3,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 2001 2003,,, 5, 75
2005 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1945, 11,, : :, 1998,101 1943 2 11,, 1945 76
1 3 11 ( :) 169 6178 957 7130 34403185 58197 35195 173 6195 1171 8194 6038189 10135 5116 717 28178 3868 29152 11158109 19113 2188 931 37138 4817 36177 5555136 9152 1115 157 6130 642 4190 176149 0130 0127 124 4198 627 4179 333107 0157 0153 163 6154 750 5172 388114 0167 0152 9 0136 50 0138 50189 0109 1102 48 1193 220 1168 84157 0114 0138 153142 0126 2491 100 13102 100 58342177 100 4145 :, :,,1952,33 34, 169,6178 %, 58197 %,173,6195 %, 10135 %, 13173 %, 69132 %72 5, 1937 4,,,,:, ( ),1 1 7 77
2005 6 2 3 11 ( :) 0 0 32238138 93171 3425102 37150 329141 5145 5560198 33189 311180 2179 2161192 28162 164113 2195 112136 39145 4101 2127 39166 11149 27168 8131 26156 7156 63114 16127 0 0 13121 25196 3116 5189 34108 40130 0 0 153142 100 11329166 31118 33339126 57114 :,,34 35,,, 5, 7,70, 2000,,,, 33339126,11329166,11 : :, 1994,13 78
3 3 11 ( :) 44 9130 30123 77184 167 35131 49108 33130 232 49105 19108 9132 16 3138 0199 7102 8 1169 0135 4196 5 1106 0124 5131 1 0121 0103 3116 473 100 100 23195 :,,35,3 93171 %,6129 %,16,,,3, (100 120 ),173 44, 2514 %, 3425102, 3715 %,30123 %, 77184 717 167,, : 10,1943,11,,1 1 7, :,1927 1945,: 1, 2003,128 79
2005 6 2313 %, 5560198, 33189 %,49108 %, 33130, 79131 %,, 80, 5145 %,,,,,3 31118 %, 57114 %,,, 1943 11,, 10162 %,6011 %,13154 %, 73164 %, 1943 3, 1942 1943,,,,,:, : 9,1983,358, 10,1943,12 80
4 1943 3 12 ( :) 67 3131 358 3130 3838127 12178 50150 10172 198 8163 1191 10197 6670152 22122 33169 516 708 30186 3492 32116 11956144 39182 16189 3142 1192 52100 5417 49189 7369171 24154 6118 1136 53 2131 173 1159 59147 0120 1112 0134 67 2189 227 2109 91156 0130 1136 0140 42199 0114 2285 3 100 10858 100 30028196 100 13114 3 2176 :, 12,1944 4,3 :11 21,31 3,, 67, 3131 %, 3838127, 12178 % ; 198,8163 %, 6670152, 22122 % ; 11194 %, 35 %200 3 69132 %,,,,, 12,1944 4,4 81
2005 6,: 5 1943 3 12 ( :) 3838127 22190 1595122 2265195 1101 41156 6670152 84102 527135 6227179 1136 7191 11956144 891153 553176 12294121 7125 4163 7369171 1680172 325169 8724174 19126 4142 59147 27191 9192 78106 35175 15167 20156 64179 50106 106129 60194 54167 42199 42199 100 29957196 3 2771187 3 3104199 3 29697104 9133 3 10136 3 :, 12,1944 4,10 : ;3, 41156 %,,93171 % 6129 % 3 3,1937 37, 81,18, 9,10,,3,3,,, 90,40, 82
10,,,, 4494 56,2144 %, 3 10162 %,,,: 6 1943 3 9 73 90 466 15167 85 109 392 21168 64 101 826 7175 222 300 1684 13118 :, 12,1944 4,21,3,, 21168 %24 %, 2188 %, 7124 %,, 12,1944 4,13 1136 %, 3 3715 %,, 7191 %, 3 5145 %,,, 30, 12,1944 4,13 83
2005 6,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1942 5,,,,, 1942 5 1943 11,, ;1943 11 1946 6,, 11 1942,5 1946 :,,, 5 3, (6),2000,94 :, 1984,75 84
,,3,,,,,, :,,,,,,:,,,,4 25,,, 1942 5 4, 1942 1 28,, :, :,1989,252, 8,271, 8,286, : 13, 1991,286 287 85
2005 6, (), 5 15,( ),,,,,, :,,,,, () ;,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 8,289, 8,272,,,,,,, 8,272 86
5 16,(,),,5,,,,,5,,3,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,,: ( ),1991 10,106 107, ( ),108 87
2005 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :!!,,,,,,,,,, 88
