/ The Complementary Operation and Diverse Applications of Hybrid (Small-scale Wind Power and Photovoltaic) System (I) NSC 92-ET-7-006-003-ET 92 01 01 92 12 31
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ABSTRACT This study integrates the concepts of renewable energy exploitation, decentralized energy production and complementary operation. Diverse electricity utilization, local natural power and suitable energy exploitation are taken into consideration simultaneously when this research project is proposed. Due to the widespread aquaculture in Tainan region and high wind and solar power potential in their sites, it is worthy to carry out the technical and economic potential assessments of hybrid (small-scale wind-power and PV) electricity generators used for aquaculture in Tainan. Period (I) in this project aims at the practical installation. Appropriate scope area and its categories of aquatic products are selected. Analysis of local wind and solar power potential and diverse electricity utilizations are executed. In order to catch on the energy-saving benefit and practicability, all the planning process, installation process, operating performance and electricity production/consumption are recorded and analyzed. Period (II) is intended as the investigation of benefit and economic assessments. The backup system for low natural energy conditions, electricity utilization of different equipments, environmental impact and power quality are thoroughly implemented. Those contents are of significance especially when this hybrid system is popularized. Keywordsrenewable energy, wind power, photovoltaic, complementary operation II
...I...III... V... VII 1-1...1 1-2...5 2-1 --...21 2-2...23 2-3...27 3-1...31 3-2 AC/DC Inverter...32 3-3 DC/AC Inverter...33 3-4...33 3-5...34 4-1...35 4-2...38 4-3...41 4-4...43 4-5...45 III
Hybrid System 5-1... 47 5-2... 50 5-3... 51 5-4... 54 5-5 Heater... 55 5-6... 58... 59... 61... 63 IV
1-1 2002 6...4 1-2...4 1-3...5 1-4...6 1-5...7 1-6...8 1-7...8 1-8...9 1-9...12 1-10...13 1-11...16 1-12...17 2-1...22 2-2...22 2-3...24 2-4 GF Passat-1.4KW...25 2-5 Hybrid...26 2-6...28 2-7...28 2-8...28 2-9...28 2-10...28 2-11...28 2-12...28 2-13...28 2-14...28 2-15...28 2-16...28 3-1...31 3-2 AC/DC Inverter...32 3-3...33 3-4...34 V
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15...38...45...45...45 HOMER...47...49...50...50...52...53...54...54...55...56...56 92 12 19...56 92 12 19...57 92 12 19...57...58 VI
1-1... 2 1-2... 10 1-3... 11 1-4... 12 1-5... 13 1-6... 15 1-7... 18 1-8... 19 2-1... 21 2-2... 23 2-3 G power curve... 25 4-1... 39 4-2... 40 4-3... 42 4-4... 43 4-5... 44 5-1 HOMER... 47 5-2 HOMER... 49 5-3... 51 5-4... 53 5-5... 54 VII
I 1-1 Green Power Renewable Energy Recycled Energy LNG Innovative Use of Conventional Energy IGCC 1 cost-effective decentralized production & storage of electricity 2 1
I OO 87 87 2020 1 3 88 88 3 1-1 1-1 75 81 89 3 89 93 5 1.8 89 5 3.3 0.264 1 5 3 8 0.24 1 1 5 3 4 0.35 2
I 1 1 5 2 91 1 2020 2667 505 2020 3.4 2110 91 5 OO 2010 5 113 91 6 6 17 1 650 2 3 4 2 / 3 3
