06................

20 50 70 25 ChristopherHood,ColinScott,OliverJames,GeorgeJones,andTonyTravers,RegulationInside Government:Waste-Watchers,QualityPolice,andSleaze-Busters(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1999),p.3 GiandomenicoMajone, FromthePositivetotheRegulatoryState.CausesandConsequencesofChangesin themodeofgovernance,journalofpublicpolicy,vol.17,no.2(1997)139-167 79

R.G. Noll, ed., Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Robert Baldwin, Colin Scott, and Christopher Hood, eds., Socio-Legal Reader on Regulation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 3 David Vogel, The Hare and the Tortoise Revisited, British Journal of Political Science, 33 (October 2003): 557-580. 20 80 [ Giandomenico Majone, The Rise of the Regulatory State in Europe, West European Politics, Vol. 17 (1994): 77-101; Steven K.Vogel, Freer Markets, More Rules: Regulatory Refroms in Advanced Industrial Countries (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996); F.McGowan and H. Wallace, Towards a European Regulatory State, Journal of European Public Policy Vol. 3, No. 4 (1996): 560-576; Martin Loughlin and Colin Scott, The Regulatory State, in Patrick Dunleavy, Ian Holliday, Andrew Gamble, and Gillian Peele, eds., Developments in British Politics 5 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997); John Braithwaite, The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology, British Journal of Criminology Vol. 40 (2000): 222-238; Michael Moran, From Command State to Regulatory State? Public Policy and Administration Vol. 15, No. 4 (2000): 1-13; Michael Moran, Review Article: Understanding the Regulatory State, British Journal of Political Science Vol. 32 (2002): 391-413; Markus M. Muller, The New Regulatory State in Germany (Birmingham: Birmingham University Press 2002)] [ Luigi Manzetti, ed., Regulatory Policy in Latin America: Post-Privatization Realities (Miami: North-South Center Press, 2000); Edmund Amann and Werner Baer, From the developmental to the regulatory state: the transformation of the government s impact on the Brazilian economy Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003] [ Kanishka Jayasuriya, Globalization and the Changing Architecture of the State: The Politics of the Regulatory State and the Politics of Negative Co-ordination, Journal of European Public Policy Vol. 8, No. 1(2001): 101-123], and developing countries in general [Paul Cook, Kirkpatrick Colin, Martin Minogue and Parker, David, eds., Leading Issues in Competition, Regulation and Development, CRC Series on Regulation (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004)] 19 12 1988 2002 15 134 1993 1996 4 60 Jacint Jordana and David Levi-Faur, eds., The Politics of Regulation (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003)] 80

20 2003 15 597 17 315 6 750 39% 18.5 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1 1900~2003 MSHA1900~2002 Coal Fatalities for 1900 through 2002 81

20 20 1977 1978 1 2003 29 6 750 140 4.170.03 20 90 50 29 4 20034 44~53 82

11.6% 2 200 60% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 2 2002 2003 510 83

55 6% 31 27 2002 70% 7 2 3 4 70% 25 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 265 3 1978~2002 1949 1950~2003 8.8% 2003 16.67 1/3 5 2003 9.1% 5 1999 222 84

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 4 1978~2002 2003 265 8% 200433 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1912 1919 1926 1933 1940 1947 1954 1961 1968 1975 1982 1989 1996 2003 5 1912~2003 1999 223~241 2003 510 85

1970 5% 15% 80 1983 1980 10 000 1991 10 20 10 1980 18.3% 1995~1996 50% 70% 86 2002 2002 288 1991 1992 434

1984 1992 90% 57.5 1993 1997 3 87 6 223~241 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003

1997 2001 5 13.74 9.99 27% 2001 656 2 024 21 759 6 1949~2003 1997 1% 8% 9% 2% 1% 3% 33% 43% 7 2002 58 2003 2003 1994 303 88

7 2001 19 70 1907~1919 123 1942 1 594 1949 50 8 1949~1978 8 5 700 1959 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 25 20 15 10 5 0 / 8 1949~1978 406~407 222 404 1989 231~232 89

37% 1959 1960 5 0986 036 1966 1965 1 000 1978 4 500 3 1952~1954 1958~1961 1966~1970 70 1949 1965 4.43 9 10 20 25 80 1979 2 183 1 970 1990 978 1 016 1991~1992 90 1992~1993 1999~2000 90 http://news.xinhuanet.com/misc/2002-07/09/content_ 474599.htm 90

6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 9 1979~2002 406~407 2003 20 80 70 10 9 10 7 80~90 90 4 000~5 000 10 3/4 Kiyoshi Higuchi, Coal Mining Technology of Japan - Historical Improvement and International Contribution Hereafter 9 10 91