,,,,,,,,,,,, 1942 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,11 28,140 135, 15 50 80, 30,20, 1943, 13 243, 16, 180, :,,1942 6 28,1,1 1 7,83 89
2005 6 18, 6,17, 6,,5 6,,,, 1942, :,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,( ) 1942 5 8340,,,,,1942,1 1 7,85 :, 8,387,1942 6 4,1 : ( ),1999 8,51 90
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1942 40 50, 90 1943, 450 500, 225 210, 225 350 1943, 3 11,1942, 10 %2313 %28 %,513 % 2617 %,,,, 10,1943,74, 12,1944 4, 10,1943,41, 9,357 91
2005 6,,, 1944 1943, 11018, 3913, 7115, 3, 30,: 7 1943 () () () () () () () () () () () 600 500 90 100 6 3 40 20 259 65 1165 500 500 90 100 6 3 20 219 55 1055 250 400 60 80 6 3 20 169 42 692 75 60 135 1425 1460 162 3047 :,,1 1 57 : 10, 215 7115, 3047, 43,, 22 2,1, 8, 1525, 1532 22 44, 440, 110 1415, 1632, 8 5, 9,357 92
60,,,,,,, 1943 : 8 ( %) 1940 1941 1942 1943 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 25 14 23 10 11 5 11 39 43 38 45 56 59 56 :, 10, 1943,65,1941 38 39 %,43 45 %,,,,,,1 1 57 : 2 ( ),1983 7,67 ; 9,350, 12,1944 4,, 1 2 93
2005 6 56 %, 59 %3 129, 5800, 45 :,,,,, 1945 3 11,, 215, 3112 21, 1943 11,,, 1943 10 1, ( ), :,,;, 10 10,,10 1, 1942 8 3,, 10,1943,66,,1 1 101 1, 15,1945 8,35 37 : 14,1992, 97 94
2700,,,,,, 1942 12,,, 1943 3,,, 1943 11 18,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1991, 280 283 ( ),57, 15,360 95
2005 6,,, : 1944,,,,,,,1942,,,,,,3 10 64,612,, 8262, 78430, 70500,,, 1944,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13,98 132,,, ;,,, ;, 96
,,,, () ;, ( ),,,,,,,,, 1945 3 11,,,, 600, ;; 25 ;20,3, 20,;,1200 8,,, 1500, 54, 9,,,,,,,,,, 3000 1945 9, 15,386, 15,1945 8,20, ( ),3 1 50 97
2005 6, 1945 9 :,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( 2182 ),,,,,,( 776 ),( ),,,,,, 3 11,,,3 1 50, 15,361 362 98
1716, 720652,463, 27 %, 301989, 42 %,,, 20,,,, 1942,1944, 1945, 1944 5 : 9 1944 5 () () () 23 6185 61850 1351178 1 3 1170 2140 1 30 240 01712 1 1000 10000 19190 4 89 790 01657 340 1 1200 31671 1 3500 51835 2 270 2700 41243 6 8 7700 15185 3 150 1 1550 1100 950 10 7152 25900 411669, 15,362 99
2005 6 () () () 1 7 1500 21143 4 1864148 11734 420 1 600 6000 8157 () 2 800 1100 200 2 6110 6160 3 12150 14180 4 3428110 111759 1 300 7 4500 161224 ( ) 1032 71 136024158 2931945 1910 :, 15,1945 8 136024158, 2931945, 11,: 10 1944 11 () 2 170 850 1 710 4 4 540 2280 8 620 320215 2 19 700 2 2 1000 3 3185 4 1250 100
() 1 3 800 2 61 610 1 3 300 1 3 800 1 700 8 30 3300 2 100 1 186617 2 221 2000 1 2 1300 1 100 1000 1 20 10190 4 4700 19 47 3755912 411168 :, 15,1945 8, 7625, 661296 ;,405178, 374136 1181155, 77179 %,337141 186174,11024 311127,27141, 15,1945 8,58,,40 101
2005 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 2 3, 100, 17,1,1000, 8000 :?,,??,4/ 5, 1945,,,,1945 3 11,400,?,: 7,1945 9 15,,A1 32,44,,5 1 7,,5 1 7, 15,360,,5 1 7,,3 1 50,,3 1 18 102
100,90,35 1945,3,,,, 3,, : 11 3 11 (1938 1945 ) 328 22401-22073 3 634 1657-1023 3 2792 1134 + 1658 3 3713 567 + 3146 650 12 + 638 581 95 + 486 3 325 84 + 241 3 35 3 + 32 180 171 + 9 392 12 + 380 3 9630 3 26136 3-16506 3 :, 15,1945 8,30 103
2005 6, 15,367 :;3, 3 11 1938 1945 22073, 1023, 23096, 1943 1944 11 15362, 70 %, 10777169, 6590, 1945 : 12 3 11 1937 1945 ( ) 1945 ( ) 203157 35195 61106 13167 80120 19101 34191 5116 20165 4104 28116 5179 15150 2188 3 14139 2196 13182 2198 5197 1115 3 8191 1190 6127 1132 1112 0127 5102 1131 1179 0164 2169 0153 6153 1134 6168 1139 2138 0152 6102 1127 4101 0185 5165 1102 9125 1166 7190 1158 1178 0138 4142 0183 0198 0188 4183 1189 23142 4145 14138 3109 14138 3109,,39 104