I 5 4 3 2 1 (I)(II) 1-11-2 20016 (m/s) 20016 (r) 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 6 5 4 3 3.5 3 2.5 2 0 0 2 1.5 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:0 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 22:0 1-1 2002 6 1-2 4
I 1-2 2 2 1 1 1 92 8 1-3 6 (II) 1-4 5
I I II 1-4 6
I 1.4 KW 0.75KW 1. A B 1 3 220V 1 1/4 1-5 7
I 2 1-6 3 4 1 1-7 20 17 22 New Desalinized Middle East Palestine A1-Azhar 600 7 8
I 1-8 1-8 2. / 8 9 9
I 1 2 3 Weibull Probability Distribution h(v) 101112 (k 1) k v c k v h(v) = e...1-1 c c h(v) = v v = m/s k = shape parameter c = scale parameter m/s KC H 1 H 2 V 2 h = V1 h 2 1 α...1-2 Friction Coefficient 0.15 1-2 1-2 m/s 3.67 3.25 3.59 4.49 5.98 6.83 6.11 6.43 4.90 4.90 3.67 3.20 2.17 1.38 2.01 1.45 1.98 1.60 1.82 2.46 1.82 2.32 1.45 1.29 K 1.77 2.53 1.90 3.40 3.30 4.80 3.70 2.84 2.90 2.25 2.74 2.70 C 4.12 3.66 4.04 5.00 6.70 7.45 6.77 7.20 5.50 5.50 4.13 3.60 10
I 1 1314 15 2 15.5 6 8-3.9 3 25 1 0.71 0.66 0.2~0.3 16 1-3 1-3 14 KW/m 2 -day 2.91 3.11 3.41 3.56 3.70 3.73 3.91 3.72 3.70 3.33 2.98 2.61 2.69 2.85 3.03 3.09 3.16 3.15 3.27 3.13 3.12 2.89 2.66 2.40 2.02 2.14 2.27 2.32 2.37 2.36 2.45 2.35 2.34 2.17 2.00 1.80 1KW 62.5 59.9 70.4 69.5 73.5 70.9 76.0 72.8 70.2 67.2 59.9 55.8 296.5 295.1 292.0 356.1 411.7 508.8 578.8 548.4 538.7 450.7 362.8 321.8 1KW 21.1 20.3 24.1 19.5 17.8 13.9 13.1 13.3 13.0 14.9 16.5 17.3 11
I 84 ( DAVIS Instruments) 4 1 9 1 K G Power Curve 1.05 1718 1-4 14~17 14~17 11~14 11~14 5~7 5~7 19 0.95~0.97 0.7~0.8 MPPT 0.9~0.95 3 0.95~1 0.95~0.98 Inverter 0.9~0.95 AC/DC Load Coverage 12
I 3. inverter 1-10 / / / 1-5 G 1.4KW 1 1KW 1 B T DC/AC Inverter 1 8 @100AH 1 @5KW 1 Storage battery Charging control circuit Power Conditioner DC/AC converter Connection Sys. Inverter Connection box DC load AC load 1-10 13
I 10~20 30~40 / 10% 3031 32 / PVC, present value of costs PVC=I+C OMR [(1+i)/(r-i)][1-((1+i)/(1+r) n )]-S((1+i)/(1+r) n )+MO...1-3 14
I -- 1. Sound map 1-6 11 A Fast l mm/sec NL-11 l0 Leq 35dB(A)~85dB(A) 1-6 RION NA-23 RION NL-11 RION LR-20 SONY TC-D5M l0 Leq (Leg1/6H) 15
I 1-11 2. PCB shear mode 0.15 1000Hz resolution threshold 0.000005m/s 2,pk 14dB ceramic piezoelectric material voltage sensitivity 10 v/g line powered signal conditioner data recorder 5000 Hz FFT analyzer 1 20000 Hz 80 db ISO-2631/1-1985 XYZ Weighted Acceleration Sum, WAS 16
I 1-12 Power Quality 1. 1 2 65 3 harmonics <5 4 IEEE 587, FCC, CE 5 17
I 2. 1 outage, power failure, break out 2 surge, over voltage 3 under voltage, sag(under VOLTAGE, SAG, BROWN OUT) 4 EMI, spike 5 THD 1-7 1-7 3334 3. a 1. 2. Total Harmonic Distortion factor, THD 18
I C1 Cn, THD 2 Cn n= 2 THD (%) = x100%...1-4 C1 n=3k+1 C4C7 n=3k-1 C2C5 n=3k C3C6 3. V Voltage Flickers 4. f b 1-8 34 / channel /PT/PD(CCVT) / /CT c Tektronix THS720P METEK ACE2000 THD d 19
I 20
I 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 21
I 2-1 -- -- -- 2-2 22
I 2-2 50 KW 2-2 2-2 kw m rpm micro 1 1.5 700 PM mid-range 5 2.5 400 PM mini 20-50 5 200 PM inverter 2-3 / / 23
I Storage battery Charging control circuit Connection box DC load Power Conditioner / DC/AC Connection Sys. converter AC load 2-3 (II) NSC 91-2623-7-426-001-ET 1. 2-4 A B 2. GaleForce passat 1.4kW Power Curve 1.05 2-3 Load Coverage 24
