On e-learning and Future Development Mei-Mei Wu Professor and Chairman, Graduate Institute of Library & Information Studies, National Taiwan Normal University E-mail: meiwu@cc.ntnu.edu.tw (Keywords) e-learning strategies everyday learning, everyone learning, everywhere learning, and the so called flexible learning. It analyzes the background of its development, delineates the current development, and illustrates possible research issues in terms of technical, quality and economical concerns. Strategies for developing e-learning in various levels, e.g. government, institutions and schools are suggested. -- 1 (Information Abstract This paper depicts the concepts of e-learning of which refers not only to electronic learning, online learning, distance learning, but also to Communication Technology, ICT) (learning support center) (new media center) 1 92 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
/ / 2 / ( ( ) 86) Jesse Shera (1972) ( ) ( The Foundations of Education for ) Librarianship (Sociology of Epistemology) Brookes (ICT) (Fundamental equation of information science) I=(S+ S)-(S) 1980 K[S]+ I=K[S+ S] (^I) K[S] K[S+ S] (Rosenberg, 2001) Buckland Hutchins 60 21 (2002, p.1) / e-learning ( ) ( ) (electronic learning) (electronic media based learning) (technology -based learning) 2?! 30 2 92 106 93
( ) ( ) 3 WRHAMBRECHT+CO Kruse(2002) 1996-2002 (technology -based learning) 4 1996 2000 2002 1996 (technology trigger) / (ASTD) (Internet-based Training, IBT) (Training Magazine) (Intranet-based (online Training) 1999 learning) (networked learning) (CISSCO) (distance learning) John Chamber (killer application) 2000 SCORM 1.0 (ICT) Kruse (flexible learning) 2002 2000 2002 e-learning networked learning 2004 9 ArticleFirst ERIC ArticleFirst860 ERIC180 easy learning 1994 2000 extended learning expanded learning everyday 2000 Article First learning everyone learning everywhere learning ERIC Article First 2003 241 ERIC 2001 55 2004 ArticleFirst 156 ERIC ( 1) 1 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ArticleFirst 1 0 4 3 3 6 82 169 195 241 156 860 ERIC 3 1 2 1 4 7 18 55 45 44 0 180 2004 9 10 3 The E-Learning Working Group of The National Information Technology Council of Malaysia http://www.dsv.su.se/~klas/learn/e-learning/e-learning.html 4 http://www.e-learning.nl/publicaties/marktonderzoek/new_frontier.pdf p.8 94 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
2004 7 SCORM (MIT) 20 25,000 900 3 ( OpenCourseWare) (Creative Commons) e-manager ( 6 ) MCSE ( 6 5 11 ) 100 4,000 2004 15 5250 16 EMBA 8000? (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited) IBM 2003 2000 3000 (The 2003 e-learning readiness rankings) 60 2008 96 (connectivity) (capability) e-society e-industry (content) (culture) e-government e-transportation 5 (public access) (flourish) 6 16,17,18 2001 7 8,000 24,000 1999 39 4401 1999 2 (1) 5 http://www.etaiwan.nat.gov.tw/content/application/etaiwan/profile/guest-cnt-browse.php?cnt_id=81 6 http://elnp.ncu.edu.tw/ 30 2 92 106 95
(2) e (University of Phoenix) 8 ( (Walden University) 93) 2008 9 7 (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics) 2000-01 (Distance Education at Postsecondary Education Institutions: 2000-01) ( ) 1997-98 ( ) 1999 2001 3 38 2000-2001 30 2004 68 16% ( ) 1997-98 8% ( ) 2000-2001 (interactive video technologies) ( ) 1997-98 (video technology) ( ) (Internet technology) 2000-2001 ( ) 48% ( ) 46% ( ) ( ) 2000 2001(12 ) 56% ( ) ( 2001) 7 http://www.elearn.org.tw/ 8 http://www.uophx.edu/ 9 http://www.waldenu.edu/ 96 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
