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Xanthomonas 流 李 北 : bio1007@mails.fju.edu.tw; : 02-2902-1124 Xanthomonas 類 392 葉 Xanthomonas 良 Xanthomonas 類 更 (species) 不 (pathovars) 流 X. campestris pv. vasculorum X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum X. vasicola pv. vasculorum X. sacchari Xanthomonas 離 行 Xanthomonas 流 (SOP) 行 若 Xanthomonas 路 立 料 Xanthomonas (species) 料 參 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas (species) 不 (pathovars) ( ) (Bradbury, 1984; Van den Mooter and Swings, 1990; Vauterin, et al.,1990; 1995) Xanthomonas -X. maltophilia Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Palleroni and Bradbury, 1993) Xanthomonas 類 392 124 葉 (monocotyledon) 268 葉 (dicotyledon) 葉 11 (family) 70 葉 57 170 (Leyns, et al.,1984; Hayward, 1993) ( ) Xanthomonas 葉 Xanthomonas 1

不 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas 良 若 理 若 理 Xanthomonas 錄 Xanthomonas X. campestris pv. campestris X. vesicatoria X. oryzae pv. oryzae 類 X. axonopodis pv. glycines X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Hsu and Tzeng, 1979) 鶴 X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae(, 1991) X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae(, 1977) X. arboricola pv. pruni(, 1977) X. axonopodis pv. citri Xanthomonas 類 Xanthomonas 類 Gammaproteobacteria ( -proteobacteria) Xanthomonadales Xanthomonadaceae 蘭 (Gram negative) 絶 (obligately aerobic) 不 (non-sporing) 狀 (rod-shaped) 0.4-0.7 x 0.7-1.8 m (single polar flagella) catalase 不 ( oxidase (nitrate) (nitrite) 利 asparagine Xanthomonas G+C 量 (total G+C content) 63.3-69.7 mol % (Bradbury, 1984; Schaad and Stall, 1988; Vauterin et al., 1993) Xanthomonas 數 滑 狀 落 (smooth yellow mucoid colonie) 落 Xanthomonas xanthomonadins halogenated arylpolyenes (mono- or dibromo-arylpolyene) (Andrewes et al., 1973, 1976) (Jenkins and Starr, 1982b) Xanthomonas xanthomonadins 力 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas 泌 xanthan gum 糖 類 (extracellular polysaccharide) 落 滑 狀 (Schaad and Stall, 1988) Xanthomonas 類 離 Xanthomonas (Hyacinthi sp.) Bacterium hyacinthi(wakker, 1883) X. hyacinthi (syn. X. campestris pv. hyacinthi)( Vauterin et al., 1995) Xanthomonas Dowson 1939 年 不 19 (species) (Dowson, 1939) Xanthomonas (species) 2

- "new host-new species concept" Xanthomonas Xanthomonas 不 1957 年 Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (7th ed.) Xanthomonas 列 60 (species) (Burkholder, 1957) 類 念 (phylogenetic relationship) 類 說 若 (common ancestor) 類 (asexual reproduction) 來 類 狀 (phenotypic properties) 狀 來 類 (a phenetic approach) 類 ( 狀 狀 螺 狀 ) 行 理 ( 蘭 利 ) 類 Xanthomonas ( " Xanthomonas 類 " Xanthomonas Xanthomonas (species) 理 狀 類 不 ( -host specificity 不 ) 1939 年 不 Xanthomonas (species) Burkholder Starr (1948) Xanthomonas (species) 了 理 Dye (1962, 1963, 1966) 更 Xanthomonas 65 (species) 數 理 Dye Lelliott (1974) Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Xanthomonas (species) 數 : X. albilineans, X. ampelina, X. axonopodis, X. campestris, X. fragariae 了 理 (species) (pathovar; pv.) 例 X. campestris pv. campestris X. campestris; X. campestris pv. citri X. campestris; X. campestris pv. oryzae X. campestris X. campestris 123 pathovars (Dye et al., 1980; Young et al., 1978) 140 類 列 Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Skerman et al., 1980) 類 類 1980 年 了 利 (Lazo et al., 1987) (Vauterin et al., 1991) ( (Yang et al., 1993) Xanthomonas 不 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas X. campestris 140 (pathovars) DNA-DNA hybridization 度 不 DNA homology groups group (Murata and Starr, 1973; Schroth and Hildebrand,1983; Hildebrand et al., 1990; Vauterin et al., 1990; Palleroni et al., 1993; Vauterin et al., 1995) : 3

