(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) (fair trade)
Starbucks 30 )
Starbucks
Starbucks (Oxfam) (2006.10) 0.75 1.6 26
Starbucks
$0.65 $26 =$25.35
$1.26 $5 =$3.74
$7.5 (NT$247)
$80 (NT$2,640)
Fair Trade 1998 Fair Trade Fair Trade 50 500
Fair Trade (Micro Credit System)
(6) 10 3.4
1 6 12 10 6 7 005/08/20 30 60
1800
19 (Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, 1818-1888) ( )
(Credit Cooperatives) (Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, 1818~1888) 19
(common bond) (indefinite liability) (one member, one vote.) ( )
( )
$ r $ R (Depositors) (Borrowers) ($) ($) (R r) $ (Shareholders)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
NIM NIM (%) 7.56 4.47 8.14 3.41
NIM
1 ( (Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch 1808 1883))
Grameen Bank It is a pioneer in microcredit, providing credit to the poor in rural Bangladesh. It has 2.4 million borrowers and 1,175 branches serving more than 60 percent of the villages in Bangladesh. 1976, 42, $27 Malaysia (1982), Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Bill Clinton and Arkansas Chicago, China, India, Latin America, and so on.
(financial exclusion) 90%
Grameen bank
Grameen bank
Group lending FI
18 = 21 10 10 18 =15 10 4
Credit as a Human Right Micro-credit is a very effective instrument to empower the poor, particularly poor women, in all cultures and economies of the world. It is cost-effective, sustainable and works in a business-like way.
2 ( (Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch 1808 1883))
3 [ ] ( (Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, 1818 1888))
4 [ ] ( (1844.10))
( )
(Credit Rationing) 21% 15% Excess demand of capital
(adverse selection): (moral hazard)
FI
Credit Rationing
5C Character: ( ) Capacity: ( ) Capital: ( ) Collateral: Condition: ( )
5P People: ( ) Purpose: ( ) Payment: Protection: Perspective:
(credit scoring model) hard information soft information
Credit Union are based on the pillars of trust. (WOCCU)
(common bond) soft information Loan Delinquency Ratio 4.00% 3.50% 3.00% 2.50% 2.00% 1.50% 1.00% 0.50% CUs(60+) Banks(90+) Placing a greater emphasis on long-term customer relationships more human inputs 0.00% Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
( )
( )
( )
(1/3) Savings CU CB spread Regular Savings 1.28% 0.79% CUs by 49 bp Interest Checking 0.76% 0.53% CUs by 23 bp Money Market 1.46% 0.85% CUs by 61 bp 1 Year CD 2.21% 1.69% CUs by 52 bp
(2/3) Loans CU CB spread Credit Card 12.45% 12.81% CUs by 36 bp 48 Mo New Car 5.7% 7.01% CUs by 131 bp 48 Mo Used Car 6.05% 7.74% CUs by 169 bp Home Mortgage 5.2 % 4.75 % CBs by 45 bp
(3/3) 12.00% 11.00% 10.00% CUs Banks Capital Equity Ratio 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 A comparison on the capital equity ratio: CU vs. CB of U.S.
(1/6) vs. (1) (2) (3) (4)
(2/6) 91 92 3.06% 2.16% 2.38% 1.48%
(3/6) 93 8.55% CB 19.71%
(4/6) 92 6.028% CB 4.965%
(5/6) 92 105.29% CB 30.40%
(6/6) ROA CB ROA 92 2.314% 0.385%
5 ( ) [ ] ( (Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, 1818 1888))
: (multiple-group) (single-group) ( )
(multiple-group) 1. 2.
6 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( (1844.10))
7 ( (Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, 1818 1888))
In most industries, the arrival of a large, well-known competitor makes smaller business squirm, but not in the banking. Smaller banks have discovered that a merger of competitors often signals an opportunity to grow. New York Times (Nov 2, 2003)
An opportunity to go after disaffected customers WHY? Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta (2005)
Relationship Lending
Relationship Deposits
How to go after disaffected customers? 1. 2. 3. ( fee-free ATM network) 4. New York Times (Nov 2, 2003)
( )
We are a global bank, but we compete on a local level. Because of the resources that we have, we have a breadth of products that community banks just can t support. New York Times (Nov 2, 2003)
Loan Loss Reserve Capital
(Loan Loss Provisioning) (Loan Loss Reserves) (charge off)
1. LLR / NPL LLR: Loan Loss Reserves NPL: Non-Performing Loan ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) NPL / Loan
Bank A Assets $100 Liability $88 Equity $12 Assets $92 Liability $88 Equity Bank B Assets $100 Liability $95 Assets $92 Liability $95 Equity $5 Equity
(capital adequacy ratio) Capital / Risk-adjusted Assets
In Japan, Citi enjoys much lower funding costs than stricken local institutions. The Economist (2002)
1995 (International Cooperative Alliance; ICA) (The Seven Principles of the Cooperatives)
(Voluntary and Open Membership)
(Democratic Member Control) ( )
(1) (2) ( )
(Member Economic Participation) ( )
(Autonomy and Independence)
(Education, Training and Information)
(Cooperation Among Cooperatives)
(Concern for Community)
1963 ICA 22
8 ( (Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, 1818 1888))
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
A Great Wall of Waste China is slowly starting to tackle its huge pollution problems. From The Economist print edition Aug 19th 2004
004/04/26
(Peter Senge)
(Peter Senge)
Business cannot succeed in a society that fails.
(shareholders) ( ) (stakeholders)
( )
1. 2. 3.
1. CSR CSR 2.
Greening the Banks (Equator Principles)
(p.19) [ ] (p.101) (p.102) ( )
!! Tel: (02) 8674-6874 E-mail: hlchih@mail.ntpu.edu.tw