1998 (University of Industry, Ufi) 10 (on-going learning) 600 Ufi 2000 learndirect (learndirect network) 11 70 75 Ufi (Ontario Knowledge Network for Learning, OKNL) 12 2001 (White Paper for (workbook-based courses) a Learning Object Repository) Learning Direct Ufi (subject) (course level) (author) (usage allowances and rights) (course length) (cost) (language) (curriculum format) (supported learning style) 2000 9 (Reviewers) (Individual Learning Account Programme, ILA) 2001 12 2002 4 DfES Segal Quince Wicksteed Limited (Canadian Centre NOP World for Management Development, CCMD) (E-learning library) 60 24 31 2001 8 200 (empower the learner) 13 (Canada School (further of the Public Service, CSPS) development of the supply) (The Canadian Centre for Management ILA 2003 7 ILA Development, CCMD) (Training and Development Canada, TDC) 10 http://www.ufi.com/ 11 http://www.learndirect.co.uk/ 12 http://oknl.edu.gov.on.ca/ 13 CCMD Campus E-learning Library http://www.ccmd-ccg. gc.ca/campus-e/library/index_e.html 30 2 92 106 97
(Language Training Canada, LTC) 60 Campusdirect 120 SCORM 450 2004 3 Campusdirect 4800 14 78 2041 24 25 GLIFOS media 26 WebOffice 27 (Rhematech, Inc.) 28 (IBM) Lotus LearningSpace (Oracle) WebCT 15 ilearning 31 Microsoft SharePoint 32 - UPcity ( 33 LearningXP ) ( 34 ) ( ) 16 ecollege.com 17 WebCT 18 icanxp 19 20 (Cyberlink) 21 22 23 29 e 30 14 http://www.myschool-monecole.gc.ca/main_e.html 15 http://www.webct.com/ 16 http://web.csuchico.edu/~jrhutmac/mgmt129/page12.html 17 http://www.ecollege.com/ 18 http://web.csuchico.edu/~jrhutmac/mgmt129/page13.html 19 http://www.go2school.com.tw/buiness/leverage.html 20 http://server4.webedu.ccu.edu.tw/ 21 http://www.cyberlink.com.tw/chinese/products/product_main.jsp?prodid=42&prodverid=34 22 http://www.shinewave.com.tw/ 23 http://www.aenrich.com.tw/corp/tw/ 24 http://www.hamastar.com.tw 25 http://www.cybertutor.com.tw/ 26 http://www.glifos.com/ 27 http://www.webmeeting.com.tw/technology.php 28 http://www.rhematech.com/ 29 http://www.hypernet.com.tw/ 30 http://www.ecampus.com.tw/ 31 http://ilearning.oracle.com/ 32 http://www.microsoft.com/sharepoint/ 33 http://www.upcity.com.tw/ 34 http://www.3probe.com.tw/ 98 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
Edutech (2004) SCO (SCORM API) Blackboard Pageout WebCT (Machine Readable Catalog Format, MARC Format) IMS Digital Repositories Specification SCORM (2) Extensible Rights Markup Language (XrML) The Open Digital Rights Language (Institute of (ODRL) The Open ebook Forum (OeBF) The Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE) Moving Pictures Expert Group - MPEG-21 1484.12.1 Learning Object Metadata (LOM) World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) DRM Workshop (3) MARC21 IMS ADL SCORM (Content Learning Resource Meta-data Specification IEEE Objects) LTSC LOM AICC CMI Saba ULF HTTP/HTML XML RDF/RSS IMS ADL SCORM SCO (Sharable Content Object) (LMS) (asset) SCO (learning context) (content 2 aggregation) SCO (Advanced Distributed Learning, 2004) (1) Extensible Media Commerce Language (XMCL) SCORM metadata 30 2 92 106 99
3 4 5 WRHAMBRECHT+CO 2000 (learning economy) 2000 WRHAMBRECHT+CO 35 772 35 http://www.e-learning.nl/publicaties/marktonderzoek/new_frontier.pdf 100 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
WRHAMBRECHT+CO e-learning(learning-related services provider, LSP) 20% 25 90 36 (soft skills) 1/3 (IT skills) 38 (Rosenberg, 2001, p.4) British Council Rosenberg (2001) 18 ( ) ( ) (1) (2) (portals) 37 36 37 http://www.e-learning.nl/publicaties/marktonderzoek/new_frontier.pdf 38 http://www.sfmoe.org/asp_c/news/c_hotline_32.htm 30 2 92 106 101
(3) DOMS) WebCT Vista (User Management System) Innopac (2000) (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4) (5) Sue McKnight ( ) (digital materials) ( ) McKnight & Livingston(2003) (1) (Deakin (2) University) (McKnight & Livingston, 2003) (3) (1) (4) (learning services) (5) (2) (6) (7) (3) (8) (4) (9) (10) (Digital Object Management System, (11) 102 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