1. 不 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas 例 : (1-1) Aplanobacterium populi Ride (synonym, "Aplanobacter populi" Prevot 1961) (Populus spp.) "bacterial canker of poplar (Populus spp.)" 理 DNA-rDNA hybridization DNA base composition Xanthomonas Xanthomonas populi (Ridé and Ridé, 1978) (1-2) Pseudomonas maltophilia Hugh 1981 類 力 opportunistic bacterium 理 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas maltophilia (Swings et al. 1983) 來 X. maltophilia Xanthomonas xanthomonadins 異 (Jenkins and Starr, 1985) 異 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Palleroni and Bradbury, 1993) 2. Xanthomonas (species) Vauterin (1995) DNA-DNA hybridization Biolog GN microplate 利 Xanthomonas 類 列 參 Young (1996) 理 (2-1) X. albilineans (Ashby) Dowson 1943 "leaf scald and white stripe of sugarcane" 留 (2-2) X. ampelina Panagopoulos 1969 "bacterial blight of grapes" Xanthomonas 異 Xylophilus ampelinus (Willems et al., 1987). (2-3) X. axonopodis Starr & Garces 1950, (Axonopus spp.) "gummosis of Axonopus spp." 來 X. campestris (pathovar) X. axonopodis 43 ( ) (2-4) X. fragariae Kennedy & King 1962, (Fragaria spp.) " leafspot disease of Fragaria spp." 留 (2-5) X. campestris (Pammel) Dowson 1939 140 (pathovars) : (2-5-1) X. campestris 77 pathovars (2-5-2) X. axonopodis (2-5-3) X. campestris pv. oryzae ( bacterial blight of rice) X. campestris pv. oryzicola ( leaf streak of rice) 兩 - X. oryzae X. oryzae pv. oryzae X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Swings et al., 1990) (2-5-4) pathovars (species) 14 (Vauterin et al., 1995) ( ): 1. X. arboricola; 2. X. bromi; 3. X. cassavae; 4. X. codiaei; 5. X. cucurbitae; 6. X. hortorum; 7. X. hyacinthi; 8. X. melonis; 9. X. pisi; 10. X. sacchari; 11. X. theicola; 12. X. translucens; 13. X. vasicola; 14. X. vesicatoria 4

Xanthomonas 20 20 理 異 參 Vauterin (1995) 16 rdna 列 度 98.2% (Hauben et al., 1997) 流 流 (Saccharum officinarum) 葉 (chlorotic leaf stripes) 葉 (necrosis) 量 狀 (yellow bacterial slime) 流 流 (gumming disease; gummosis) 流 梁 (Hughes, 1961) 流 (Hughes, 1961) 列 類 流 流 X. campestris pv. vasculorum Vauterin (1992) SDS-PAGE DNA hybridization Xanthomonas 流 : 1. X. campestris pv. vasculorum 兩 -type A B group (1) X. campestris pv. vasculorum type A group strains X. axonopodis 更 X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum (Vauterin et al., 1992, 1995; Young et al., 1996) (2) X. campestris pv. vasculorum type B group strains X. campestris pv. holcicola 兩 Xanthomonas 異 X. vasicola X. vasicola pv. vasculorum X. vasicola pv. holcicola (Vauterin et al., 1992, 1995; Young et al., 1996) 2. 洛 (Guadeloupe; 罹 離 Xanthomonas 離 度 X. campestris pv. vasculorum ( Indian strain LMG8285) 兩 X. campestris pv. vasculorum type A B Xanthomonas 異 X. sacchari (Vauterin et al., 1992, 1995; Young et al., 1996) Xanthomonas X. albilineans leaf scald and white stripe X. campestris pv. vasculorum 流 Xanthomonas X. albilineans X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum X. vasicola pv. vasculorum X. sacchari 5

Xanthomonas Xanthomonas 葉 (spot) (stripe) (canker) (blight) (Koch's postulate) 1. 離 (isolation and purification); 2. (inoculation); 3. (identification) : 1. 離 : 切 5-10 GYCA(Dye, 1962) Nutrient agar (Difco) LA(Luria-Bertani agar)(sambrook et al., 1989) KB (King's B) (King et al., 1954) 26-28 o C 3-10 若 Xanthomonas 滑 落 Xanthomonas 落 ( X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae ) xanthomondins 落 滑 ( X. axonopodis pv. manihotis 不 xanthomondins 不 (Schaad and Stall, 1988) 離 GYCA (D-glucose 1 % w/v, yeast extract 0.5%, CaCO3 3%, agar 2%) 4 o C 2. : 1-2 度 10 8 cfu/ml 金 28 o C 度 7-14 (Schaad and Stall, 1988) 3. : 若 離 若 "Xanthomonas 類 " Xanthomonas Xanthomonas (species) (pathovar) 若 Xanthomonas (species) 理 Vauterin (1995) 列 理 行 若 16S rdna 行 Hauben (1997) 列 16S rdna polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (primers) PCR 行 : 1. 若 理 16S rdna 列 (species) ( 98% ) (species) 2. 若 理 (species) 度 90% 16S rdna 列 Xanthomonas 97% 度 Xanthomonas (species) 行 DNA-DNA hybridization 若 60-70% (Stackebrandt and Goebel, 1994) 6