,40 :, 15,1945 8 :3,,1937 1945,203157, 35195, 70 %62 %, 5197 1115 8191 1190,49 % 65 %,, 1947,1942 118,1945 43, 667,191, 65621228,13171103 50, 46, 3 (142,118, ) 9,76, 74819, 9185, 3, 47719, 271, 315 2/ 5 2363,1515,1050, 40 %, 1/ 4,1943 3,,,, 6 :,,3 1 18,79 81 ;,,3 1 67,73 105
2005 6 13 3 6 1943 1943 49 41-8 3814127 2161136-1652191 62 80 + 18 3 2364125 2665148 + 301123 270 324 + 54 4273161 5139154 + 865193 589 679 + 90 3619123 3756199 + 137176 63 50-13 74193 55123-19170 21 12-9 15134 15174 + 0140 1054 1186 + 132 14161163 13794134-367129 :,,14 :,,,,, 3, 1613 %,4313 %,,,, 1947 4 1945,3, 34, 298, 8176,3,34, 107, 3115 ;10,73, 33513, 4159, 106
16,100,306, 3106 12 1193, 785, 34120 % ; 28 21115, 47615, 125130 %,2 3145, 1946 11,1942, 1946, : 14 1942 () 1946 () 88 179 29 2 77 240 26 2 420 830 78 13 346 1008 123 14 796 3564 762 97 854 3929 571 23 119 3 413 3 918 715 3 215 319 3 416 116 :,,1 1 28 :3, 715 116,918 416, 119 215 48, 24,50 %,,,,3 1 67,,3 1 67,45 47,,1 1 28 107
2005 6, 1944 7 14,, :,,,,,, 200433 : 3,1996,185 :, :,1985,500 :, 2,2003,78 :,:, 1993,698 108
Modern Chinese History Studies No. 6, 2005 The Increase in the Number of Regular Markets in North China in t he Late Qing Period and An Interpretation of It s Significance W ang Qi ngcheng (1) The article suggests that the increase in the number of markets was related first to population, but not completely in a positive correlation. In many a cases, one market could serve for X people, but could also serve for 2X or 3X people. The increase in the number of markets indicates the commercialization of rural products and an increase in the circulation of commodities, a picture of economic prosperity. However, in the late Qing, the area of cultivated farmland per capita decreased, and the degree of peasant poverty increased. In order to support their families, peasants became more and more deeply involved in the commodity econ2 omy, and devoted more surplus labor to sideline production and to developing var2 ious low2cost household handicrafts. All these played roles in the increase in the number of markets and in the volume of trade. Therefore, poverty was one of reasons for the increase in the circulation of commodities in North China in the late Qing period. The Hankou2Daye2Pingxiang Company s Steel Sales and China s Modern Steel Market (1908 1927) Dai L u (39) After the reorganization of the Hankou2Daye2Pingxiang company, the sales mechanism for its products and its rules and regulations were gradually improved, and it expanded its sales activities on many fronts. Income from steel sales domi2 nated its sales of steel, coke and ore products, and made up the main source of the company s operating expenses for many years. The domestic market was very small at the time, the foreign powers worked to depress steel sales, and the government constrained steel sales as well (mainly sales of steel rails). Overseas, the company was the target of all manner of exploitation, particularly in sales to Japan. As a result, China s sole integrated steel and coking enterprise was re2 duced under pressure to a simple mining operation supplying iron ore. The Chinese Communist Party s Policy of Rent and Interest Reduc2 tion during the Resistance War against Japan, and Changes of Land Ownership : A Case Study of J unan County in the Shan2 dong Base Area W ang Youm i ng (75) 1
