邁 向 專 精 之 路 : 臺 灣 社 會 工 作 的 下 一 步? 壹 前 言 Wilensky, 1964 1997 4 2 4 2 1999 5 3 establishment 16% 1960 70
1980 new establishment outsider Elias, 1965 anti-establishment 1958 New Statesman 1960 1960 Barker, 1999
貳 社 會 工 作 專 業 化 的 歷 程 Charity organization settlement Woodroofe, 1962: 77 1869 1877 Buffalo 1884 deprofessionalization Toynbee Hall 1887 Jane Addams 1889 Hull House Lundblad, 1995 2007 diffuse 12 19 5 1893 Octavia Hill 1895 18
Southwark the Women's University Settlement Margaret Sewell 1896 friendly state autonomy visitors caseworker Skocpol and Orloff, 1984 1898 6 Training direct practice School in Practice Charity 1903 Wenocur and Reisch, 1989; Reisch, 1998: 161 the School of Sociology 16 1912 1910 Woodroofe, 1962: 52-54 8 Eileen Younghusband search for order Mary Richmond Gordon social question Hamilton Charlott Towle Younghusband, 1964 new poor Lubove, 1965; Wenocur and Reisch, 1989; Reisch, 1998: 163
4P wholesale reform patronage piety wholesale social welfare poor law private philanthropies Specht and Woodroofe, 1962: 103; Austin, Courtney, 1994 1983: 359; Reisch, 1998: 164-67 Kuhn 1962 paradigm shift causal attribution individual treatment Woodroofe, 1962; Lundblad, 1995; Agnew, 2004 Mary individual needs Richmond Social Diagnosis common human rights retail reform retail social welfare common human needs Reisch, 1998: 178 Hull House Jane Addams the New York School of Philanthropy Samuel M. Lindsay Edith 1920 Abbot Psychiatric Deluge settlement work Borenzweig, 1971; Alexander, 1972;
Field, 1980 林 萬 億 沈 詩 涵 CSWE NASW CSWE Reisch, 1998: 171 1964 88.7% NASW 1930 50 4.1% grandfather clause 2006 NASW 1961 specialization 2 8 1965 4 5 Academy of Certified Bartlett, Social Workers, ACSW 1970 1950 NASW ACSW Temporary Inter-Association Council of Social Work Membership Organizations, TIAC ACSW TIAC 1952 1955 1960 National Association of Social Workers, NASW 1951 generic Council of Social Work Education, integrated approach
1964 holistic 2006 social treatment social Specht and Vickery 1977 action specialized D'Angelo, 1976 social work practice method 1970
Neil Gilbert specific 1920 Harry Specht 1974 professionalization Incomplete Profession specialization 1950 1990 Specht Courtney 1994 1970 unitary approach specialized unfaithful angels generic generalized Specht 1972 參 社 會 工 作 專 業 的 進 階 1920
Dhooper, Royse, & Wolfe, 1990 2006 一 基 礎 專 業 basic professional BSW 1970 NASW 2007 1920 1932
1919 NASW CSWE 1937 NASW 1942 1973 CSWE NASSA 220 1952 CSWE CSWE CSWE 1980 261 1960 1984 CSWE 2004 442 1970 NASW 1968 CSWE NASW
二 專 精 化 專 業 林 萬 億 沈 詩 涵 specialized 1939 professional Basic Eight 1950 1965 1965 67 9,000 practice settings 1970 1991 1970 1973 CSWE
Standards for Accreditation and Curriculum Policy Statement the Academy of 2004 Certified Social Worker ACSW 168 ACSW 1960 1996 三 獨 立 專 業 6 ACSW Middleman, 1996 independent 1990 NASW professional the Academy of Certified Baccalaureate Social Workers,
ACBSW 林 萬 億 沈 詩 涵 ACBSW NASW 1996 CSWE ACSW NASW CSWE social work license certification ACSW ACSW Diplomate in Clinical Social Work, DCSW behavioral health care NASW DCSW NASW 20 NASW CSWE NASW NASW 5 clinical social work NASW 20 Qualified Clinical Social Worker, QCSW
ACSW Worker in Gerontology, CSW-G NASW NASW NASW NASW NASW specialty certification Certified Children, Youth, and Family Social Workers, C-CYFSW Certified Advanced Children, Youth, and Family 1960 Social Workers, C-CYFSW Certified School Social 1980 Work Specialist, C-SSWS 2005 Certified Social Worker in Health Care, C-SWHC Certified Clinical Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Social Worker, licensing C-CATODSW Certified Social Work Case Manager, C-SWCM Certified Advanced Social Work Case Manager, C-ASWCM Social Worker in Gerontology, SW-G Advanced Social Worker in Gerontology, ASW-G Clinical Social
DCSW the American Association of State Social Work Boards, AASSWB 1979 1999 DSW Association of Social Work Boards, ASWB Bachelors Masters Advanced Generalist Clinical Ph. D. in 四 高 階 專 業 Social Welfare advanced professional UC-Berkeley DSW Ph. D. U. of Michigan 2003 69 肆 相 鄰 專 業 的 競 爭 壓 力
1920 林 萬 億 沈 詩 涵 1960 5 1 2 7 20 1 90 11 21 1998 18 131 NASW 20 1999 155
person in the situation 1964 Florence Hollis 12 1 psychosocial therapy Johnson, 1998 social work treatment 1929 Turner 1986 Milford Conference Social Work Treatment adjust community treatment treatment 1940 Gordon Hamilton
42 2
Costin, 1975; Allen Meares, 1977 2007
Farley, Smith & Boyle, 2006 表 1 社 會 工 作 師 法 與 心 理 師 法 的 比 較 項 目 社 會 工 作 師 法 (96 年 12 月 19 日 ) 心 理 師 法 (90 年 ) 4 2 5
項 目 社 會 工 作 師 法 (96 年 12 月 19 日 ) 心 理 師 法 (90 年 ) 12 13 14 8 18
項 目 社 會 工 作 師 法 (96 年 12 月 19 日 ) 心 理 師 法 (90 年 ) 17 90 8 ( ) 6 42 87 7 2 18 27 18 6 13 8 21 10 13 8 10 42 伍 社 會 工 作 養 成 教 育 與 就 業 的
壓 力 林 萬 億 沈 詩 涵 2001 19,680 GRE 1,380 Karger and Stoesz, 2003 1920 Karger 2007 388 Stoesz 2003 118 1985 2001 1987 351 432 social welfare 1985 25,533 worker 1999 37,557 care worker 63 1997 60% 89 151 1985 22,000 1999 35,534 care 75% 47 66 manager 2006 1979 213 41 1999 267 56 1999 6,943 10.5 1
7 5 2006 1987 10 1 1998 2 3 2007 2006 410 2007 Choi, 2007 1980 2006 24 18 4 2,600 260 15 7 9 9
3,000 2003 7,575 220 2003 3 2 5 3 2 2 5
Bartlett 1961 secondary settings 1905 the Massachusetts General Hospital Richard Cabot Ida Cannon Lubove, 1965 6 陸 邁 向 專 精 之 路
5 5 proletarianisation
democratic professionalism 21 2 3 market consumerism 2006 18
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