3. 若 理 (species) 度 90% 16S rdna 列 Xanthomonas 97% 度 Xanthomonas 不 Xanthomonas 16S rdna 列 行 類 了 若 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas (species) 不 140 (pathovars) ( ) 若 (species) 不 切 類 類 更 (species) 類 (species) 不 類 更 度 不 Xanthomonas Xanthomonas 若 Xanthomonas 料 Xanthomonas (species) 若 離 立 Xanthomonas 列 : 1. Xanthomonas 易 2. Xanthomonas 理 料 料 路 3. Xanthomonas (X. campestris pv. campestris) E. coli trag taxb (Cabezon, et al., 1994; 1997) Agrobacterium tumefaciens vird4 (Okamoto, et al., 1991) Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity island cag5 (Hu, et al., 1998) XCC33 marker-exchange knock out 藍 wild-type 力 vaga virulence-associated gene GenBank accession no. AF360374 (, 1999;, 2001) vaga 行 vaga 不 Xanthomonas 不 Erwinia spp. Pseudomonas spp. Ralstonia sp. PCR Xanthomonas vaga vaga DNA 度 71-100% vaga Xanthomonas 7

vaga 列 PCR BX-8R(XanP-F) + vag-r3(xanp-r) Xanthomonas 流 (SOP) Xanthomonas 0.4 kb DNA (, 2001) 立 料 若 Xanthomonas 路 料 Xanthomonas (species) 料 參 論 Xanthomonas 類 類 更 若 理 年 益 立 Xanthomonas 1. 易 2. 料 路 3. 良 不 益 1.. 1999. 列 IS1404 落 論 2.. 2001. Xanthomonas spp. vaga 利. 論 3.. 1991. 鶴 葉. 33:421. 4.. 1977.. 19:299. 5. 林 林. 1997. 利 連. 理 6:1-9. 6. Andrewes, A. G., Hertzberg, S., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Starr, M. P. (1973) The Xanthomonas 'carotenoids'-non-carotenoid, brominated, aryl-polyene esters. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 27:2382-2395. 7. Andrewes, A. G., Jenkins, C. L., Starr, M. P., Shepherd, J. and Hope, H. 1976. Structure of xanthomonadin I, a novel dibrominated arylpolyene pigment produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas juglandis. Tetrahedron Letters 45:4023-4024. 8. Bradbury, J. F. 1984. Genus Xanthomonas. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Krieg, N. R., and Holt, J. G. eds.) 8th ed. vol.1 pp. 199-209. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 9. Burkholder, W. H. 1957. Genus II. Xanthomonas Dowson l939. In Bergey's Manual of 8