I 2-4 GF Passat-1.4KW 2-3 G power curve m/s 4 3.7 3.2 3.7 2.2 1.8 2.78 1.68 2.44 3.59 3.67 4.12 1.81 1.59 1.69 1.3 1.2 0.98 1.35 0.96 1.35 1.31 1.27 1.37 k 2.37 2.46 2.03 3.11 1.65 1.94 2.19 1.84 1.9 4.02 3.17 3.04 c 4.51 4.14 3.66 4.14 2.42 2.03 3.14 1.89 2.75 2.99 4.1 4.59 G @1.4KW (W) 163.2 134.3 101.1 128.3 43.0 16.6 65.9 13.8 50.0 116.3 125.4 167.2 (kwh) 3.7 3.1 2.3 2.9 1.0 0.4 1.5 0.3 1.1 2.7 2.9 3.8 (kwh) 113.2 93.1 70.1 89.0 29.8 11.5 45.7 9.6 34.7 80.6 87.0 115.9 G @1.4KW A 100% 100% 100% 207% 53% 17% 41% 13% 32% 52% 100% 100% B 65% 61% 50% 207% 53% 17% 41% 13% 32% 52% 71% 80% G @1.4KW A 100% 100% 100% 413% 107% 33% 83% 25% 64% 104% 100% 100% B 131% 121% 100% 413% 107% 33% 83% 25% 64% 104% 141% 160% 2-3 Load Coverage A B 40.048%54.745% A B 71.405%84.549% 1.4kW 25
I 2.34m/s 3.75 Hybrid System 2-3 1.4KW 0.75KW 2-5 / AC/DC Inverter Storage battery Charging Controller / DC/AC Inverter 2-5 Hybrid 26
I 2-3 2-6 18 2.5 1.5 2-7 2-8 1 2 3 ( ) 2-9 1 2 27
I 3 4 5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 0.75KW[75W/ 10 ] 2-11 20cm Double Roof 20cm 28
I 2-10 2-11 2-12 Dake 8D8G( 12V 265A) 2-13 24V530A 2-12 2-13 (Inverter) () 29
I 80 1.7KW 1.36KW (1.15KW) (0.3KW) 2.5KW 2KW 2-14 ( 2-15) 2-14 2-15 2-16 30
I FLUKE power quality analyzer 43B FLUKE teue-rms multimeter 189 5 3-1 3-1 90 35 0.37 6 2.22 80 (ml) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 y = 0.4061x + 51.782 (ml) 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 (20031224) 9:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 3-1 31
I 3-2 AC/DC Inverter AC/DC Inverter Inverter 3-2 2 inverter 2 12 24 AC/DC Inverter AC/DC Inverter 95 12 19 AC/DC Inverter 88 3-2 AC/DC Inverter 32
I 3-3 DC/AC Inverter DC/AC Inverter Inverter 92.5~95.6 3-4 3-3 3-3 33
I 3-5 3-4 3-4 1.75 2.13 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 1000 800 600 400 200 0 y = 2.1315x y = 1.7544x 0 200 400 600 800 1000 200 100 0 2003/11/4 12:00 2003/11/5 00:00 2003/11/5 12:00 2003/11/6 00:00 2003/11/6 12:00 2003/11/7 00:00 2003/11/7 12:00 2003/11/8 00:00 3-4 34
I 4-1 1 Dewey1916 Bloom1956 Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation 1996 2 reaction time 1888 L. Lange 1996 1996 35
I 1994 1995 3 a b c Likert 36
I 30 14 16 10 11 e 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4 SPSS 37
I 4-2 1 -- 4-1 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 60 4045 1935 57 39 60 44 35 22 54 35 42 0% 4-1 4-1 5 1. 3. 4. CO 2 5. 6. 38
I CO 2 3 2.. 7. 9. 4-1 1. 57 2. 79 3. 57 4. CO 2 50 5. 57 6. 57 7. 86 8. 71 9. 79 10. 93 50 2 39
I 4-2 1. 2. 5. 7. 8. 11. 4-2 1. 57% 43% 0% 2. 50% 43% 7% 3. 36% 36% 29% 4. 0% 100% 0% 5. 79% 7% 14% 6. 100% 0% 0% 7. 79% 0% 21% 8. 79% 0% 21% 9. 100% 0% 0% 10. 7% 79% 14% 11. 71% 14% 14% 40
I 4-3 79 86 (II) NSC 90-2623-7-426-001 4-3 7 4km NIMBY, Never In My Back Yard 29 100 41
I 4-3 100 100 100? 0 57? 100? 29? 29? 100 29? 1 29? 4 100? 29? 29? 29? 100 42
I 4-4 4-4 4-4 90 3 90 5 e 43
I 4-5 4-5 α 10 44
I 4-5 B. Litton -- (feature landscape) 1 2 4-2 3 4 PV 4-4 4-3 45
I 46
I Hybrid System HOMER hybrid system HOMER(Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) NRELNational Energy Laboratory, Denver, Colorado, USA HOMER 5-1 5-1 5-1 HOMER NREL HOMER HOMER HOMER 5-1 HOMER 47
