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(NEWater) (Ashkelon) (Shafdan) BOT BOT 2
(NEWater) 2510 2.6 1/8 1700 70 370 78 3
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X- 2 1,500 ( ) 3 6,000 665 (2002 ) 33 37 (Jerusalem) (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) 5
(Jerusalem) (Tel-Aviv) 6
(Tel-Aviv) 665 550 84% 95 14% 3% (Druze) 14.2% 3% (Hebrew) 2003 7
8 Moshe Katsav 2001 8 1
23 9
14 165 45 30 40 4.5 6 475 18 40 5 92.5 18.5 26.4 10
60% 20 80% 20% 1967 Eastern Aquifer Gaza Aquifer 2000 2005 2020 2000 7 2001 9 Ministry of Infrastructure and Finance BOT IDE Technology, Veolia, 11
Dankner-Ellen Infrastructure VID 2002 4 10 1 33 38 2003 165,000 2004 12 2005 5 223,000 2005 8 21,200 70 BOT 25 25 30 $0.527 1 5,538 18.5 2003 1 23 7.5 ( 300Mx250M) 40,750 ppm TDS, 40 ppm TDS, (250 ppm) 12
Cartridge Cartridge 33% 40% 32 Double Work Exchanger Energy Recovery 13
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竸 7,000 23 80MW, 56MW Siemmens Company 27 15
1 3.15 1.6 1.86 却 EAPC( Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline Co.) 16
( The Dan Region Associaion of Towns DRAT ) 1. 2. 1955 Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Ramat Gan, Bene Beraq, Petach Tiqwa, Giv atayim, Holon, Bat-Yam (Oxidation Pond ) 18,000 60 (Shafdan) 30 (Shafdan) 400 (Shafdan) 17
(Shafdan) (Shafdan) 200 150 4 ( 55,000 ) 12 ( 7,500 ) 1 1.5 1 1.5 Mey Ezor Dan Agricultural Cooperative Water Association Ltd. ( National Water Company ) 18
(Shafdan) 19
Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd. (TCE) MOTOLOLAR IWRM system 1. National Water Carrier (NWC) 2. NWC 3. 4. Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems NWC (about 21% of all energy is used for pumping water in summer and electricity comprises about 60% of water tariffs) 5. 6. TCE Water Commission 1. 2. 3. 4. 1960 50 1996 BOO and BOT TCE Motorola SCADA thus the Client receives the specialized expertise of both firms. TCE GIS Motorola SCADA 20
GSM IMES GATE-D SMS/GPRS MEASURING & SIEMENS KARTAL COMM. SMS/GP IMES SMS/GPRS TRANSMITTER MEASURING & COMM. DATA BASE PC Principal of Electromagnetic Debimeters 21
Temasek 13 13 17 1811 110 22
1959 692 2.5 435 682 2400 400 135 Johor PUB 2001 164 unaccountable for water 1990 10.6 2001 5.3 2001 10 water reclamation department 2012 25 (Water Reclaimation) (NEWater ) 1998 Public Utilities Board(PUB) Ministry of Environment and Water Resources(MEWR) (Used water) (Dual-membrane microfiltration and reverse osmosis ) ( Planned Indirect Potable Use 穪 IPU) IPU ( Orange County Water District) Water Factory 21 1976 23
Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA) 1978 Occoquan Reservoir Occoquan IPU Gwinnett Scottsdale 2001 却 却 BOO 2005 13 6000 10 2002 Bedok, Kranji and Seletar 93,000 Bedok 廰 Visitor Center National Water Research Institute USA 24
NEWater USEPA /WHO Standards A) Physical Turbidity (NTU) <5 5 / 5 Colour (Hazen units) <5 15 / 15 Conductivity (µs/cm) <200 Not Specified(- / -) ph Value 7.0-8.5 6.5-8.5 / - Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) <100 500 / 1000 Total Organic Carbon (mg/l) <0.5 - / - Total Alkalinity (CaCO3) (mg/l) <20 - / - Total Hardness (CaCO3) (mg/l) <20 Not available B) Chemical (mg/l) Ammoniacal nitrogen (as N) <0.5 - / 1.5 Chloride (Cl) <20 250 / 250 Fluoride (F) <0.5 4 / 1.5 Nitrate (NO3) <15 - / - Silica (SiO2) <3 - / - Sulphate (SO4) <5 250 / 250 Residual Chlorine (Cl, Total) <2 - / 5 Total Trihalomethanes (as mg/l) <0.08 0.08 / - C) Metals (mg/l) Aluminium <0.1 0.05-0.2 / 0.2 Barium (Ba) <0.1 2 / 0.7 Boron (B) <0.5 - / 0.9 Calcium (Ca) <20 - / - Copper (Cu) <0.05 1.3 / 2 Iron (Fe) <0.04 0.3 / 0.3 Manganese (Mn) <0.05 0.05 / 0.5 Sodium (Na) <20 - / 200 Strontium (Sr) <0.1 - / - Zinc (Zn) <0.1 5 / 3 D) Bacteriological Total Coliform Bacteria (Counts/100 ml) Not detectable Not detectable Enterovirus Not detectable Not detectable 25
Public Utilities Board 26
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Unaccountable For Water 28
BOO Sing Spring 3 BOO 20 2005 13 6000 10 29
0.78 0.44 16 630 1878 1972 30
Lagunan Lagunan Lagunan 31
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