Determinative Bacteriology (Breed, R. S., Murray, E. G. D., and Smith, N. R. eds.) 7th ed. pp. 152-183. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 10. Burkholder, W. H., and Starr, M. P. 1948. The generic and specific characters of phytopathogenic species of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. Phytopathology 38:494-502. 11. Dowson, W. J. 1939. On the systematic position and generic names of the Gram negative bacterial plant pathogens. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 2 100: 177-193. 12. Dye, D. W. 1962. The inadequacy of the usual determinative tests for the identification of Xanthomonas spp. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 5:393-416. 13. Dye, D. W. 1963. Comparative study of the biochemical reactions of additional Xanthomonas spp. N. Z. J, Sci. Technol. 6:483-486. 14. Dye, D. W. 1966. Cultural and biochemical reactions of additional Xanthomonas spp. N. Z. J, Sci. Technol. 9:913-919. 15. Dye, D. W., and Lelliott, R. A. 1974. Genus II. Xanthomonas Dowson 1939. In Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Buchanan R. E., and Gibbons, N. E. eds.), 8th ed. pp. 243-249. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 16. Dye, D. W., Bradbury, J. F., Goto, M., Hayward, A. C., Lelliott, R, A., and Schroth, M. N. 1980. International standards for naming pathovars of phytopathogenic bacteria and a list of pathovar names and pathotype strains. Rev. Plant Pathol. 59:153-168. 17. Hauben, L., Vauterin, L., Swing, J., and Moore, E. R. B 1997. Comparison of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of all Xanthomonas species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 328-335. 18. Hayward, A. C. 1993. The host of Xanthomonas. In Xanthomoans (Swings, J. G., and Civerolo, E. L. eds). pp. 1-120. Chapman & Hall Inc. Boundary Row, London. 19. Hildebrand, D. C., Palleroni, N. J., and Schroth, M. N. 1990. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of 24 xanthomonad strains representing 23 Xanthomonas campestris pathovars and Xanthomonas fragariae. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:263-269. 20. Hsu, S. -T., and Tzeng, K. -C. 1979. Occurrence of bacterial blight of bean in Taiwan. Plant Prot. Bull. 21: 244-246. 21. Hu, C. -K., Lee, Y. -A., Chiu, S. -P., and Yang, Y. -P. 1998. Locational analysis of IS1404 in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: IS476, ISXC6 and a gene homologous to vird4, trag, taxb and cag5 pathogenicity island gene are targets of IS1404. Plant Pathol. Bull. 7: 219 (Abstract). 22. Hughes, C. G. 1961. Gumrmng Disease. In Sugar-cane diseases of the world (Hartin, J. P., Rbbott, E. V., and Hughes, C. G. eds.) vol.i. pp.55-71. Amsterdam, Flsevler. 23. Jenkins, C. L., and Starr, M. P. 1982. The brominated aryl-polyene (xanthomonadin) pigments of Xanthomonas juglandis protect against photobiological damage. Current Microbiology 7:323-6. 24. King, E. O., Ward, M. K., and Raney, D. E. 1954. Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301-307. 25. Lazo, G. R., Roffey, R., and Gabriel, D. W. 1987. Pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris are distinguishable by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:214-221. 9

26. Leyns, F., De Cleene, M., Swings, J. -G., and De Ley, J. 1984. The host range of the genus Xanthomonas. Bot. Rev. 50: 308-356. 27. Murata, G. R., and Starr, M. P. 1973. A concept of the genus Xanthomonas and its species in the light of segmental homology of deoxyribonucleic acids. Phytopathol. Z. 77:285-323. 28. Palleroni, N. J., and Bradbury, J. F. 1993. Stenotrophomonas, a new bacterial genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1980) Swings et al. 1983. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 606-609. 29. Palleroni, N. J., Hildebrand, D. C., Schroth, M. N., and Hendson, M. 1993. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of 21 strains of Xanthomonas species and pathovars. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75:441-446. 30. Ridé, M., and Ridé, S. 1978. Xanthomonas populi (Ridé) comb. nov. (syn. Aplanohacler populi Ridé) spécifilé, variabilité, et absence de relation avec Erwinia cancerogena. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 8:310-333. 31. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. 32. Schaad, N. W., and Stall, R. E. 1988. Xanthomonas. In Laboratory Guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. 2nd ed. (Schaad, N. W. ed.). pp. 81-94. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. Minnesota. 33. Schroth, M. N., and Hildebrand, D. C. 1983. Towards a sensible taxonomy of bacterial plant pathogens. Plant Dis. 67:128. 34. Skerman, V. B. D., McGowan, V., and Sneath P. H. A. (ed.). 1980. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420. 35. Stackebrandt, E., and Goebel, B. M. 1994. Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rrna sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:846-849. 36. Swings, J., De Vos, P., Van den Mooter, M., and De Ley, J. 1983. Transfer of Pseudomonas maltophilia Hugh 1981 to the genus Xanthomonas as Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:409-413. 37. Swings, J., Van Den Mooter, M., Vauterin, L., Hoste, B., Gillis, M., Mew, T. W., and Kersters, K. 1990. Reclassification of the causal agents of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae) and bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola) of rice as pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922) sp. nov. nom. rev. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:309-311. 38. Van den Mooter, M., and Swings, J. 1990. Numerical analysis of 295 phenotypic features of 266 Xanthomonas strains and related strains and an improved taxonomy of the genus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:348-369. 39. Vauterin L., Swings, J., Kersters, S., Gillis, M., Mew, T. W., Schroth, M. N., Palleroni, N. J., Hildebrand, D. C., Stead, D. E., Civerolo, E. L., Hayward, A. C., Maraite, H., Stall, R. E., Vidaver, A. K., and Bradbury, J. F. 1990. Towards an improved taxonomy of Xanthomonas. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40 (3): 312-316. 40. Vauterin, L., Hoste, B., Kersters, K., and Swings, J. 1995 Reclassification of Xanthomonas. Int. J. 10