Affected by geographical conditions and historical and cultural background, the distribution of land ownership presented completely different characteristics in the plains and the hill country of J unan County. In the plains, land ownership was concentrated. There were many big landowners. Tenancy relationships were well2developed. Land was mainly rented out in large tracts. Most tenants were rich peasants who operated in a capitalist manner. Landowners exploited their tenants mainly through land rents. In the hill country, landownership was com2 paratively decentralized. Most landowners were independent farmers. Tenancy relationships were limited. Lands were mainly rented in small plots. The majori2 ty of residents were owner2peasants. Landowners exploited their tenants mainly through employment. While carrying out a land policy of reducing rents and in2 terest, the local CCP organizations had to consider the local conditions and char2 acteristics at the same time as they guaranteed the implementation of the Central Committee s policies. Therefore, they had to take flexible measures. Because there were many big landowners in the plains, they adopted measures todis2 tribute land,and in view of the great number of large tenants in the hill coun2 try, they actually adopted measures toincrease capital. They also took other measures, such aslooking for labor,borrowing grain,uncovering prob2 lems, holding public struggle meetings,and so on. All these measures forced the gradual transfer of the land holdings and other property of the rich peasants to poor peasants and farm laborers, with the result that the rent and interest reduc2 tion movement objectively achieved the goal of land reform. The Impact of t he Russo2J apanese War on Sino2Korean Relations Q uan Hexi u (109) Although the Qing government and the Korean government declaredneu2 tralityduring the Russo2Japanese War, they became twoneutral countries which were directly attacked by both the Japanese and Russian armies in the im2 perialist war. Moreover, bilateral relations between the two were also directly af2 fected. For instance, the border issue and disputes over fishing rights were not negotiated and handled by the central governments in a timely manner, and have since become longstanding unsettled issues between the two countries. The Treaty of Portsmouth signed by Japan and Russia in September 1905, further re2 duced China and Korea s territory and sovereignty to spoils of the war between Russian and Japanese imperialism. This resulted directly in Korea being reduced to Japan sprotectorateand led to the end of Sino2Korean diplomatic relations at the ministerial level. As a result, Sino2Korean bilateral relations became more and more marginal in the modern international relations of East Asia, an even in the world at large. On the Relationship between the Chinese Communist Pary and the Gelaohui in t he Shaan2Gan2Ning Border Region during t he 1930s and the 1940s Park S ang2soo (134) 2