188 ICF ICF ICF

2011 12 187-213 Social Policy & Social Work Vol. 15, No. 2, December 2011, pp. 187-213 ICF * ** * (99-2410-H-037-006-MY2) 2009 2010 2010 Society for Social Studies of Science 2010 ** 80708 100 (07)321-7997 13 E-mail: tasing@kmu.edu.tw 2011 4 11 2011 12 1

188 ICF ICF ICF

2011 12 189 1905 1925 1980 2007 World Health Organization WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health ICF ICF

190 ICF ICF ICF 1945 1980 1895-1945 1905

2011 12 191 1907 1905 6 13 1904 1908 1908 [ ] 1904 1921

192 ICF : : : 1925 1912-1980 1914 1931 1953 1954

2011 12 193 1969 1928 1943 1944 1950 1957 1. 0.08 2. 3. 4.

194 ICF 1980-2012 1980 1981 1982 1 25 1982 1974 1980 1980

2011 12 195 1989 1980 1991 1990 1992

196 ICF 1997 2005 7 21 ICF 2012 2007 ICF 2006

2011 12 197 ICF 2011 Body Functions and Body Structures Activities and Participation Environmental Factors Personal Factors ICF 2010

198 ICF Talcott Parsons 1950 sick role 194 impaired role Gordon, 1966 rehabilitation role Safilio-Rothschild, 1970 disabled role Stone, 1984 30 80

2011 12 199 administrative category Stone 1984 Stone, 1984 2001 2005 1896 1944 1950 1959

200 ICF 1989 2005 Stone, 1984 needs assessment 1996 64

2011 12 201 2003 2003 2006 2010 Abraham Harold Maslow 1943 needhierarchy theory Maslow Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass Maslow 1954: 236 Maslow ICF

202 ICF ICF universalism 2003 2010 2004 ICF ICF 1 ICF Stone 1984 1 2011 2 16

2011 12 203 Blaxter, 1976 intra-physician interphysician Willems and Vrankrijker, 2002 Howards et al., 1980: 129 N. D. Jewson 1976 1770-1870 X Stigmar et al., 2010

204 ICF ICF 1950 2009 Verbrugge and Jette, 1994 Nagi, 1964; Simeonsson, 2011 Haber and Smith, 1971; 2011 Rosenberg, 1986 Parsons 1951 1979 secondary gain

2011 12 205 malingering gatekeeper Stone 1984 deception 1909 Landolt C C 8 1963 Prince, 1956; Fahle and Mohn, 1989 2008

206 ICF 2 ICF ICF ICF 2 2010 6 21

2011 12 207 bs bsde ICF ICF ICF WHO ICF activity limitation participation restriction

208 ICF ICF ICF 3 ICF 3 2010 3 26

2011 12 209 1904 湾 5 60-67 2001 10 1-21 2003 2010 Nagi (ICF) 8 1 1-17 2004 8 2 193-235 2006 6 4 4 2003 2011 ICF 2010 2005

210 ICF 2009 ICF 7 1 1-18 2010 ICF 1941 40 435 1059-1065 1907 国 1908 2007 ICF 17 89-108 1996 (1963) 2 5 56-58 1904 5 2008 2 23 1989 11 25 1982 6 12-15 2011

2011 12 211 Blaxter, M. (1976). The Meaning of Disability: A Sociological Study of Impairment. London: Heinemann. Fahle, M. and G. Mohn (1989). Assessment of Visual Function in Suspected Ocular Malingering, British Journal of Ophthalmology, 73 (8): 651-654. Gordon, G. (1966). Role Theory and Illness: A Sociological Perspective. New Haven: Connecticut College and University Press. Haber, L. D. and R. T. Smith (1971). Disability and Deviance: Normative Adaptations of Role Behavior, American Sociological Review, 36 (2): 87-97. Howards, I., H. P. Brehm and S. Z. Nagi (1980). Disability: From Social Problem to Federal Program. New York: Praeger. Jewson, N. D. (1976). The Disappearance of the Sick Man from Medical Cosmology, 1770-1870, Sociology, 10 (2): 225-244. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50 (4): 370-396. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper. Nagi, S. Z. (1964). A Study in the Evaluation of Disability and Rehabilitation Potential, American Journal of Public Health and the Nation s Health, 54 (9): 1568-1579. Parsons, T. (1979). The Social System. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Prince, J. H. (1956). A New Test for Visual Malingering, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 42 (5): 776-777. Rosenberg, C. E. (1986). Disease and Social Order in America: Perceptions and Expectations, Milbank Quarterly, 64 (Suppl 1):

212 ICF 34-55. Safilio-Rothschild, C. (1970). The society and social psychology of disability. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. Simeonsson, R. J. (2011). Introduction to the ICF/ICF-CY. Taipei: The ICF Association, Early Intervention Association & Association of Rehabilitation Medicine. Stigmar, K., B. Grahn and C. Ekdahl (2010). Work Ability Experiences and Perceptions among Physicians, Disability and Rehabilitation, 32 (21): 1780-1789. Stone, D. A. (1984). The Disabled State. London: Macmillan Publishers. Verbrugge, L. M. and A. M. Jette (1994). The Disablement Process, Social Science & Medicine, 38 (1): 1-14. Willems, H. and M. K. Vrankrijker (2002). Work Disability in the Netherlands: Data, Conceptual Aspects, and Perspectives, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44 (6): 510-515.

2011 12 213 Who Are the Disabled: An Examination of the Application of ICF in Light of the History of Disability Evaluations in Taiwan Tasing Chiu * Abstract Policy and practices for evaluating people with disabilities in Taiwan have changed extensively over the past 100 years. This study first traces the changes in the disability evaluation system and the medicalization of disability in Taiwan. Then this study tries to answer three main questions: What is disability? Why is disability evaluation needed? Why it is mainly based on medical examination? The concepts of disabled role, administrative category, and needy group are used to explain the use and limit of the medical examination of impairment. This study concludes by discussing the implications for the new disability assessment system in Taiwan. Keywords: disability, evaluation, needs assessment, ICF, policy archeology * Associate Professor, Department of Medical Sociology and Social Work, Kaohsiung Medical University. Received: 11 April 2011 Accepted: 1 December 2011