Syst. Bacteriol. 45:472-489. 41. Vauterin, L., Hoste, B., Yang, P., Alvarez, A., Kersters, K., and Swings, J. 1993. Taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas. In Xanthomonas (Swings, J. G., and Civerolo, E. L. eds). pp. 157-192. Chapman & Hall Inc. Boundary Row, London 42. Vauterin, L., Swings, J., and Kersters, K. 1991. Grouping of Xanthomonas campestris pathovars by SDS-PAGE of proteins. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137: 1677-1687. 43. Vauterin, L., Yang, P., Hoste, B., Pot, B., Swings, J., and Kersters, K. 1992. Taxonomy of xanthomonads from cereals and grasses based on SDS-PAGE of proteins, fatty acid analysis and DNA hybridization. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138:1467-1477. 44. Wakker, J. H. 1883. Vorläufige Mitteilungen über Hyacinthenkrankheiten Bot. Centralbl. 14:315-317. 45. Willems, A., Gillis, M., Kersters, K., Van den Broecke, L., and De Ley, J. 1987. Transfer of Xanthomonas ampelina Panagopoulos 1969 to a new genus Xylophilus gen. nov., as Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos 1969) comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:422-430. 46. Yang, P., Vauterin, L., Vancanneyt, M., Swings, J., and Kersters, K. 1993. Application of fatty acid methyl esters for the taxonomic analysis of the genus Xanthomonas. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16:47-71. 47. Young, J. M., Dye, D. W., Bradbury, J. F., Panagopoulos, C. G., and Robbs, C. F. 1978. A proposed nomenclature and classification for plant pathogenic bacteria. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 21:153-177. 48. Young, J. M., Saddler, G. S., Takikawa, Y., De Boer, S. H., Vauterin, L., Gardan, L., Gvozdyak, R. I., and Stead, D. E. 1996. Names of plant pathogenic bacteria 1864-1995. Review of Plant Pathology 75: 721-763. Xanthomonas (synonym) X. albilineans Brachiaria piligera, Imperata Poaceae (Gramineae; 11

(synonym) cylindrica var. major, Paspalum ) conjugatum, Coix lacrymajobi, Saccharum officinarum X. arboricola pv. celebensis X. campestris pv. celebensis Musa spp. Musaceae ( X. arboricola pv. corylina X. campestris pv. corylina Corylus spp. Betulaceae ( X. arboricola pv. juglandis X. campestris pv. juglandis Juglans spp. Juglandaceae ( X. arboricola pv. populi X. campestris pv. populi Populus alba var. nivea, Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoids X. arboricola pv. pruni X. campestris pv. pruni Prunus spp., Sorbus japonica X. axonopodis pv. axonopodis X. axonopodis Agropyron sp., Axonopus scoparius, Axonopus micay, Axonopus compressus and Axonopus affinis X. axonopodis pv. alfalfae X. campestris pv. alfalfae Medicago sativa, Melilotus indica, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Trigonella foenumgraecum Salicaceae ( 柳 ) Rosaceae ( Poaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. bauhiniae X. campestris pv. bauhiniae Bauhinia racemosa, Brassicaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. begoniae X. campestris pv. begoniae Begonia spp. Begoniaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. betlicola X. campestris pv. betlicola Piper betle, Piper hookeri, Piper longum Piperaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. biophyti X. campestris pv. biophyti Biophytum sensitivum Oxalidaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. cajani X. campestris pv. cajani Cajanus cajan X. axonopodis pv. cassiae X. campestris pv. cassiae Cassia tora, Cassia occidentalis, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum X. axonopodis pv. citri X. citri, X. campestris pv. citri Aegle marmelos, Rutaceae ( Atalantia spp., Balsamocitrus paniculata, Casimiroa edulis,chaetospermum glutinosa, Citropsis schweinfurthii, Citrus spp. and hybrids, Clausena lansium, Eremocitrus glauca, Evodia spp. Feronia spp., Feroniella spp., Fortunella spp., Hesperethusa crenulata, Limonia spp., Melicope triphylla, Microcitrus spp., Murraya erotica, Paramigyna longipedunculata, 12