I 5-1 HOMER HOMER 0.267 0.248 0.224 0.229 0.130 0.150 0.190 0.135 0.170 0.250 0.242 0.265 6.41 5.95 5.38 5.50 3.12 3.60 4.56 3.24 4.08 6.00 5.81 6.36 12.8 11.9 10.8 11.0 6.24 7.20 9.12 6.48 8.16 12.0 11.6 12.7 19.2 17.9 16.1 16.5 9.4 10.8 13.7 9.72 12.2 18.0 17.4 19.1 198.7 166.6 166.8 165.0 96.72 108.0 141.4 100.4 122.4 186.0 174.3 197.2 kwh 5-1 (5-2) ( ) A B A 0.75kW 48
I 5-2 HOMER 5-2 5-3 80 HOMER HOMER ( 5-2) HOMER 5-3 5-2 HOMER (hr) 6 10 13 13 13 13 13 (kwh) 4.5 7.5 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 HOMER 4.23 2.83 3.15 3.85 1.90 4.00 4.50 (hr) () 70.5 28.3 24.2 29.6 14.6 30.8 34.6 5.496 3.120 3.600 4.560 3.240 4.080 6.000 (KW) 7.33 4.16 4.8 6.08 4.32 5.44 8 (hr) () 122.2 41.6 36.9 46.8 33.2 41.8 61.5 49
I 5-3 5-2 5-4 HOMER ( ) 5-4 5-1 5-3 50
I 5-3 ( 5-3) 5-3 (KW) (hr) (l) (KW) (l) 2 12.8 8.5 9.775 41.55 198.7 55.40 2 11.9 8.5 9.775 38.78 166.6 47.09 2 10.8 8.5 9.775 41.55 166.8 47.09 2 11.0 8.5 9.775 41.55 165.0 44.32 3 9.4 8 9.2 25.7 96.72 25.70 3 10.8 8.5 9.775 27.7 108.0 30.47 2 9.12 7.5 8.625 35.55 141.4 38.78 3 9.72 8 9.2 25.7 100.4 27.70 2 8.16 7 8.05 32.55 122.4 33.24 2 12.0 8.5 9.775 41.55 186.0 52.63 2 11.6 8.5 9.775 41.55 174.3 47.09 2 12.7 8.5 9.775 41.55 197.2 55.40 435.28(l) 504.91(l) *12 5-3 5-5 51
I 5-5 HOMER 5 40W 1 10W 9 1.89kWh 40W8 20W1 10W1 10 3.5kWh 5-4 1.5~3 5-6 HOMER 60 52
I HOMER 5-4 1800 100 400 600 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 * 40W 5 10W 1 40W 5 10W 1 40W 8 20W 1 10W 1 ** 40W 8 20W 1 10W 1 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.8 3.5 (KWh) () 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 () 35.1 34.4 60.6 52.5 41.4 58.3 44.1 70.0 5.38 5.50 3.12 3.60 4.56 3.24 4.08 6.00 (KWh) () 284.7 291.0 165.1 190.5 241.3 171.4 226.7 171.4 *2300~100 ** 400~700 5-6 53
I 5-4 5-7 A 10 5-8 0.75 0.563W HOMER 5-5 5-7 5-8 5-5 HOMER HOMER 5-9 ] 50 50 5-5 (hr) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 HOMER 8.05 3.51 5.17 5.83 3.17 5.17 9.02 (hr/day) () 80.5 35.1 51.7 58.3 31.7 51.7 90.2 5.496 3.120 3.600 4.560 3.240 4.080 6.000 (KWh) 54
I 9.76 5.54 6.39 8.10 5.75 7.25 10.7 (hr/day) () 97.6 55.4 63.9 81.0 57.5 72.5 107 5-9 5-5 Heater B 11 3 ( ) (8-10 ) 5-10 5-11 55
I 5-10 5-11 HOMER HOMER 92 12 19 16-18 15 0.5KW 5-12 5-13 2/38-10 1KW 5-12 92 12 19 56
I 5-13 92 12 19 5-14 92 12 19 0.5~3kW 0.5KW 5-14 21KWh 14.34KWh 6.66KWh 57
I 68.3 31.7 5-6 (28) (5-16) ( ) 1kW 3KW 1.5KW 3KW 5-15 5-15 58
I 1. 2. 3. 4. -- 5. 1 2 3 4 5 59
I 60
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92 12 31 (I) NSC 92-ET-7-006-003-ET 2004 2003 2003 Lai, C.M., Lin, T.H., Chiang, C.M., Lu, C.H., The Complementary Operation and Diverse Applications of Hybrid (Small-scale Wind Power and PV) System Used in Land Aquafarms in Taiwan, World Renewable Energy Congress VIII, Aug. 28-Sep. 3, 2004, Denver, USA. Lin, T.H., Shieh T.H., Lai C.M., Chen W.C., Technical Assessment on Combination of Small-scale Wind Power and Electricity Demand in a Land Aqua-farm in Taiwan, World Renewable Energy Congress VIII, Aug. 28-Sep. 3, 2004, Denver, USA. 1. 2. 3. 63