(12) a. (Central database digital objects and metadata) b. (Support digital objects and digital object metadata) c. (Support rights management and access control) d. (Complement library system) (copyrighted work) (public domain) (Creative Commons Public License) (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries) HP (Open Source) DSpace 39 40 (copyright record for secondary source material used in Deakin study materials) ( ) (American Association of Law GEM - The Gateway to Libraries, AALL) (Guidelines Educational Materials on the Fair Use of Copyrighted Works) 41 (lesson plans) (instructional units) (easy one-stop, any-stop access) (Joint Information Systems e-learning Committee, JISC) 1993 4 (middleware) 39 http://www.dspace.org/ 40 http://www.cc.nctu.edu.tw/%7enacad/d/d4-1.htm 41 http://www.aallnet.org/about/policy_fair.asp 30 2 92 106 103
42 (Lesk, 1997) 43? e 2004 2-3 45 44 1990 American 2000 ( ) (DfES, 2003) 42 http:www.accrediteddldegrees.com/ http://web.csuchico.edu/~jrhutmac/mgmt129/page16.html 43 91 44 45 ( 93) 27 A15 104 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004
( ) e-learning 21 and knowledge management 46 e -- Advanced Distributed Learning (2001). Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) 2004 2nd Edition. Retrived November 19, 2004, from http://www.adlnet.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=downf ile&libid=648&bc=false DfES (Department for Education and Skills), UK (2003). Towards a Unified e-learning Strategy. Retrieved October 21, 2004 from http://www.dfes.gov.uk/elearningstrategy/strategy.stm Edutech (2004). Evaluation of Learning Management Systems. Retrived March 30, 2004, from http://www.edutech.ch/lms/ev2vriteria.php Kruse, Kevin (2002). The State of e-learning: Looking at History with the Technology Hype Cycle. Retrieved September 14, 2004, from http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/hype1_1.htm 46 2001 10 30 2 92 106 105
Lesk, Michael (1997). Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes & Bucks. San Francisco, California: Morgan Kaufmann. McKnight, Sue & Livingston, H.(2003). Reuse of Learning Objects? Why, How and When. Educause in Australasia Conference, Adelaide Convention Centre. Retrieved January 2, 2004, from http://www.deakin.edu.au/learningservices/staff_list/ publications/sue/reuselearningobjects.doc OKNL, Ontario Knowledge Network for Learning (2001). White Paper for a Learning Object Repository for Discussion Purposes. Retrieved December 11, 2002, from http://oknl.edu.gov.on.ca Rosenberg, Marc J. (2001).E-Learning: Strategies for Delivering Knowledge in the Digital Age. NY: McGraw-Hill Segal Quince Wicksteed Limited & NOP World (2002). 3000 Individual Learning Accounts: A Consultation Exercise on a New ILA Style Scheme (Research Report RR339). London: Department for education and skills. Shera, Jesse (1972). The Foundations of Education for Librarianship. NY: Becker & Hayes. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited and IBM Corporation (2003). The 2003 e-learning readiness rankings. Retrieved September 7, 2004, from http://www-306.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions /pdfs/eiu_e-learning_readiness_rankings.pdf Urdan,T. A., Weggen, C. C. & WRHAMBRECHT+CO (2000). Corporate E-learning: Exploring A New Frontier. Retrieved August 19, 2004, from http://www.e-learning.nl/publicaties/marktonderzoek/ New_Frontier.pdf Waits, Tiffany & Lewis, Laurie (2003). Distance Education at Postsecondary Education Institutions: 2000-01 (NCES 2003-017). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. ( 93) 9 10 http://www.cepd.gov.tw/ industry/services/s5.doc 93 (2000) 93 9 27 http://www.edu-fair.com/reports/ US-DistanceLearning.html ( 86) 3(3) 34-48 ( 90 8 ) 2001 8 8-9 (2002) ( 93) 93 8 18 http://www.dci.org.tw/edm/930806/01.pdf 106 Journal of Library and Information Science 30 2 92 106 Oct., 2004