(synonym) Poncirrus trifoliata and hybrids, Severina buxifolia, Toddalia asiatica 葉,Zanthoxylum spp X. axonopodis pv. clitoriae X. campestris pv. clitoriae Clitoria biflora X. axonopodis pv. coracanae X. campestris pv. coracanae Eleusine coracana Poaceae (Gramineae; X. axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis X. campestris pv. cyamopsidis Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus X. axonopodis pv. desmodii X. campestris pv.desmodii Desmodium diffusum X. axonopodis pv. desmodiigangetici X. campestris pv. desmodiigangetici Desmodium gangeticum 葉 X. axonopodis pv. desmodiilaxiflori X. campestris pv. desmodiilaxiflori Desmodium laxiflorum, Tamarindus indica 羅 X. axonopodis pv. desmodiirotundifolii X. campestris pv. desmodiirotundifolii Desmodium rotundifolium X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae Aglaonema robellinii, Anthurium andraeanum, Dieffenbachia spp., Dracaena fragrans, Philodendron scandens Araceae (, Liliaceae (, Agavaceae ( 龍 蘭 ) X. axonopodis pv. erythrinae X. campestris pv. erythrinae Erythrina indica 刺 X. axonopodis pv. fascicularis X. campestris pv. fascicularis Corchorus fascicularis Tiliaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. glycines X. campestris pv. glycines Brunnichia cirrhosa, Dolichos uniflorus, Glycine spp., Phaseolus lunatus,, Phaseolus vulgaris X. axonopodis pv. khayae X. campestris pv. khayae Khaya senegalensis 捻, Khaya grandifoliola Polygonaceae ( 蓼 ), Meliaceae ( ) X. axonopodis pv. lespedezae X. campestris pv. lespedezae Lespedeza spp. X. axonopodis pv. maculifoliigardeniae X. campestris pv. maculifoliigardeniae Gardenia spp., Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum X. campestris pv. malvacearum Gossypium spp., Ceiba pentandra, Thespesia lambas Malvaceae (, Bombacaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. manihotis X. campestris pv. manihotis Manihot spp. Euphorbiaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. martyniicola X. campestris pv. martyniicola Martynia diandra Martyniaceae X. axonopodis pv. melhusii X. campestris pv. melhusii Tectona grandis Verbenaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. nakataecorchori X. campestris pv. nakataecorchori Corchorus acutangulus Tiliaceae ( 13

(synonym) X. axonopodis pv. patelii X. campestris pv. patelii Crotalaria juncea 藺 鈴 X. axonopodis pv. pedalii X. campestris pv. pedalii Pedalium murex Pedaliaceae X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli X. phaseoli, X. campestris pv. phaseoli Lablab purpureus (syn. Dolichos lablab), Lupinus polyphyllus 魯, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris X. axonopodis pv. phyllanthi X. campestris pv. phyllanthi Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. physalidicola X. campestris pv. physalidicola Physalis alkekengi var. francheti X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola X. campestris pv. poinsettiicola Euphorbia pulcherrima, Euphorbia milii, Manihot esculenta Solanaceae ( ) Euphorbiaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. punicae X. campestris pv. punicae Punica granatum Punicaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. rhynchosiae X. campestris pv. rhynchosiae Lupinus termis, Mucuna pruriens (syn. Stizolobium alterrimum), Rhynchosia memnonia X. axonopodis pv. ricini X. campestris pv. ricini Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae ( X. axonopodis pv. sesbaniae X. campestris pv. sesbaniae Sesbania aegyptiaca X. axonopodis pv. tamarindi X. campestris pv. tamarindi Caesalpina sepiaria, Tamarindus indica 羅 X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum X. campestris pv. vasculorum type A Bambusa vulgaris 金 Palmae (,,Brachiaria mutica 拉, Poaceae (Gramineae; Coix lacryma-jobi, Panicum, maximum, Pennisetum Arecaceae ( purpureum 狼, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum spp., Thysanolaena maxima 葉 蘆, Zea mays,cocos nucifera, Dictyosperma alba, Roystonea regia X. axonopodis pv. vignaeradiatae X. campestris pv. vignaeradiatae Lablab purpureus, Vigna radiata 綠 X. axonopodis pv. vignicola X. campestris pv. vignicola Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna pubigera, Vigna unguiculata X. axonopodis pv. vitians X. campestris pv. vitians Syngonium podophyllum, Lactuca spp. Araceae (, Asteraceae (Compositae; ) 14

(synonym) X. bromi bromegrass (Bromus spp. ) Poaceae (Gramineae; ) X. campestris pv. aberrans Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Brassicaceae ( X. campestris pv. armoraciae Armoracia rusticana, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae; X. campestris pv. barbareae Barbarea vulgaris Brassicaceae (Cruciferae; X. campestris pv. campestris Brassica spp., Capsella bursapastoris, Lepidium sativum, Matthiola spp., Raphanus sativus, Rorippa armoracia, Boerhaavia erecta Brassicaceae (, Nyctaginaceae ( X. campestris pv. incanae Matthiola incana(e) 羅 Brassicaceae (Cruciferae; X. campestris pv. plantaginis Plantago spp. 車 Plantaginaceae ( 車 ) X. campestris pv. raphani Brassica spp., Raphanus sativus, Capsicum annuum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum Brassicaceae (Cruciferae;, Solanaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. alangii Alangium lamarckii Alangiaceae ( X. campestris pv. amaranthicola Amaranthum spp. Amaranthaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. amorphophalli Amorphophallus campanulatus Araceae ( X. campestris pv. aracearum Xanthosoma sagittifolium Araceae ( X. campestris pv. arecae Areca catechu Arecaceae ( X. campestris pv. argemones Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae ( X. campestris pv. arracaciae Arracacia xanthorrhiza Apiaceae (, Umbelliferae ( X. campestris pv. asclepiadis X. campestris pv. azadirachtae Azadirachta indica 度 Meliaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. badrii Xanthium strumarium, Pisum sativum Asteraceae (Compositae; ), X. campestris pv. betae Beta vulgaris Chenopodiaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. bilvae Aegle marmelos Rutaceae ( 15