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 10 1979~2003 406~407 100 1 7 21 0.03 0.08 0.29 0.46 5 160 10 1 1950 1.27 19.90 9.30 5.13 5.10 1955 0.94 15.60 4.31 2.56 1960 0.83 11.72 4.81 2.46 2.01 1965 0.54 6.75 1.85 1970 0.47 4.26 3.05 1.08 1.64 1975 0.26 3.57 0.78 0.74 1980 8.17 0.17 1.22 0.89 1.33 1981 0.21 7.00 1.26 92

1982 0.16 1.36 0.99 1.28 1983 0.09 1.00 1.49 1.24 1984 0.16 5.99 0.68 1.09 1985 0.08 4.90 1.21 1986 0.09 0.93 1.11 0.48 1987 0.08 0.54 0.54 0.85 0.39 1988 6.78 0.06 0.64 0.30 0.93 0.34 1989 6.67 0.07 0.54 0.30 0.84 0.41 1990 6.10 0.07 0.68 0.28 0.54 0.26 1991 5.21 0.07 0.24 0.24 0.63 0.32 1992 4.65 0.06 0.12 0.23 0.69 0.45 1993 4.78 0.06 0.49 0.25 1.18 0.22 1994 5.15 0.05 0.28 0.75 0.29 1995 5.03 0.05 0.15 0.54 0.26 0.12 1996 4.67 0.04 0.32 0.48 0.25 0.37 1997 5.10 0.03 0.00 0.60 0.54 0.19 0.15 1998 5.02 0.03 0.47 0.47 0.19 0.15 1999 5.30 0.03 0.47 0.45 0.00 2000 5.86 0.13 0.46 0.29 2001 5.13 0.00 0.08 2002 4.64 0.03 20 80 90 93

400 10 1 000 20 80 90 1988 19811985 11.5 80 1988 1 0.5%1.0% 94 2004~2010 20031222 405

1993 20 90 19962000 42 84 4 95 1992 1 86 27 6 20026 53~55 2001 7 57~60 2002 6 4~6 2002 2 53~55 2001 446 2/3 http://www.modernsafe.com/showarticle.asp?articleid=1642002 2003 8 512 49% 20039 18

20 80 90 11 2002 49 2001 8 35~36 2002 10 47~50 2002 2 43~44 2001 5 2~4 29 20039 6~29 http://www.ccgov.org.cn/bgov/gzgdbtt/g2003110054.htm 2004325 http://www.jxmkaqjc.gov. cn/2004-3/2004325101532.htm 96

14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 11 2003411 2 97

194910 1953 1955 10 27 1962 12 1966~1977 1978 1983 1990 31 000 1999 231~35 399~401 1979~1999 118~121 98

1999 8 1953~19571961~1965 12 20 8090 1986 19861213 1984 199069 1998125 99

120 000 100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 12 20 80 20 80 90 10 20 90 90 1993 1988 1998 http://www.anquan.com.cn/article/show Article.asp?ArticleID=3420 100

94 1999 SACSS 2000 20 90 20 90 30 000 12 000 10 199873 1979~1999 120 101

5 / 1997~2000 5 20 90 401~402 19961030 50 000 2002 2 41~42 1996 102

2004 1949 195010 20 80 20 90 20 90 1992 1995 52~57 1996 1997 2001 2000 1980 90 15 397~99 1979~1999 119~120 http://www.3jjj.com/bwfg.asp http://www.3jjj.com/dffg.asp 103

1992 2001 24~26 2002 2004 1999 2000 2003 19 49 2 800 40~60 20~25 19991221 104

19991230 20001229 20001229 2001425 200172 2001124 20011120 2003613 2003620 200372 20031119 2003 24 945 76 546 25 781 105

96.76% 2003 15 184 900 2003 374 400 301 900 2003 3 134 412 20 90 1997 10 000 1998 37 000 2001 2003 2003 http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn/anquanjianguanjiancha/ 2004-02/05/content_2158.htm 90 1999 1994329 1995 113~117 199811 106

22 000 1997 82 000 60 000 10 10 20016 20019 5 000 1987 1988 1994 1983 1986 1987 1995 1994 1985 (1986) (1987) (1996) 107

1997 2000 30 000 150 000 2001~2003 56 232 2004 40 2004410 20 25 1997 2000 108

20 20 remanagerialization of risk 2 Tang Tsou [ ], Ershi shiji zhongguo zhengzhi: Cong hongguan lishi yu weiguan xingdong jiaodu kan (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 69-72 [ 199469-72] Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, trns. M. Ritter (London: Sage, 1992); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 1990) Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944): 130 Michael Power, The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997): 138 109

@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ @@@V'@@@@@@ @@5?N@@@@@@ @@ej@@@@@@ @@1?7@@@@@@ @@@?@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ 2 Polanyi, The Great Transformation, pp. 130-134. 110