intheearly Ming,theexistenceofthecityledtothesetingupofa garrison.theoficeofthegarrisonhandleditsownafairsaswelastheregion scivilafairs.in themiddleofthemingdynasty,evilsproliferatedintaicangastrongmilitaryandweakcivilian power,soldiersjoiningwithbanditstosmugglesalt,etc.incircumstanceswherereformoftaxes 89
CONTENTS andcorvéelabor wasdificultandcoastaldefenses werehardpressed,taicang Garrison was upgradedintoaprefectureandtheassociatedcountiesandprefectureswerealsoexemptedfrom thegraintheyowed,aleviatingthesituation.butrelationsbetweenthemilitaryandthecivilian armremainedtenseduetothecoexistenceandjointruleoftheprefectureandgarrison,thefact thatthe militarylivedamongstthecivilians,andconflictsofinterest.inaddition,becauseof taxationdisagreementbetween TaicangPrefectureand KunshanCountyandthecoastalunrest duringthereignsofemperorszhengdeandjiajing,kunshan Countyrequestedthat Taicang Prefecturebedismantledbecausethediscrepancyinsizebetweenthelargeprefectureandthe smalcountieswasdisadvantageoustothelater.inthecourseoftheinterestgamingamongthe prefecture,thegarrisonandthecounties,aswelastheconflictsamongoficials,theatitudeof theimperialcourtshiftedfrom anambiguoustoaclear-cutstancethatis,taicangprefecture wastobemaintainedandthedao (sub-prefecture)wastoberestored.thetransitionoftaicang fromagarrisontoacountyandthencetoaprefecturereflectsboththespecificgeographical characteristicsoftheareaandthehistoryofchangesinthelocaladministrativesystem ofthe Mingdynasty. TheProvincial Boundary Disputesandthe Boundary Demarcation between Gansu and Qinghai ProvincesduringtheRepublicanEra YanTianling(44) DuringtheRepublicanera,administrativeboundarycontradictionsaccumulatedoveralong historyintensifiedonalfronts.tothoroughlysetlethedisputesandstandardizemanagement, thenationalistgovernmentatnanjingenactedtheregulationsonprovincial,countyandcity BoundaryDemarcationtoimplementdemarcationinaccordance withthelaw,buttheresults werenotideal,especialyfortheprovincialboundaries.thesurveyand demarcation ofthe Linxia-XunhuasectionbetweenGansuandQinghaiprovincescametoadeadendduetodiscord between Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui,asdidthe Qilian Mountain section duetothelong confrontationbetweengansuandqinghaiprovinces.thexiahe Tongrensectionalsoreacheda completeimpassebecauseofthefrequentfightingbetween HuangZhengqingand Ma Qi.The dificultiesinthedemarcationofthegansu-qinghaiprovincialboundaryduringtherepublican erareflectthepoliticaldilemmasencounteredinthecourseofthistaskandthecomplexityof ethnicminorityareasinnorthwestchina. TheUprisingoftheSmalSwordSocietyofSuqianin99andtheDisputeovertheJileTemple Property SunJiang(6) On th February,99,theSmalSwordSociety( Xiǎo Dāo Huì)inSuqianCounty suddenlyroseup,smashingschoolsandthekuomintangpartyoficeandkidnappingtheteachers andpartymembers.thislastedafulthreedays.thisuprising,alongwithtwoothersin March andaprilofthesameyear,hasbeendescribedasafightagainstthesocialandpoliticalreforms promotedbythenationalistgovernmentatnanjing.thejiletempleoriginalyhadnothingto dowiththerising,butendedupasthe mainplayer.thereasonforthis wasthatthesuqian 90