(synonym) X. campestris pv. blepharidis Blepharis boerhaavifolia, Blepharis molluginifolia Acanthaceae ( X. campestris pv. boerhaaviae Boerhaavia repens Nyctaginaceae ( X. campestris pv. brunneivaginae Oryza sativa Poaceae ( X. campestris pv. cannabis Cannabis sativa Moraceae ( ), Cannabaceae X. campestris pv. cannae Canna X generalis Cannaceae ( X. campestris pv. carissae Carissa congesta, Carissa carandas 梨, Thevetia nerifolia, Cestrum nocturnum Apocynaceae (, Solanaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. centellae Centella asiatica Apiaceae (Umbelliferae; X. campestris pv. clerodendri Clerodendron phlomoides, Clerodendrum phlomoides Verbenaceae ( X. campestris pv. convolvuli Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae ( X. campestris pv. coriandri Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae (Umbelliferae; X. campestris pv. daturae Datura metel Solanaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. durantae Duranta repens 葉 金 露 Verbenaceae ( X. campestris pv. esculenti Hibiscus esculentus Malvaceae ( X. campestris pv. eucalypti Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus maculata X. campestris pv. euphorbiae Eurphorbia acalyphoides, Eurphorbia nilli, Eurphorbia pulcherrima Myrtaceae ( 金 ) Euphorbiaceae ( X. campestris pv. fici Ficus carica Moraceae ( ) X. campestris pv. guizotiae Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae (Compositae; ) X. campestris pv. gummisudans Gladiolus sp. Iridaceae ( X. campestris pv. heliotropii Heliotropium aegypticum, Heliotropium sudanicum Boraginaceae( X. campestris pv. ionidii Ionidium heterophyllum Violaceae ( X. campestris pv. lantanae Lantana camara var. aculeata 丹 Verbenaceae ( X. campestris pv. laureliae Laurelia novae-zelandiae Monimiaceae 16

(synonym) X. campestris pv. lawsoniae Lawsonia alba Lythraceae ( X. campestris pv. leeana Leea edgeworthii Vitaceae ( X. campestris pv. leersiae Leerisa hexandra Poaceae ( X. campestris pv. malloti X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica, Spondias mangifera Anacardiaceae ( X. campestris pv. merremiae Merremia gangetica Convolvulaceae ( X. campestris pv. mirabilis Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae ( X. campestris pv. musacearum Ensete ventricosum, Musa spp. Musaceae ( X. campestris pv. nigromaculans Arctium lappa Asteraceae (Compositae; ) X. campestris pv. obscurae X. campestris pv. olitorii Corchorus olitorius Tiliaceae ( X. campestris pv. papavericola Meconopsis baileyi 葉, Papaver spp. Papaveraceae ( X. campestris pv. parthenii X. campestris pv. passiflorae Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae ( 蓮 ) X. campestris pv. paulliniae Paullinia spp. Sapindaceae ( X. campestris pv. pennamericanum Pennisetum americanum, Panicum miliaceum Poaceae ( X. campestris pv. phormiicola Phormium tenax 蘭 Liliaceae (, Agavaceae ( 龍 蘭 ) X. campestris pv. physalidis Physalis minima 稜, Physalis peruviana 魯 Solanaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. sesami Sesamum orientale Pedaliaceae ( X. campestris pv. spermacoces Spermacoce hispida Rubiaceae ( X. campestris pv. syngonii Syngonium podophyllum Araceae ( X. campestris pv. tardicrescens Belamcanda sp., Iris spp. Iridaceae ( X. campestris pv. thespesiae Thespesia populnea Malvaceae ( X. campestris pv. thirumalacharii Triumfetta pilosa Tiliaceae ( 17

(synonym) X. campestris pv. tribuli Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae ( X. campestris pv. trichodesmae Trichodesma zeylanicum Boraginaceae ( X. campestris pv. uppalii Ipomoea muricata, Tropaeolum majus 金 蓮 Convolvulaceae (, Tropaeolaceae ( 金 蓮 ) X. campestris pv. vernoniae Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae (Compositae; ) X. campestris pv. viegasii X. campestris pv. viticola Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, Vitis vinifera Meliaceae ( ), Euphorbiaceae (, Vitaceae ( X. campestris pv. vitiscarnosae Vitis carnosa Vitaceae ( X. campestris pv. vitistrifoliae Vitis trifolia Vitaceae ( X. campestris pv. vitiswoodrowii Vitis woodrowii Vitaceae ( X. campestris pv. zantedeschiae Zantedeschia aethiopica 蓮 Araceae ( X. campestris pv. zingibericola Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae ( ) X. campestris pv. zinniae Zinnia elegans Asteraceae (Compositae; ) X. cassavae X. campestris pv. cassavae Manihot spp. Euphorbiaceae ( X. codiaei X. cucurbitae X. campestris pv. cucurbitae Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp. Cucurbitaceae ( 蘆 ) X. fragariae Fragaria vesca, Potentilla spp. Rosaceae ( X. hortorum pv. carotae X. campestris pv. carotae Daucus carota 蘿 Apiaceae (Umbelliferae; X. hortorum pv. hederae X. campestris pv. hederae Hedera helix Araliaceae ( X. hortorum pv. pelargonii X. campestris pv. pelargonii Geranium spp., Pelargonium spp. Geraniaceae ( X. hortorum pv. taraxaci X.campestris pv. taraxaci Taraxacum bicorne Asteraceae (Compositae; ) X. hyacinthi X. campestris pv. hyacinthi Hyacinthus orientalis Liliaceae ( X. melonis X.campestris pv. melonis Cucumis melo Cucurbitaceae ( ) X. oryzae pv. oryzae X. campestris pv. oryzae Isachne globosa, Leersia spp. 李 Cyperaceae ( 18

(synonym), Leptochloa spp. 金, Oryza sativa, Oryza spp., Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites communis, Zizania aquatica, Bromus sp., Cyperus difformis, Cyperus rotundus Poaceae (Gramineae; X. oryzae pv. oryzicola X. campestris pv. oryzicola Oryza sativa, Oryza spp., Leersia hexandra 李 Poaceae (Gramineae; X. pisi X.campestris pv. pisi Pisum sativum, X. populi Aplanobacter populi Populus spp. Salicaceae ( 柳 ) X. sacchari Saccharum officinarum Poaceae (Gramineae; X. theicola X. campestris pv. theicola Camellia sinensis 茶 Theaceae ( 茶 ) X. translucens pv. arrhenatheri X. campestris pv. arrhenatheri Arrhenatherum elatius Poaceae ( X. translucens pv. cerealis X. campestris pv. cerealis Agropyron spp., Avena spp., Bromus spp., Hordeum spp., Secale cereale, Triticum spp. Poaceae (Gramineae; X. translucens pv. graminis X. campestris pv. graminis Arrhenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp., Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, Agrostis spp., Poaceae (Gramineae; X. translucens pv. phlei X. campestris pv. phlei Phleum praterse Poaceae ( X. translucens pv. phleipratensis X.campestris pv. phleipratensis Phleum pratense, Agropyron sp., Bromus sp. Poaceae (Gramineae; X. translucens pv. poae X. campestris pv. poae Poa trivialis Poaceae ( X. translucens pv. secalis X. campestris pv. secalis Agropyron sp., Bromus sp., Secale cereale ; Hordeum and Triticum spp.. Poaceae (Gramineae; X. translucens pv. translucens X. campestris pv. hordei, X. campestris pv. translucens Hordeum spp. and other cereals Poaceae (Gramineae; X. translucens pv. undulosa X. campestris pv. undulosa Agropyron sp., Bromus sp., Triticum spp. Secale cereale, Hordeum spp. X. vasicola pv. holcicola X. campestris pv. holcicola Sorghum halepense, Sorghum vulgare Poaceae (Gramineae; Poaceae (Gramineae; X. vasicola pv. vasculorum X. campestris pv. vasculorum type B 理 pathovar 19

(synonym) X. vesicatoria X. campestris pv. vesicatoria Capsicum spp., Datura stramonium 羅, Hyoscyamus spp., Lycium spp., Lycopersicon spp., Nicotiana rustica, Nicandra physalodes, Physalis minima 魯, Solanum spp., Tinospora cordifolia, Argemone mexicana Solanaceae ( ), Menispermaceae (, Papaveraceae ( Xylophilus ampelinus X. ampelina Causes bacterial blight and canker of grape vine (Vitis vinifera) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Pseudomonas maltopholia X. maltophilia 20